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This study evaluated silages made with varying proportions of viticulture by-products (VC) and starch extraction from cassava (CSE). It attempted to determine the effects of these proportions on the microbial population, fermentative losses, and chemical composition. The treatments were specified as the proportions of VC in the silage (0 g/kg, 250 g/kg, 500 g/kg, 750 g/kg, and 1000 g/kg). Silages were evaluated before (0) and after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of ensiling. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments, six storage times and four replications. The increased level of VC in the silage enhanced its dry matter content, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and buffering capacity, and reduced organic matter content. Fifteen days after ensiling, additional VC increased the concentration of soluble carbohydrates. The increased level of VC decreased the count of Clostridium spp. and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The incidence of yeasts and enterobacteria was low in all treatments at all time points. Over time, losses as effluent and gases increased. Use of increasing proportions from VC in silage made with CSE increased the contents of dry matter and soluble carbohydrates and reduced the fermentative losses of the silage. The increased amount of VC also favoured pH reduction and reduced the proliferation of undesirable yeasts, while increasing the population of LAB.

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of supplementing 25-hydroxyvitamin D

Background: Brewer's grains, a by-product of the brewery industry, can be included in the diet of ruminants. However, its high humidity makes it difficult to store and preserve. Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of sun dehydration of wet brewer’s grains (WBG) and the effect of storage period on its nutritional and microbiological quality. Methods: A completely randomized experimental design was used to evaluate WBG dehydration efficiency, with treatments corresponding to 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 hours of sun exposure. A second experiment was carried out using also a completely randomizeddesign to evaluated the effect of storage with the following treatments: 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of storage of the dry by-product. Results: Dry matter (DM) content linearly increased with dehydration period. The chemical composition of the dried brewer's grains had no effect as a function of storage period. Indigestible protein (C fraction) increased linearly but did not compromise the cumulative gas production and the in vitro digestibility of DM and protein. Storage time had no effect on fungus population. The maximum aflatoxin value was 45.5 μg/kg, and remained within acceptable limits for bovine feed. Conclusion: Dehydration of WBG in the sun is efficient to guarantee conservation and makes it possible to store the by- product. The storage of the dry by-product for 180 days does not compromise its nutritional or microbiological quality. Resumen Antecedentes: Los granos de cervecería son un subproducto de la industria cervecera que puede ser incluido en la dieta de rumiantes; sin embargo, su alta húmedad dificulta el almacenamiento y conservación de ese producto. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficiencia de la deshidratación al sol de los granos húmedos de cervecería (WBG) y el efecto del período de almacenamiento sobre su calidad nutricional y microbiológica. Métodos: Para evaluar la eficiencia de la deshidratación de los WBG se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con tiempos de tratamiento de 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, y 16 horas de exposición al sol. En un segundo experimento, también con diseño experimental completamente al azar, se evaluó el efecto del almacenamiento comparando los siguientes tratamientos: 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 y 180 días de almacenamiento del subproducto seco. Resultados: La materia seca (DM) del WBG presentó un efecto lineal creciente con el proceso de deshidratación. La composición química de los granos secos de cervecería no tuvo efecto en función de los tiempos de almacenamiento. La proteína no digestible (fracción C) aumentó linealmente; sin embargo, no comprometió la producción acumulativa de gas y la digestibilidad in vitro de la DM y de la proteína. El tiempo de almacenamiento no tuvo efecto sobre la población de hongos. El valor máximo de aflatoxina obtenido fue de 45,5 μg/kg y permaneció dentro de los limites aceptables para alimentación de bovinos. Conclusión: La deshidratación de WBG al sol es eficiente para garantizar la conservación del material y viabilizar su almacenamiento. El almacenamiento por 180 días de este subproducto seco no compromete su calidad nutricional y microbiológica. Resumo Antecedentes: Os grãos de cervejaria são um subproduto que podem ser incluídos na dieta de ruminantes, no entanto sua forma úmida dificulta o armazenamento e a conservação desse produto. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficiência de desidratação ao sol dos grãos úmidos de cervejaria (WBG) e o efeito do período de armazenamento sobre a qualidade nutricional e microbiológica. Métodos: Para avaliar a desidratação do WBG, utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo os tratamentos os tempos de 0 e 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 e 16 horas de exposição ao sol. Um segundo experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias de armazenamento do subproduto seco. Resultados: A matéria seca (DM) do WBG apresentou efeito linear crescente com o processo de desidratação. A composição química dos grãos secos de cervejaria não apresentou efeito em função dos tempos de armazenagem. A proteína indigestível (Fração C) aumentou linearmente, no entanto não comprometeu a produção cumulativa de gás e a digestibilidade in vitro da DM e da proteína. A população de fungos não apresentou efeito com o tempo de armazenamento. O valor máximo de aflatoxina obtido foi de 45,5 μg/kg e permaneceu dentro dos limites aceitáveis para a alimentação de bovinos. Conclusão: A desidratação do WBG ao sol foi eficiente em garantir a conservação do material e viabilizar o seu armazenamento. A estocagem desse subproduto seco por 180 dias não comprometeu a sua qualidade nutricional e microbiológica.

Summary Distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is an alternative ingredient in poultry diets. However, DDGS has high concentrations of non-starch polysaccharides, which limits its inclusion in broiler diets. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of inclusion level of DDGS in broiler diets from 22 to 42 D of age. A total of 980 22-day-old broilers with an average BW of 923 ± 4 g were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 7 increasing levels of DDGS (0, 10, 40, 70, 100, 130, and 160 g kg−1), with 7 replicate pen per treatment and 20 broilers per pen. The performance parameters evaluated included BWG, feed intake, and FCR. At 42 D of age, 2 broilers per pen were selected to determine blood parameters and then euthanized to evaluate gastrointestinal tract development, carcass yield, and meat quality. The results demonstrated that up to 160 g kg−1 DDGS can be included in broiler diets from 22 to 42 D of age without negative effect on performance, carcass and cut yields, meat quality, and litter characteristics.

The objective was to evaluate increasing levels of dried brewers’ grains (DBG) in feed for broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days old and their effect on performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphometry, carcass characteristics and meat quality. The design was completely randomized with six treatments, which consisted of various levels of DBG inclusion, namely 0 (no inclusion), 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/kg with seven replications and 17 animals per experimental unit, totalling 714 male broilers. Performance parameters, blood biochemical profile, morphology of the intestinal epithelium (duodenum), and carcass yield and composition were evaluated. Feed intake was not changed by DBG inclusion levels. Nor were weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Serum cholesterol levels were not influenced, and there were no effects on triglyceride, uric acid and creatinine levels. Enzyme aspartate aminotransferase showed a quadratic effect, as did alanine aminotransferase, with higher values at 79.5 and 63.9 g/kg DBG inclusion, respectively. No changes in carcass yield and relative organ weight were observed. The composition of the carcass in ether extract showed a quadratic effect, as fat deposition rate, with lowest values at 62.8 and 62.4 g/kg of DBG inclusion levels, respectively. Crude protein levels in carcass reduced linearly, as did fat deposition rate. The parameters of intestinal morphology and meat quality were not changed. Dried brewers’ grains can be included in broiler diet from 1 to 21 days at levels up to 100 g/kg without influencing the metabolic parameters and broiler performance. Keywords: alternative feed, blood, by-product, intestinal villi, performance

The objectives of this study were: 1) to compare the effects of live yeast (LY), yeast fermentation product (YFP), a mix of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii (MLP), and Lactobacillus plantarum included as additives in dairy cows’ diets on in vitro ruminal fermentation and gas production (GP); and 2) to evaluate the effects of L. plantarum as direct-fed microbials (DFM) in dairy cows’ diets on in vitro ruminal fermentation, GP, nutrient digestibility, and N metabolism. Three experiments were carried out: Exp. 1 had the objective to compare all additives regarding ruminal fermentation parameters: an Ankom GP system was used in a completely randomized design, consisting of four 48 h incubations, and eight replications per treatment. There were eight treatments: a basal diet without additive (CTRL) or with one of the following additives: LY, YFP, MLP, or L. plantarum at four levels (% of diet Dry Matter (DM)): 0.05% (L1), 0.10% (L2), 0.15% (L3), and 0.20% (L4). In Exp. 2, a batch culture was used to evaluate ruminal fermentation, and CO2 and CH4 production using the same treatments and a similar experimental design, except for having 16 replications per treatment. Based on Exp. 1 and 2 results, Exp. 3 aimed at evaluating the effects of the L. plantarum on ruminal true nutrient digestibility and N utilization in order to evaluate the use of L. plantarum as DFM. The treatments CTRL, MLP, L1, and L2 were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design using a dual-flow continuous culture system. Data were analyzed using linear and nonlinear regression; treatment means were compared through contrasts, and L treatments in Exp. 1 and 2 were tested for linear, quadratic, and cubic effects. In Exp. 1, all treatments containing additives tended to reduce OM digestibility as well as reduced total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and total GP. The YFP had greater OM digestibility than LY, and MLP treatment had greater total VFA concentration compared to L. plantarum treatments. In Exp. 2, additives reduced CO2 production, and there were no major differences in CH4. In Exp. 3, all additives reduced NH3-N concentration. In conclusion, pH and lactate concentration were not affected in all three experiments regardless of additive tested, suggesting that these additives may not improve ruminal fermentation by pH modulation; and L. plantarum may improve ruminal N metabolism when used as DFM in high-producing dairy cows’ diets, mainly by reducing NH3-N concentration.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on nutrient intake and digestibility, the protozoan population and ruminal fermentation kinetics of cattle fed diets containing brewers grains. Four ruminally cannulated crossbreed steers were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square. The treatments were in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: with or without the inclusion of brewers grains x with or without the addition of S. cerevisiae. Dried brewers grains were included at 11.7% of the dry matter (DM) of the diet. Yeast (S. cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 containing 1.0 × 109 CFU/g) was supplied at 15 g/day. The use of brewers grains and the addition of yeast did not influence the ingestion of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber or total digestible nutrients. Steers fed with brewers grains ingested lower concentrations of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) (P

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and its respective metabolizable coefficients of animal byproducts for broiler chickens with different ages. Meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, tilapia processing residue and poultry fat were evaluated. A total of 760 male broiler chickens were used and evaluated and the phases: pre-starter (1 to 8 d of age); starter (11 to18 d); grower 1 (21 to 28 d); grower 2 (31 to 38 d), and finisher (41 to 48 d). Total excreta collection method was performed in five metabolism assays. The experimental design was completely randomized, and data were submitted to analysis of variance, posteriorly, the four feeds were compared by Tukey test and a regression analysis was performed with broiler chickens age. The significance was considered at 5% probability. The values of AME and AMEn were higher in older birds for all ingredients. The lesser CAME and CAMEn were obtained for meat and bone meal, for the regression analysis poultry by-product meal, tilapia processing residue and poultry fat had an increased linear effect with birds age and there was no adjust for meat and bone meal for regression analysis. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la composición química y energía metabolizable aparente (EMA), EMA corregido para el balance de nitrógeno (EMAn) y sus coeficientes de energía metabolizable de subproductos de origen animal en pollos de engorde de diferentes edades. Los cuatro alimentos evaluados fueron harina de carne y huesos, harina de vísceras, harina del residuo del procesamiento de tilapia y grasa de ave. Se utilizaron y evaluaron un total de 760 pollos de engorde machos en las fases: preinicial (1 a 8 días de edad), crecimiento 1 (21 a 28 días); crecimiento 2 (31 a 38 días) y terminación (41 a 48 días). El método de recolección total de heces se llevó a cabo en cinco ensayos de metabolismo. El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatório, los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y los cuatro alimentos se compararon mediante la prueba de Tukey, también se realizó un análisis de regresión para la edad de las aves, la significancia se consideró al 5% de probabilidad. Los valores de EMA y EMAn fueron mayores en aves con edades más avanzadas para todos los ingredientes y los coeficientes de metabolizabilidad más bajos ocurrieron en la harina de carne y huesos. En el análisis de regresión, los valores energéticos de la harina de vísceras, harina de residuos de procesamiento de tilapia y grasa de ave mostró un aumento lineal con la edad de las aves y no hubo ajuste para la harina de carne y huesos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição química e energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e respectivos coeficientes de energia metabolizável de subprodutos de origem animal em frangos de corte de diferentes idades. Os quatro alimentos avaliados foram: farinha de carne e ossos, farinha de vísceras, farinha do resíduo do processamento da tilápia e gordura de aves. Um total de 760 frangos de corte machos foram utilizados e avaliados nas fases: pré-inicial (1 a 8 dias de idade), crescimento 1 (21 a 28 dias); crescimento 2 (31 a 38 dias) e terminação (41 a 48 dias). Foi realizado o método de coleta total em cinco ensaios de metabolismo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias dos quatro alimentos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey, também foi realizada análise de regressão para a idade das aves, a significância foi considerada a 5% de probabilidade. Os valores de EMA e EMAn foram maiores nas aves com idades mais avançadas para todos os ingredientes e os menores coeficientes de metabolizabilidade ocorreram na farinha de carne e ossos. Na análise de regressão os valores energéticos da farinha de vísceras, farinha do resíduo do processamento de tilápia, e gordura de aves apresentaram um aumento linear com a idade das aves e não ocorreu ajuste para a farinha de carne e ossos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various geometric mean diameters (GMDs) of particles of corn, pelleted soybean meal and a corn-soy mixture in the proportion of 70% and 30%, respectively, on the nutritional value of the feeds. The study evaluated energy consumption, the contents of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and the metabolizability coefficients for broiler chickens at various ages. A total of 540 Cobb 500 male broilers were housed in metabolic cages (experimental units). Trials were performed separately with each feed. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments, namely corn with 573, 636, 851, and 1012 μm GMDs; pelleted soybean meal with 538, 550, 665, and 741 μm GMDs; and the corn-soy mixture with 627, 658, 893, and 1040 μm GMDs. Birds were evaluated on days 1 - 10, 11 - 20, 21 - 30, and 31 - 40. Larger GMDs resulted in lower energy consumption. From 1 to 10 days, birds consumed less metabolizable energy than older birds. Birds fed corn from days 1 to 10 had higher metabolizable energy (P

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of condensed tannins (CT) from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) on feed intake, ruminal protozoa population, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in Jersey steers. Five ruminally-cannulated steers were used in a 5x5 Latin square design, with five periods of 20 days each (14 days for diet adaptation and six days for sample collection per period). Treatments were composed of dietary inclusion levels of condensed tannins at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg of diet dry matter. Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrients were not affected by condensed tannins. The ruminal pH was reduced linearly with tannin levels. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration was not affected by tannins. Tannins reduced the molar proportion of acetate and did not affect the ruminal protozoal population, which might be related to the low doses used. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber were not altered, however, there was a linear reduction in crude protein digestibility. Based on these results, CT extracts from black wattle are not recommended for improving nutrient utilization in steers at the tested levels.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a combination of essential oils, prebiotics and antibiotics on broiler production. The treatments consisted of a normal diet meeting the nutritional requirements, and diets with a 5% reduction of nutritional requirements, supplemented or not with antibiotics (En+Sal) (10 g ton-1 enramycin and 125 g ton-1 salinomycin) or a blend of essential oils (EOFOS) (oregano, anise and lemon) plus fructooligosaccharides (125 g ton-1). A total of 1,152 male one-day-old broilers were randomized by weight and distributed into a 2*3 factorial design, consisting of six treatments with each treatment containing eight replicates of 24 birds per experimental unit. The Student-Newman-Keuls test was performed at 5% probability. Broiler performance was evaluated at 10, 21 and 42 days, intestinal morphometry was evaluated at 21 days, microbiological cecum counts at 33 days, blood parameters at 35 days and carcass and cuts yield at 42 days of age. Broilers fed reduced diets had a reduction in performance (P < 0.05). There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between diet type and prebiotics for jejunum villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratios for all intestinal segments. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of growth promoters and diet type on the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations within the gastrointestinal tract. There were no differences for duodenum or ileum villus heights (P > 0.05). Broilers fed EOFOS showed higher villus height in the jejunum at 21 days. There were no effects on blood parameters of different diets and growth promoters (P > 0.05), nor on carcass and cuts yield, abdominal fat and relative liver weight (P > 0.05). Broilers receiving the normal diet with EOFOS showed higher villus height in the jejunum at 21 days when compared to the normal diet with antibiotics and the normal diet without growth promoters. However, there were no effects of growth promoters and diet type on broiler performance at 42 days. O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar o uso de uma combinação de óleos essenciais, prebióticos e antibióticos na produção de frangos de corte. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta normal que atende as exigências nutricionais e uma dieta com redução de 5% das exigências nutricionais suplementada ou não com antibióticos (En+Sal) (10 g ton-1 enramicina e 125 g ton-1 salinomicina) ou um blend de óleos essenciais (EOFOS) (orégano, anis e limão) + frutooligossacarídeos (125 g ton-1). Um total de 1.152 frangos machos de um dia de idade foram casualizados no peso e distribuídos em um arranjo fatorial 2*3, consistindo em seis tratamentos com cada tratamento contendo oito repetições de 24 aves por unidade experimental. Os dados foram analisados pelo SAS - Versão 9.1, o teste Student Newman Keuls foi realizado a 5% de probabilidade. Aos 10, 21 e 42 dias, avaliou-se o desempenho dos frangos, a morfometria intestinal aos 21 dias, contagem microbiológica de ceco aos 33 dias, parâmetros sanguíneos aos 35 dias e rendimento de carcaça e cortes aos 42 dias de idade. Os frangos alimentados com dietas com redução nas exigências apresentaram uma redução no desempenho (P < 0.05). Ocorreu interação (P < 0.05) entre tipo de dieta e promotores de crescimento para a altura de vilo no jejuno e para a relação vilo:cripta em todos os segmentos intestinais. Não ocorreu efeito dos promotores de crescimento e tipo de dieta na população de Lactobacillus e Bifidobactérias do trato gastrointestinal. Não ocorreu diferença na altura de vilos no duodeno (P > 0.05). Aves alimentadas com EOFOS demonstraram maior altura de vilos no jejuno aos 21 dias. Não houve efeitos nos parâmetros sanguíneos de diferentes dietas e promotores de crescimento (P > 0.05), nem no rendimento de carcaça e cortes, gordura abdominal e peso relativo do fígado (P > 0.05). Frangos de corte que receberam dieta normal com EOFOS apresentaram maior altura das vilosidades no jejuno aos 21 dias quando comparados à dieta normal com antibióticos e à dieta normal sem promotores de crescimento. Entretanto, não houve efeito dos promotores de crescimento e tipo de dieta no desempenho dos frangos aos 42 dias.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of five levels of condensed tannins (CT) from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in the diets of lactating dairy cows on intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal microbial protein synthesis, milk production, composition, oxidative profile, and blood metabolites. Five Holstein cows (88 &plusmn, 26.8 days in milk) were allocated in a 5 x 5 Latin square design for a period of 20 days (14 days of diet adaptation and six for sampling). Treatments were the inclusion levels of CT at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg of dry matter (DM) in the diet. There was no effect of CT on DM intake. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber changed quadratically, with the maximum values at 12.2 and 11.4 g/kg of DM, respectively. There was no effect on ruminal microbial protein synthesis and milk production, however, milk casein concentration was reduced linearly. There was no effect on the milk oxidative profile. Inclusion of CT at levels up to 20 g/kg of DM did not affect intake or microbial protein synthesis, however, added CT depressed the production of energy corrected milk and milk casein concentration.

This study evaluated the level and length of time of vitamin A supplementation and its effects on carcass and cuts yield, meat quality, and myopathies in 42-day-old broilers. A total of 1,920 birds were divided into six groups, and each group received a different level of vitamin A: 0; 6,000; 16,000; 26,000; 36,000 and 46,000 IU/ kg. From day 1 to 21, the treatments were distributed among 16 replicates with 20 birds. From the 22nd day on, 8 repetitions remained with the initial treatment and the others received diets with no vitamin A supplementation. Twelve birds were slaughtered per treatment to evaluate carcass and cuts yield, shear force, cooking loss, water holding capacity and the presence of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid. The remaining birds were slaughtered and evaluated in loco for Wooden Breast (WB) and White Striping (WS). Wings weight was affected by vitamin A levels. The duration of the vitamin A supplementation process had effects on the weight of breast, legs with a dorsal portion, and meat color in the yellow intensity (b*). Incidence of WB had higher scores in birds supplemented until 42 days of age. WS showed a quadratic response and a lower response with supplementation of 29,700 IU/ kg. Even for WS, a higher occurrence of the normal score was found in birds supplemented until 21 days of age. Minimal quadratic responses were obtained for normal, moderate and severe scores, in supplementations of 29,301; 29,959 and 29,827 IU/ kg, respectively. WB had lower occurrence rates in birds supplemented until 21 days of age. Consequently, the severe score was more frequent when supplementation was provided until 42 days of age. The level of vitamin A and the length of time during which this supplementation was provided had influence on cuts yield, meat color and the incidence of WB and WS of the 42-day-old birds.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the replacement of Tifton 85 hay (TH) for Tifton 85 silage (TS) in the diets of lactating cows. Five Holstein cows in middle of lactation were allocated in a 5 × 5 Latin square design and each experimental period lasted 18 days (12 days for adaptation and six days for collection). Treatments consisted of replacement of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of TH for TS. The intake and digestion of nutrients, microbial protein synthesis, milk yield and composition, and the economic viability of the diets were evaluated. The intakes of dry matter, organic matter, and ether extract had a positive linear effect and the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber decreased linearly with increasing participation of TS. Milk production and composition and microbial protein synthesis were not affected. Regarding economic viability, the treatment with 100% hay produced better results, with better gross margin. The Tifton 85 silage can be used as a replacement for Tifton 85 hay up to 100% without changing the milk production and composition of Holstein cows.

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água e do leite provenientes de propriedades de base agroecológica e convencional no Oeste do Paraná. As coletas foram realizadas em 20 propriedades convencionais no município de Santa Helena – PR, e em 27 de base agroecológica em Diamante d’Oeste e Ramilândia – PR. Foram realizadas coletas de leite nos diferentes sistemas de produção e estações do ano. Foram analisadas a contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes (CTerm), coliformes totais (CT), enterobactérias, aeróbios mesófilos (AM), a determinação da composição química, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Não houve diferença para a composição do leite entre os sistemas de produção no verão. Em relação a CCS durante o inverno, 44,4% e 55,0% das propriedades apresentaram valores acima de 600 mil céls mL-1, nos sistemas agroecológico e convencional, respectivamente. Em ambas as estações, a maioria das propriedades agroecológicas encontram-se acima de 600 mil UFC mL-1 de CBT. Em ambos os sistemas de produção e estações, os valores de AM apresentaram valores inferiores ao permitido pela IN76, e não houve diferença para as enterobactérias no leite. A contagem de CT no leite no inverno foi semelhante entre os dois sistemas de produção. Para as amostras da água para limpeza dos equipamentos de ordenha, os valores de CT e CTerm foram superiores no sistema agroecológico. Recomenda-se a utilização de práticas de manejo visando a redução dos valores de CCS e CBT do leite produzido no Oeste do Paraná para adequarem-se aos valores exigidos pela IN76.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of twenty-nine cultivars of sugarcane. The design was completely randomized, with twenty-nine treatments (cultivars) and three replicates. The evaluations were performed at 540 days after planting during the phenological stage of maturation of sugar cane. Stalk length, number of nodes per plant, internodes length and stalk diameter were evaluated. The stalk samples were crushed, pre-dried and ground for achievement of chemical analysis, carbohydrate fractionation and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and posteriorly submitted to Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Regarding biometric measurements the cultivars differed (P0.05) in the number of nodes as well as in the average internode length and stalk diameter. The content of DM, OM, protein, ether extract, NDF and acid detergent fiber showed differences between the cultivars evaluated (P

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition attenuates inflammation in rodents and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are effective HDAC inhibitors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the SCFAs sodium propionate (SP) and sodium butyrate (SB) as HDAC-dependent regulators of inflammatory gene expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-Ts). We postulated that SP and SB would decrease inflammation in MAC-Ts by inhibiting HDAC activity and increasing histone H3 acetylation and consequently decreasing inflammatory gene expression. For this study, MAC-Ts stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as a model for bovine mammary epithelial cell inflammation. MAC-Ts were cultured in a basal medium. Cell lysates were incubated with SP or SB (0 to 5 mM) for 2 h prior to HDAC substrates incubation for an additional 2 h and HDACs activity was determined. Next, cells were pretreated with SP or SB (0 to 3.0 mM) for 2 h prior to LPS (1 µg/mL) stimulation for an additional 2 h and assessed for histone H3 acetylation. Then, cells were pretreated with SP or SB (1 mM) for 24 h prior to LPS (1 µg/mL) stimulation for an additional 2 h and RNA was isolated for inflammatory gene expression evaluation by PCR array and gene validation was performed using quantitative real-time PCR. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc analysis was conducted and statistical significance set at P 0.05) overall inflammatory gene expression. Under our experimental conditions, findings suggest that in MAC-Ts, SCFAs regulate epigenetic markers on nucleosomal DNA in addition to regulation of inflammatory gene events independent of HDAC activity. Nevertheless, examination of SCFAs and/or HDACs inhibitors in bovine mammary gland is worth being further investigated to delineate the potential impact of HDAC inhibition and histones hyperacetylation on mammary gland tissue inflammation.

The objective of this study was to determine the physiological parameters of Holstein cows in milking during the winter and spring season and correlate these parameters with the bioclimatic indexes. We used nine Holstein cows in a completely randomized delimitation in a subdivided plot arrangement with repeated measures in time. Data were collected during the winter and spring, which were measured respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), superficial temperature (ST) and rectal temperature (RT) from animals, besides the air temperature, the relative humidity and black globe temperature. It was calculated the temperature and humidity index (THI), the Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index (BGTH) and Radiant Heat Load (RHL). The THI, BGTH and RHL showed increases in the afternoon suggesting an environment susceptible to stress. There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) between the seasons of winter and spring for any of the physiological variables. Only HR was above physiological limits for cattle. HR, RR and ST showed significant positive correlation (P

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal level of dried brewers' grains (DBG) to replace soybean meal in diets for lactating Holstein cows. Five cows, around 88±28 days in milk, were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design and fed diets containing different levels of DBG (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). The forage:concentrate ratio of the diet was 50:50. Feed intake, dry matter, nutrient digestibility, microbial synthesis, milk production and composition, and the economic viability of the diets were evaluated. There was reduction in dry matter intake and, consequently, in crude protein and non-fiber carbohydrates with increased levels of DBG. This occurred due to physical limitation of rumen caused by increased neutral detergent fiber intake. Ether extract intake also increased with levels of DBG due to higher concentrations of this nutrient in the diet. Apparent dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased with replacement of soybean meal by DBG. Milk production showed a quadratic effect and the levels of fat, protein, and total solids reduced linearly. Each 1% of soybean meal replaced by DBG in concentrate led to a reduction of 0.04, 0.02, and 0.06 g kg-1 of milk fat, protein, and total solids, respectively. The milk production efficiency increased linearly and the microbial synthesis efficiency was not affected. The economic return increased along with the DBG levels. Thus, DBG levels replacing up to 75% of soybean meal can be used to feed lactating cows, since it provides improvements in digestibility, milk production efficiency, and economic return without affecting microbial efficiency.