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Diferentes métricas de biodiversidad se deben explorar para evaluar de manera más eficiente los cambios observados en las comunidades. Sin embargo, el desempeño de distintas métricas de biodiversidad no ha sido explorado en el golfo de Batabanó, lo que puede dificultar la selección de índices adecuados para el monitoreo ambiental. Para solventar esta problemática seis métricas de biodiversidad (riqueza de especies, equidad de Pielou, diversidad de Shannon, diversidad taxonómica, distintividad taxonómica promedio y variación en la distintividad taxonómica) fueron comparadas para determinar su congruencia y respuestas ante variables abióticas (salinidad, temperatura, turbidez, profundidad) y factores (zonas y años). Los resultados obtenidos por correlaciones entre las métricas y sus respuestas a las variables abióticas y factores analizados mostraron complementariedad entre la riqueza de especies, equidad de Pielou, diversidad de Shannon, distintividad taxonómica promedio y variación en la distintividad taxonómica, no siendo así para la diversidad taxonómica. Según los resultados de este trabajo, se sugiere el uso de la riqueza de especies y las métricas de distintividad taxonómica ∆+ y Λ+ para evaluar la calidad ambiental del golfo de Batabanó. Además se deben evaluar sus desempeños en otros grupos de organismos.

The spatiotemporal variations of megazoobenthos on soft bottoms in Buena Vista (BV) and San Juan de Los Remedios (SJR) bays, Cuba, were assessed to infer the effects of the elimination of bottom trawl fisheries and the creation of protected areas. Data were collected at 11 sites in 2010-2013 (six routines and five exploratories) and 11 sites in 2014-2017 (four routines and seven exploratories). Samples were obtained by dredging. Mollusks were the most frequent and diverse group, followed by echinoderms and crustaceans. Total density (7.60 ind m−2) and biomass (15.82 g m−2) of the benthic community were highest in SJR in 2015. Although total biomass was lower at BV (t = 2.21; P = 0.032), there were no significant differences in density between bays (t = 0.77; P = 0.444). The site with a lower total density and biomass was located at BV. There were no differences between years except at one site, where density increased between 2010 and 2017. Total density and biomass were not significantly different inside and outside of the Zone Under Special Regime of Use and Protection (ZUSRUP) at the beginning of the sampled period. However, both density and biomass were significantly higher within the ZUSRUP at the end (2017), which suggests this protected area's effectivity. The progressive increase in density at one site and greater density and biomass values at SJR, where bottom trawl fisheries were more intensive, suggest eliminating bottom trawl nets may have contributed to the benthic fauna recovery.

Resumen: El golfo de Batabanó (GB), es la región de la plataforma marina cubana de mayor extensión e importancia pesquera. Afectaciones al hábitat de especies marinas han sido señaladas como consecuencia de factores naturales y antrópicos. El objetivo fue determinar variaciones espacio-temporales significativas en la hidrología del GB en diferentes periodos y situaciones ambientales. Para ello se analizó la variabilidad de la lluvia y la temperatura del aire en 1975-1995 y 1996-2015 periodos de baja y alta actividad ciclónica, las características termohalinas del GB anterior (1959-1970) y posterior (2006-2016) al represamiento fluvial, y el efecto de dos huracanes casi simultaneaos en 2008 (“Gustav” e “Ike”). Diferencias significativas en la variabilidad interanual de parámetros meteorológicos entre el norte y el sur del GB respondieron a características locales, y ocurrieron cambios en la distribución de los meses de máximas precipitaciones. El represamiento fluvial, sumado a déficits de precipitación en primavera, verano e invierno, provocaron aumentos termohalinos en 2006-2016, con incremento de 0,7 °C en la temperatura del agua y de 2,3 en la salinidad promedio del GB, respecto a 1959-1970. La salinidad mostró una ampliación en la distribución de valores hipersalinos, y media > 36 en meses de altas precipitaciones, con promedio general de 35,4 en 1959-1970 y 37,7 en 2006-2016, esto sugiere que el represamiento ha sido un factor principal en las variaciones de salinidad. El impacto termohalino en el GB de dos huracanes en 2008, se restableció en corto plazo, con mayor inercia en la turbidez.

En Cuba, la producción de ostión de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae proviene de la pesca extractiva (75%) y del cultivo artesanal (25%). En la pesca extractiva ocurre descortezado o corte de raíces de mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle) durante la recolecta de ostión. En el cultivo se utilizan troncos y ramas de mangle para las granjas y confección de colectores, lo que daña al ecosistema y reduce la oferta de bienes y servicios ambientales (BSA) que presta el manglar. Con el objetivo de evaluar mediante un análisis de costo-beneficio la actividad ostrícola en Puerto Padre, Las Tunas, Cuba, y determinar la viabilidad económica y ambiental de la ostricultura artesanal, se aplicaron estrategias productivas con enfoque ecosistémico incluyendo un valor ecológico representativo del beneficio bruto de las funciones del manglar. El cultivo artesanal realizado es una alternativa de producción económica y ambientalmente viable, con mayor rendimiento promedio en carne de ostión (6.4%), versus rendimiento en carne de la pesca extractiva (5.8%). La inclusión, en el análisis de costo-beneficio de la actividad ostrícola, del costo por daños y beneficios al manglar, indica la necesidad de incluir la valoración de BSA en los mecanismos tradicionales de evaluación económica.

En Cuba, el ostion de fondo (OF) Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) aporto durante 2008-2013 mas de 30% a la captura nacional de ostiones del genero Crassostrea . De una biomasa inicial no explotada (≥ 1,500 t), la poblacion del rio Cauto se redujo a 277 t en 2014. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los principales factores naturales y antropicos que han afectado la calidad del habitat y disminuido la poblacion de C. virginica en el rio Cauto. Se obtuvieron datos hidrologicos y biologicos poblacionales antes y despues de un derrame accidental de aguas residuales de una industria azucarera de la region, que aunada a precipitaciones abundantes y aportes terrigenos fluviales, afecto drasticamente la calidad del agua registrandose valores de turbidez (> 8 FTU), oxigeno disuelto ( 11 mgO2 L-1) y salinidad (< 10 UPS), que redujeron la sobrevivencia (< 40%) y la abundancia del OF (< 30 ostiones/m2). Se identificaron factores naturales y antropicos que afectan al habitat y a la poblacion ostricola. Se proponen valores de referencia indicadores de buena calidad fisicoquimica del agua en sitios donde existan bancos naturales de C. virginica o se pretenda realizar su cultivo.

The main fishing enterprise located in the province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, markets oyster meat packed in brine bags of 460 g. The oysters come from natural bank fisheries (mangrove and bottom oyster), and from farms (mangrove oyster). Although the capture during 2009 – 2013 showed an increasing trend (50 to > 80 t), the oyster meat yields recorded values below (3.3 – 3.9 %), the acceptable minimums (4.9 %); in addition, a decrease in meat weight was observed between the packaging and commercialization, impacting productivity. The objectives of the study were the assessment of oyster exploitation based on the meat yield, and to assess the meat loss in the final packed product. A monthly and annual yield variation analysis and their relationship between fishery type and oyster size was performed. Meanwhile, the loss of meat was analyzed by different treatments of oyster / brine proportions. Significant differences (p < 0.05) of meat yield (%) by oyster species and size with a better performance in the farmed oysters were observed. The traditional proportion of packing for commercialization (meat / brine, 391 g / 69 g = 460 g), influenced the weight-loss of meat by leakage of interstitial fluid. After the treatments with different proportions of meat / brine, the proportion 1:1 showed the least loss of meat weight. The breach of commercial size and the lack of cleanliness of the oysters before the shell removing process, impacted the meat yield analysis during 2009-2013

Occasionally pesticides have been used excessively for the pest control in agriculture, and many of these compounds become toxic for living organisms, including man. Adjacent lands to Guacanayabo gulf, Cuba, show an important use in agriculture, mainly in rice due to the contribution of fluvial waters from several hydrographical basins. The coastal area from Manzanillo to Niquero, Granma province, is the habitat of commercial shrimps, oysters and fish. The objective of the study was to determine in that region the presence of chemical residues from pesticides in the waters, sediments and shells of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding (1828), as indicators of contamination. Samplings were carried out in maximum rainfall months. Besides samples for pesticide determination by gas chromatography, hydrology was studied, and there were carried out surveys (85 farmers) to know about pesticide types, dose and application frequency per crop, for conceptual analysis of the study objective. Results indicate a non-affectation by chemical residues of pesticides in any of the evaluated matrixes; and satisfactory quality of the waters for fishing use according to the used hydrological indicators. Ignorance exists on the farmer part on the application and dose of these chemical products, and recommendations are offered on pesticide use to prevent future impacts on the ecosystems.

Mangrove oysters ( Crassostrea rhizophorae ) were collected and raised for seven months at four sites (Punta Pargo, Jorobado, Canete, and Enfermeria) around Bahia Sagua La Grande on the north coast of Cuba, to determine which site offered the best conditions for cultivation of this commercially important species. Monthly measurements of oyster height were taken on 30 oysters randomly collected from each study site. Only oysters raised at Punta Pargo and Enfermeria reached the mean commercial size (>40 mm) within the study period; these oysters were significantly larger than oysters raised at Canete and Jorobado. No significant differences in survival between the sites were observed. Punta Pargo and Enfermeria showed the best potential for oyster farming in the Bahia de Sagua area. Despite human impact on runoff caused by damming of the adjacent river, water quality remains acceptable for oyster cultivation. With proper stock management and production of selected fast-growing oysters in hatcheries, oyster farming can become an important aquaculture industry in Cuba.

RESUMEN. La evaluacion de sitios marinos constituye una tarea prioritaria en el inventario de zonas marinas con potencial para el cultivo de peces; esta es importante en terminos de costos de inversion/operacion y rentabilidad derivada del crecimiento y supervivencia de la especie a cultivar. En general, las caracteristicas oceanograficas del sitio determinan la eficiencia y viabilidad tecnica, operativa y economica del cultivo. Se evaluo el potencial de las aguas costeras abiertas adyacentes a la localidad de Boca Ambuila, Cienfuegos, region sur central de Cuba. Esto se hizo a partir de estudios precedentes (2008), muestreos oceanograficos en temporada seca y lluviosa (abril y septiembre 2011), de un ciclo diurno de temperatura, oxigeno y medicion de corrientes marinas en agosto de 2011. Aunque la temperatura media anual en la region es de 27.56 a 28.75oC, se registraron valores medios de 27.49°C en abril/2011 a 30.97°C en agosto/2011, y valores extremos de oxigeno disuelto de 6.89 mg y 4.97 mg L -1 respectivamente, en abril y septiembre de 2011. En el sitio se reportan corrientes de 10 a 15 cm s -1 , pero en agosto de 2011 se registraron valores menores con una media de 5.48 cm s -1 . Salinidad, pH, turbidez, demanda quimica (DQO) y biologica (DBO 5 ) de oxigeno, nutrientes y otras variables hidrometeorologicas, mostraron intervalos permisibles para el cultivo de peces nativos. Con base en lo anterior, el sitio cumple con los requerimientos ambientales basicos para el cultivo de peces marinos en jaulas flotantes, ademas de que en la zona terrestre costera existe una instalacion acuicola y condiciones adecuadas para la reproduccion, desove y cultivo larvario de peces marinos en ambiente controlado. Assessment of site for marine fish farming in Boca Ambuila, south central region of Cuba ABSTRACT. Assessment of marine sites is a priority task in the inventory of potential marine areas for fish farming, which is important in terms of investment costs/operation and profitability derived from the growth and survival of the species to cultivate. In general, the oceanographic characteristics of the site determine the efficiency and technical, operational and economic feasibility of the crop. The potential of open coastal waters adjacent to the town of Boca Ambuila, Cienfuegos, south central region of Cuba was assessed. This was done on the basis of previous studies (2008), oceanographic surveys during dry and in rainy season (April to September 2011), a diurnal cycle of temperature, oxygen and measurement of currents in August 2011. Although average annual temperature in the region is 27.6 to 28.8oC, mean values of 27.5°C were recorded in April/2011 to 30.9°C in August/2011, and extreme values of dissolved oxygen of 6.9 mg and 4.9 mg L -1 respectively in April and September 2011. The current site reported 10 to 15 cm s -1 , but in August 2011 lower values were recorded, with an average of 5.5 cm s -1 . Salinity, pH, turbidity, chemical demand (COD) and biological (BOD 5 ) oxygen, nutrients and other hydro-meteorological variables, showed permissible ranges for culturing native fish. Based on the above, the site meets the basic environmental requirements for marine fish farming in floating cages. Plus, in the coastal land area there is an aquaculture facility and suitable conditions for breeding, spawning and larval marine fish farming in a controlled environment.

El ostion de Mangle C rassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) ha sido considerado la unica especie de ostion nativo que se comercializa en Cuba. Sin embargo, se han encontrando agregaciones de «ostion de fondo» en las cuencas de los rios Cuyaguateje y Cauto de Cuba, con morfologia y habitat diferentes a C. rhizophorae , cuya extraccion contribuye a la produccion ostricola nacional. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la caracterizacion fenotipica de ambos ostiones en 3 zonas de estas cuencas, mostrando evidencias de dicotomias fenotipicas y de habitat entre ambos recursos pesqueros, mostrando a Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) como la especie denominada «ostion de fondo». Esta mostro una talla (promedio 61.1 ± 23.46 mm, maxima 145 mm) superior al 65% de la del ostion de mangle C. rhizophorae (promedio 37.2 ± 11.95 mm, maxima 87 mm), asi como un mayor rendimiento (4.5-10.2% de carne con respecto al peso total) que las poblaciones del ostion de mangle (3.9 a 7.1%). Este estudio registra por primera vez la especie C. virginica como recurso natural en explotacion comercial en Cuba y su mayor rendimiento evidencia un potencial como especie cultivable en las Antillas Mayores.

espanolLa etapa larval pelagica de la langosta comun del Caribe Panulirus argus, transcurre durante 6-8 meses en aguas oceanicas alejadas de la plataforma. Predecir el reclutamiento larval e identificar las zonas de arribo y asentamiento, asi como evaluar la calidad de sus habitats naturales de cria, ha sido una necesidad permanente en los estudios y evaluaciones del recurso langosta. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el porcentaje potencial de auto reclutamiento de larvas de langosta a la plataforma suroccidental de Cuba, a partir de su modelacion. La simulacion, con el modelo numerico LADIM del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Noruega, se inicio con particulas liberadas en marzo, mes de maximos de reproduccion y desove, completando un ciclo larval de unos 7 meses. Las particulas mostraron movimientos de dispersion, con periodos de retencion, en funcion de los diferentes mecanismos hidrodinamicos, culminando con un 33,8% de larvas auto-reclutadas a la plataforma suroccidental de Cuba. Las zonas de arribo y de mayor densidad de particulas, segun modelacion, coincidieron con las zonas que por estudios in situ han mostrado mayor asentamiento de puerulus y han sido clasificadas como criaderos naturales de post-larvas y juveniles; esto sugiere que la conectividad hidrodinamica oceano-plataforma, influye en el exito del reclutamiento y distribucion de las larvas de langosta, en estadio final, a la plataforma suroccidental de Cuba. EnglishThe pelagic larval stage of the common Caribbean lobster Panulirus argus, takes place during 6-8 months in ocean waters away of shelf. Predicting larval recruitment and identify the areas of arrival and settlement, and assess the quality of their breeding habitats, have been permanent necessity in studies of population dynamics of this fishery resource. The purpose of this work was to determine the potential percentage of self-recruitment larvae to the southwest Cuba shelf, and to identify the main areas of arrival or settlement of puerulus. The simulation, using particles released in a major period of spawning and larval recruitment, using the numerical model LADIM developed in the Institute of Marine Research in Norway. The percentage of self-recruited larvae was 33.8%. The zones of arrival and greater density of particles, according to modeling, coincided with the areas that by in situ studies have shown greater settlement of puerulus and have been classified as natural nurseries of post-larvae and juveniles. This suggests that hydrodynamics ocean-shelf connectivity in the southwest region of Cuba, it is decisive to the success of recruitment and distribution of lobster larvae, in the final stage.

"Se analizaron dos variantes en la produccion de ostion de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae en Cuba: 1) extraccion pesquera tradicional (EP) en bancos naturales, apoyada en menor grado con acuicultura artesanal por agregacion de colectores de mangle suspendidos en el manglar, y 2) cultivo artesanal (CA), obteniendo semillas del medio natural en colectores de “concha madre”, con engorde y cosecha en el mismo colector y en canastas o cajas ostricolas. Se determino la factibilidad economico-ambiental de ambas variantes proyectadas a cinco anos, a partir del analisis de costo-beneficio economico basado en datos de operacion pesquera y se incluyeron costos estimados por dano ambiental. La variante extractiva (EP) mostro una rentabilidad negativa durante el periodo proyectado (US$-1.388,39 en el quinto ano), con impacto negativo sobre el ecosistema de manglar. La variante productiva (CA) mostro ganancias a partir del tercer ano y una rentabilidad positiva durante el periodo proyectado (US$731,78 al quinto ano), con reduccion de danos al ecosistema de manglar. De acuerdo a estos resultados, se recomienda desarrollar el cultivo y manejo sustentable de la ostra nativa C. rhizophorae en Cuba."

Nutritional condition can affect survival and growth rate of crustaceans, and this is mostly affected by habitat conditions. This study describes the space-temporary nutritional changes in this commercially important species. With this aim, the variations in the nutritional condition (K) of lobsters from four zones (1, 2, 4 and 5) in the Gulf of Batabano, Cuba, were determined. For this, the weight/length ratio (K=Pt/Lt) was calculated using animals captured in 1981 and 2010. The nutritional condition between areas and sexes, and years and sexes, was contrasted by a bifactorial ANOVA, and the overall length and weight of lobsters were compared using a t-Test for independent samples and unifactorial ANOVA. It was found that the nutritional condition was significantly greater in males than in females. In addition, significant variations between zones were detected for both years. Nutritional condition of lobsters from Zone five was the highest for 1981, while it was Zone two for 2010. Lobsters nutritional state showed significant variations between years, being greater in 1981 (2.34±0.84g/mm) than in 2010 (1.96±0.49g/mm). The inter-zones variations as well as the inter-annual ones seem to be related to the reported variations of the bottom type and the vegetation cover. Seasonal variations in the abundance and distribution of benthic organisms, that constitute food for lobsters, could also be influencing. The differences between sexes, however, were assumed as a consequence of the methodology used and the sexual dimorphism of the species. Due to other K estimation methods, that do not include morphometric measurements, these differences were not detected. We suggested that the P. argus nutritional condition is a good estimator of the habitat condition. Besides, according to the applied K estimation methodology, it was found that different groups of lobsters that have resemblant nutritional condition, did not necessarily observe similarities in the overall mean length or weight, so they could exist under different habitat conditions.

Nutritional condition can affect survival and growth rate of crustaceans, and this is mostly affected by habitat conditions. This study describes the space-temporary nutritional changes in this commercially important species. With this aim, the variations in the nutritional condition (K) of lobsters from four zones (1, 2, 4 and 5) in the Gulf of Batabanó, Cuba, were determined. For this, the weight/length ratio (K=Pt/Lt) was calculated using animals captured in 1981 and 2010. The nutritional condition between areas and sexes, and years and sexes, was contrasted by a bifactorial ANOVA, and the overall length and weight of lobsters were compared using a t-Test for independent samples and unifactorial ANOVA. It was found that the nutritional condition was significantly greater in males than in females. In addition, significant variations between zones were detected for both years. Nutritional condition of lobsters from Zone five was the highest for 1981, while it was Zone two for 2010. Lobsters nutritional state showed significant variations between years, being greater in 1981 (2.34 +/- 0.84g/mm) than in 2010 (1.96 +/- 0.49g/mm). The inter-zones variations as well as the inter-annual ones seem to be related to the reported variations of the bottom type and the vegetation cover. Seasonal variations in the abundance and distribution of benthic organisms, that constitute food for lobsters, could also be influencing. The differences between sexes, however, were assumed as a consequence of the methodology used and the sexual dimorphism of the species. Due to other K estimation methods, that do not include morphometric measurements, these differences were not detected. We suggested that the P. argus nutritional condition is a good estimator of the habitat condition. Besides, according to the applied K estimation methodology, it was found that different groups of lobsters that have resemblant nutritional condition, did not necessarily observe similarities in the overall mean length or weight, so they could exist under different habitat conditions.

Nutrient concentrations and other oceanographic variables were compared (ANOVA) between the Gulfs of Ana María and Guacanayabo in the Southeastern region of Cuba based on nine samples taken during the rainy months in 2009. In addition, the degree of eutrophication was estimated, and horizontal distribution charts were prepared for the eutrophication index of total inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. The variations of the mean concentration of nutrients were analyzed for three different periods (1972-1973, 1988-91, and 2009). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in salinity, inorganic phosphorus and silicate between the two gulfs. The spatial distribution of the eutrophication index of total inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus showed gradients that decreased as distance to the coast increased. The Gulf of Guacanayabo showed greater distribution and extension of mestrophic values, less haline characteristics, and higher eutrophication index of total inorganic nitrogen (3.05) than the Gulf of Ana María (2.99). The inorganic phosphorus also showed a higher mean rate in relation with the Ana María Gulf (2.57). In the analysis by periods for both gulfs, the mean concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) decreased in 2009 compared to the 1988-1991 period, the inorganic phosphorus showed an increasing trend, while silicate showed a stepwise decrease from 1972-1973. A partir de nueve muestreos efectuados en meses lluviosos del 2009 en aguas de los golfos de Ana María y Guacanayabo, región suroriental de Cuba, se realizaron comparaciones (ANOVA) entre ambos golfos de concentración de sustancias nutrientes y otras variables oceanográficas, así como se estimó el grado de eutrofia y se confeccionaron cartas de distribución horizontal del índice de eutrofización del nitrógeno total inorgánico y el fósforo inorgánico. Se analizaron las variaciones de la concentración media de nutrimentos en tres periodos diferentes (1972-1973, 1988-1991 y 2009). Entre ambos golfos, se encontró diferencia significativa (P < 0.05) en la salinidad, el fósforo inorgánico y los silicatos. La distribución espacial del índice de eutrofización del nitrógeno total inorgánico y del fósforo inorgánico mostró gradientes que disminuyeron a medida que se incrementó la distancia a la costa. El Golfo de Guacanayabo presentó una mayor distribución y extensión de valores mesotróficos y características menos halinas que el Golfo de Ana María, con índice de eutrofización del nitrógeno total inorgánico de 3.05, superior al del Golfo de Ana María (2.99); el fosforo inorgánico mostró un índice de 2.80 en el Golfo de Guacanayabo, mayor que en el Golfo de Ana María (2.57). En el análisis por períodos, en ambos golfos las concentraciones medias de nitrógenos oxidados (NOx) disminuyeron en 2009 con respecto al periodo 1988-1991, el fósforo inorgánico mostró tendencia al incremento, mientras que los silicatos mostraron un decrecimiento escalonado desde 1972-73. A partir de amostragens efetuadas nos meses chuvosos do ano 2009 nas águas dos golfos de Ana María e Guacanayabo, região sul-oriental de Cuba, realizaram-se comparações entre ambos os golfos, de nutrientes e outras variáveis oceanográficas, assim como se determinou o grau de eutrofização por nutrientes das águas estudadas. O Golfo de Ana María apresentou menores concentrações de amônio, fósforo inorgânico e silicatos, com predomínio de características oligotróficas e condições mais halinas que o Golfo de Guacanayabo, este último apresentou uma maior extensão de águas mesotróficas e características mais estuarinas. Em todos os meses estudados e em ambas as zonas de estudo, a relação nitrogênio-fósforo (N: P) indicou limitação por nitrogênio. Na análise temporária dos nutrientes (1972-1973, 1988-1991, 2009) em ambos os golfos, os silicatos diminuem de maneira escalar correspondente com o aumento na capacidade de reserva de águas fluviais. Os nitrogênios oxidados (NO2 + NO3) diminuem em 2009 com relação ao período 1988-1991 em proporção com a redução na utilização de fertilizantes nitrogenados para uso agrícola, enquanto o fósforo inorgânico aumenta. Os valores de concentração de nutrientes máximos localizaram-se nas áreas adjacentes aos principais sistemas lagunares e bacias hidrográficas.