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Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality globally with a multifactorial etiology that involves epigenetics. Chromobox 3 (CBX3), the major isoform of heterochromatin protein 1, is involved in intricate epigenetic mechanisms affecting congestive heart failure. In patients with CVD affected by lung cancer risk, CBX3 exerts a sophisticated mechanism of action, suppressing the proliferation, migration, and formation of neointima in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by affecting the Notch3 pathway, indicating a potential protective function against vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis. However, the broader im- pact of CBX3 on endothelial function, as well as its effects on monocyte/macro- phage and lymphocyte infiltration and function within the arterial wall, remain poorly understood. Since very little is known so far, more definite research would be needed to reveal the fine mechanisms of CBX3 action, along with its relationship in molecular processes and prospects as a biomarker. Specifically, CBX3 biological features could be examined to gain a greater insight into CVD risks. This review outlines the role of CBX3 in mechanisms associated with CVD and feasibility for optimizing pre-existing therapy and developing new therapeutic strategies based on personalized medicine.

Abstract Cataracts can reduce the quality of vision in visually impaired patients who already have a visual impairment. The most common causes of low vision include age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), high myopia (HM), diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma (GL), and inherited degenerative ocular diseases. The surgery aims to improve their independence, quality of life, and ability to engage in daily, social, and work activities. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, combined with visual rehabilitation, can improve visual acuity of visually impaired patients. Therefore, comprehensive guidelines for cataract surgery in patients with low vision would be beneficial to ensure optimal surgical outcomes by improving surgical planning, execution, and postoperative care, along with a well‐coordinated rehabilitation process. In cases of reduced metabolism, such as low vision, oxidative stress can be aggravated by light exposure and surgical interventions. Thus, maintaining redox balance is crucial for stabilizing retinal conditions. Patients with visual impairments rely on retinal regions with the greatest residual function, and cataract surgery aims to enhance focus on these areas, improving reading quality and reducing scotoma perception. Thorough informed consent is crucial, ensuring that patients are fully aware of the potential risks, benefits, and limitations of surgery. Close postoperative follow‐up in the first 6 months is crucial to detect and manage any complications promptly, such as reactivation of maculopathy. The aim of this work is to establish potential guidelines for optimal rehabilitation outcomes through careful literature analysis.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the retinal morpho‐functional characteristics of patients with neovascular wet age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with intravitreal injection (IV) of aflibercept (AFL). Methods The study was conducted on 35 patients previously diagnosed with type 1 nAMD who received a fixed‐dosing regimen of aflibercept injections over 12 months. The goal was to assess trends in visual abilities over time by measuring visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), visual evoked potentials (VEPs), and spectral domain‐optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). The same psychophysical, electro‐functional, and morphological tests administered at baseline (T0) were repeated 4 to 8 weeks after the last aflibercept injection (Tn), resulting in a total of six examinations. Results At Tn, all subjects exhibited improved VA for both far and near distances compared to values detected at T0. Similarly, VEP amplitude and latency values at Tn showed a greater P100 improvement than those observed at T0. Additionally, the CS examination at Tn demonstrated improvement, particularly at high spatial stimulation frequencies. The Tn SD‐OCT results highlighted a reduction in macular thickness compared to T0 values. Conclusions This exploratory research indicates that intravitreal injections of AFL, following a fixed‐dosing regimen, represent a valuable therapeutic approach for enhancing visual performance. This conclusion is supported by comprehensive statistical analysis of psychophysical, electro‐functional, and morphological examinations within the same group of patients with nAMD, as demonstrated for the first time.

Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of macular complications detected by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in a large Caucasian cohort of RP patients, highlight the major alterations in chorioretinal structure, and compare the macular structural changes in eyes affected by retinal dystrophies with those in healthy controls. Methods: This was an observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study. Three hundred and seven patients with RP were consecutively enrolled and underwent clinical assessment. In particular, SD-OCT images were used to ascertain the morphology of the posterior pole of patients with RP by evaluating the residual ellipsoid zone (EZ), the volume and thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONLT), and subfoveal choroid thickness (SCT). At the same time, the pathological finding that the patients’ vision was reduced under treatment was analyzed. Results: A total of 436 eyes of 218 patients with RP were studied. Considering all of the eyes studied, 103 had cystoid macular edema (CME) (23.62%), 123 (28.21%) had vitreomacular traction (VMT), and 199 (45.75%) had epiretinal membranes (ERMs). There were also 12 (2.75%) cases of lamellar macular holes (LMHs), of which 3 (1.38% of all patients) cases were bilateral. Only 137 eyes (31.42%) did not have the above-mentioned alterations. SCT was significantly reduced compared to that of the control group (193.03 µm ± 67.90 SD vs. 295 µm ± 69.04 SD), while the foveal central macular thickness (FCMT) was greater (270.91 μm ± 74.04 SD vs. 221 µm ± 37.25 SD). Conclusions: This research highlights the high incidence of macular complications. The results of our study indicate the importance of regular monitoring of RP patients and early intervention to avoid further complications in this group of subjects with severe visual field impairment to avoid further central vision loss.

Abstract Background Cancer cells are characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and impaired bioenergetics. Sirtuins are a family of highly conserved enzymes that play a fundamental role in energy metabolism regulation. SIRT1, in particular, drives many physiological stress responses and metabolic pathways following nutrient deprivation. We previously showed that SIRT1 activation using SCIC2.1 was able to attenuate genotoxic response and senescence. Here, we report that in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells under glucose-deprived conditions, SCIC2.1 treatment induced overexpression of SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6, modulating metabolic response. Methods Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle. The MTT assay and xCELLigence system were used to measure cell viability and proliferation. In vitro enzymatic assays were carried out as directed by the manufacturer, and the absorbance was measured with an automated Infinite M1000 reader. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation were used to evaluate the expression of various proteins described in this study. The relative expression of genes was studied using real-time PCR. We employed a Seahorse XF24 Analyzer to determine the metabolic state of the cells. Oil Red O staining was used to measure lipid accumulation. Results SCIC2.1 significantly promoted mitochondrial biogenesis via the AMPK-p53-PGC1α pathway and enhanced mitochondrial ATP production under glucose deprivation. SIRT1 inhibition by Ex-527 further supported our hypothesis that metabolic effects are dependent on SIRT1 activation. Interestingly, SCIC2.1 reprogrammed glucose metabolism and fatty acid oxidation for bioenergetic circuits by repressing de novo lipogenesis. In addition, SCIC2.1-mediated SIRT1 activation strongly modulated antioxidant response through SIRT3 activation, and p53-dependent stress response via indirect recruitment of SIRT6. Conclusion Our results show that SCIC2.1 is able to promote energy homeostasis, attenuating metabolic stress under glucose deprivation via activation of SIRT1. These findings shed light on the metabolic action of SIRT1 in the pathogenesis of HCC and may help determine future therapies for this and, possibly, other metabolic diseases.

Purpose: To assess functional and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (anti-VEGF) monotherapy versus combined with verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) for Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation (RAP).Methods: Studies reporting outcomes of intravitreal anti-VEGF monotherapy and/or in combination with verteporfin PDT in RAP eyes with a follow-up ≥ 12 months were searched. The primary outcome was the mean change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 12 months. Mean change in central macular thickness (CMT) and mean number of injections were considered as secondary outcomes. The mean difference (MD) between pre- and post-treatment values was calculated along with 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI). Meta-regressions were performed to assess the influence of anti-VEGF number of injections on BCVA and CMT outcomes.Results: Thirty-four studies were included. A mean gain of 5.16 letters (95% CI = 3.30–7.01) and 10.38 letters (95% CI = 8.02–12.75) was shown in the anti-VEGF group and combined group, respectively (anti-VEGF group vs. combined group, p < 0.01). A mean CMT reduction of 132.45 µm (95% CI = from −154.99 to −109.90) and 213.93 µm (95% CI = from −280.04 to −147.83) was shown in the anti-VEGF group and combined group, respectively (anti-VEGF group vs. combined group, p < 0.02). A mean of 4.9 injections (95% CI = 4.2–5.6) and 2.8 injections (95% CI = 1.3–4.4) were administered over a 12-month period in the anti-VEGF group and combined group, respectively. Meta-regression analyses showed no influence of injection number on visual and CMT outcomes. High heterogeneity was found across studies for both functional and anatomical outcomes.Conclusion: A combined approach with anti-VEGF and PDT could provide better functional and anatomical outcomes in RAP eyes compared with anti-VEGF monotherapy.

Abstract Background The dynamic epigenome and proteins specialized in the interpretation of epigenetic marks critically contribute to leukemic pathogenesis but also offer alternative therapeutic avenues. Targeting newly discovered chromatin readers involved in leukemogenesis may thus provide new anticancer strategies. Accumulating evidence suggests that the PRC1 complex member CBX2 is overexpressed in solid tumors and promotes cancer cell survival. However, its role in leukemia is still unclear. Methods We exploited reverse genetic approaches to investigate the role of CBX2 in human leukemic cell lines and ex vivo samples. We also analyzed phenotypic effects following CBX2 silencing using cellular and molecular assays and related functional mechanisms by ATAC-seq and RNA-seq. We then performed bioinformatic analysis of ChIP-seq data to explore the influence of histone modifications in CBX2-mediated open chromatin sites. Lastly, we used molecular assays to determine the contribution of CBX2-regulated pathways to leukemic phenotype. Results We found CBX2 overexpressed in leukemia both in vitro and ex vivo samples compared to CD34+ cells. Decreased CBX2 RNA levels prompted a robust reduction in cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Similarly, sensitivity to CBX2 silencing was observed in primary acute myeloid leukemia samples. CBX2 suppression increased genome-wide chromatin accessibility followed by alteration of leukemic cell transcriptional programs, resulting in enrichment of cell death pathways and downregulation of survival genes. Intriguingly, CBX2 silencing induced epigenetic reprogramming at p38 MAPK-associated regulatory sites with consequent deregulation of gene expression. Conclusions Our results identify CBX2 as a crucial player in leukemia progression and highlight a potential druggable CBX2-p38 MAPK network in AML.

AIM: To examine neuroretinal function by using the multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) test in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) without optic pathway gliomas (OPGs). METHODS: This study was conducted on 35 patients (35 eyes) with NF1 and 30 healthy subjects (30 eyes) for the control group. Each subject underwent a complete ophthalmological examination including spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and mfERG. The 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain was performed in NF1 patients to assess the presence of OPGs. All participants were recruited having a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of no less than 20/20 in each eye. The amplitude and implicit time of the P1 wave (first-order Kernel component) were evaluated on mfERG. Data analysis was carried out in the two central degrees and in the four quadrants from two to 25 degrees of visual field. RESULTS: Statistically significant results were obtained for the P1 wave amplitudes in the 4 quadrants in NF1 patients compared to healthy controls, while the reduction was not significant in the 2 central degrees between the groups. A statistically significant difference was observed among the P1 wave amplitudes as recorded in the 4 quadrants within the NF1 group, with lower amplitudes detected in the nasal quadrants. No differences in the implicit times were recorded in the 2 central degrees and in the 4 quadrants as compared between NF1 patients and controls. CONCLUSION: Impaired neuroretinal function in NF1 patients is expressed in a decreased amplitude of the P1-wave between 2 and 25 central retinal degrees on mfERG. Altered intracellular signal transduction due to abnormal neurofibromin-mediated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation, can be involved. The possible use of mfERG as subclinical retinal damage indicator has a potential utility in clinical practice for the follow-up of NF1 patients.

Abstract Background The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak pushed the Italian government to start a strict lockdown, replacing school attendance with long-distance learning. This caused reduced exposure to sunlight but increased exposure to screens. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic inflammatory ocular condition in which exposure to light plays a cardinal role. We conducted an online survey to evaluate the impact of screen exposure on children with VKC during the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods We performed a survey-based observational study, asking patients followed at the Allergology clinics of Meyer Children’s University Hospital in Florence and of Policlinico Umberto I in Rome to provide grading on 6 subjective ocular clinical manifestations presented during the lockdown and to give an estimate of their hours/day of screen exposure. Results Mean scores of signs and symptoms increased homogeneously when studying patients exposed to longer screen time. When comparing scores collected in 2019 to those in 2020, there was not a significant reduction in clinical manifestations, although the situation differed between the two centers due to geographical differences in sunlight exposure. Conclusion During the lockdown, there was a reduction in sunlight exposure but conversely an increase in the time spent in front of screens that correlated with the worsening of VKC signs and symptoms in direct proportion to the hours/day of screen exposure. Our results also showed a statistically significant difference in the relative impact of long-distance learning on VKC clinical manifestations in the different Italian regions.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality globally with a multifactorial etiology that involves epigenetics. Chromobox 3 (CBX3), the major isoform of heterochromatin protein 1, is involved in intricate epigenetic mechanisms affecting congestive heart failure. In patients with CVD affected by lung cancer risk, CBX3 exerts a sophisticated mechanism of action, suppressing the proliferation, migration, and formation of neointima in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by affecting the Notch3 pathway, indicating a potential protective function against vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis. However, the broader im- pact of CBX3 on endothelial function, as well as its effects on monocyte/macro- phage and lymphocyte infiltration and function within the arterial wall, remain poorly understood. Since very little is known so far, more definite research would be needed to reveal the fine mechanisms of CBX3 action, along with its relationship in molecular processes and prospects as a biomarker. Specifically, CBX3 biological features could be examined to gain a greater insight into CVD risks. This review outlines the role of CBX3 in mechanisms associated with CVD and feasibility for optimizing pre-existing therapy and developing new therapeutic strategies based on personalized medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cataracts can reduce the quality of vision in visually impaired patients who already have a visual impairment. The most common causes of low vision include age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), high myopia (HM), diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma (GL), and inherited degenerative ocular diseases. The surgery aims to improve their independence, quality of life, and ability to engage in daily, social, and work activities. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, combined with visual rehabilitation, can improve visual acuity of visually impaired patients. Therefore, comprehensive guidelines for cataract surgery in patients with low vision would be beneficial to ensure optimal surgical outcomes by improving surgical planning, execution, and postoperative care, along with a well‐coordinated rehabilitation process. In cases of reduced metabolism, such as low vision, oxidative stress can be aggravated by light exposure and surgical interventions. Thus, maintaining redox balance is crucial for stabilizing retinal conditions. Patients with visual impairments rely on retinal regions with the greatest residual function, and cataract surgery aims to enhance focus on these areas, improving reading quality and reducing scotoma perception. Thorough informed consent is crucial, ensuring that patients are fully aware of the potential risks, benefits, and limitations of surgery. Close postoperative follow‐up in the first 6 months is crucial to detect and manage any complications promptly, such as reactivation of maculopathy. The aim of this work is to establish potential guidelines for optimal rehabilitation outcomes through careful literature analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activatable fluorescent probes with turn-on emission in response to a biological target can reduce the background signal and improve the detection limit needed for biosensor and bioimaging resolution. Turn-on probes with dual emission (ratiometric probes) have further advantages, as they have self-calibration ability for more reliable detection. Herein, we demonstrate the tunability of the phenolic hemicyanine (HC) scaffold for both DNA biosensing and bioimaging applications using the quinine-binding DNA aptamer (MN4) as a host-guest biosensor platform and live ovarian cancer cells for nuclear imaging. The DNA aptamer MN4 contains a three-way junction (3WJ) consisting of a hydrophobic branch point connecting three double-stranded stems. Phenolic HCs bearing electron-withdrawing halogen substituents (FPhOBtz and Cl2PhOBTz) bind to the 3WJ of MN4 as the phenolate with strong turn-on emission. Subsequent displacement of the phenolate by the quinine target causes a turn-off emission response. In contrast, the parent phenolic HC (PhOBtz) and those bearing electron-donating groups (Me2PhOBtz and (MeO)2PhOBtz) exhibit dual (phenol and phenolate) fluorescence upon MN4 binding. Phenol excitation generates phenolate emission by an excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) process with DNA components serving as the proton acceptor. Quinine displacement of PhOBtz from the 3WJ of MN4 affords a turn-on ratiometric response with preferential light-up of phenol emission. The ability of the phenolic HCs to serve as cellular nuclear stains further highlights the tunability of the phenolic HC probes with the Cl2PhOBtz analog displaying superior staining ability. The simplicity and tunability of phenolic HCs make them attractive fluorescent probes for DNA sensing and bioimaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of macular complications detected by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in a large Caucasian cohort of RP patients, highlight the major alterations in chorioretinal structure, and compare the macular structural changes in eyes affected by retinal dystrophies with those in healthy controls. Methods: This was an observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study. Three hundred and seven patients with RP were consecutively enrolled and underwent clinical assessment. In particular, SD-OCT images were used to ascertain the morphology of the posterior pole of patients with RP by evaluating the residual ellipsoid zone (EZ), the volume and thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONLT), and subfoveal choroid thickness (SCT). At the same time, the pathological finding that the patients' vision was reduced under treatment was analyzed. Results: A total of 436 eyes of 218 patients with RP were studied. Considering all of the eyes studied, 103 had cystoid macular edema (CME) (23.62%), 123 (28.21%) had vitreomacular traction (VMT), and 199 (45.75%) had epiretinal membranes (ERMs). There were also 12 (2.75%) cases of lamellar macular holes (LMHs), of which 3 (1.38% of all patients) cases were bilateral. Only 137 eyes (31.42%) did not have the above-mentioned alterations. SCT was significantly reduced compared to that of the control group (193.03 µm ± 67.90 SD vs. 295 µm ± 69.04 SD), while the foveal central macular thickness (FCMT) was greater (270.91 μm ± 74.04 SD vs. 221 µm ± 37.25 SD). Conclusions: This research highlights the high incidence of macular complications. The results of our study indicate the importance of regular monitoring of RP patients and early intervention to avoid further complications in this group of subjects with severe visual field impairment to avoid further central vision loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of tissues respond differently to the action of oxidative stress. The visual system is very sensitive to oxidative action due to continuous exposure to light. In consideration of the growing interest of scientific studies towards various compounds endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, we performed a review of the literature focusing on the use of some antioxidant molecules for the treatment of conditions affecting the visual system. In this study, we focused on the ability of two antioxidant agents, the small molecule α-lipoic acid (ALA) and the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), to influence the neurodegenerative physiological processes related to aging and oxidative stress affecting the ocular segment. The literature data report that ALA and SOD can protect against neurodegenerative effects both the optic nerve and retina and, if administered together, they are able to lower the levels of oxidative stress, thus preventing neurodegeneration and reducing the apoptotic process.

Abstract Background Infectious diseases account for the third most common cause of neonatal deaths. Globally, antibiotic resistance (ABR) has been increasingly challenging neonatal sepsis treatment, with 26 to 84% of gram-negative bacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. In sub-Saharan Africa, limited evidence is available regarding the neonatal microbiology and ABR. To our knowledge, no studies have assessed neonatal bacterial infections and ABR in Central-African Republic (CAR). Therefore, this study aimed to describe the pathogens isolated and their specific ABR among patients with suspected antibiotic-resistant neonatal infection admitted in a CAR neonatal unit. Methods This retrospective cohort study included neonates admitted in the neonatal unit in Bangui, CAR, from December 2018 to March 2020, with suspected antibiotic-resistant neonatal infection and subsequent blood culture. We described the frequency of pathogens isolated from blood cultures, their ABR prevalence, and factors associated with fatal outcome. Results Blood cultures were positive in 33 (26.6%) of 124 patients tested (17.9% for early-onset and 46.3% for late-onset infection; p = 0.002). Gram-negative bacteria were isolated in 87.9% of positive samples; with most frequently isolated bacteria being Klebsiella pneumoniae (39.4%), Escherichia coli (21.2%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (18.2%). All tested bacteria were resistant to ampicillin. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was observed in 100% of tested Klebsiella pneumoniae, 83.3% of isolated Klebsiella oxytoca and 50.0% of tested Escherichia coli. None of the tested bacteria were resistant to carbapenems. Approximately 85.7 and 77.8% of gram-negative tested bacteria were resistant to first-line (ampicillin-gentamicin) and second-line (third-generation cephalosporins) treatments, respectively. In hospital mortality, adjusted for blood culture result, presence of asphyxia, birth weight and sex was higher among neonates with positive blood culture (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17–4.60), male sex (aRR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.01–4.26), asphyxia (aRR = 2.42; 95% CI = 1.07–5.47) and very low birth weight (1000–1499 g) (aRR = 2.74; 95% CI = 1.3–5.79). Conclusion Overall, 77.8% of confirmed gram-negative neonatal infections could no longer effectively be treated without broad-spectrum antibiotics that are not routinely used in sub-Saharan Africa referral hospitals. Carbapenems should be considered an option in hospitals with surveillance and antibiotic stewardship.

Cytometry of Reaction Rate Constant (CRRC) is a method for studying cell-population heterogeneity using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, which allows one to follow reaction kinetics in individual cells. The current and only CRRC workflow utilizes a single fluorescence image to manually identify cell contours which are then used to determine fluorescence intensity of individual cells in the entire time-stack of images. This workflow is only reliable if cells maintain their positions during the time-lapse measurements. If the cells move, the original cell contours become unsuitable for evaluating intracellular fluorescence and the CRRC experiment will be inaccurate. The requirement of invariant cell positions during a prolonged imaging is impossible to satisfy for motile cells. Here we report a CRRC workflow developed to be applicable to motile cells. The new workflow combines fluorescence microscopy with transmitted-light microscopy and utilizes a new automated tool for cell identification and tracking. A transmitted-light image is taken right before every fluorescence image to determine cell contours, and cell contours are tracked through the time-stack of transmitted-light images to account for cell movement. Each unique contour is used to determine fluorescence intensity of cells in the associated fluorescence image. Next, time dependencies of the intracellular fluorescence intensities are used to determine each cell’s rate constant and construct a kinetic histogram “number of cells vs rate constant.” The new workflow’s robustness to cell movement was confirmed experimentally by conducting a CRRC study of cross-membrane transport in motile cells. The new workflow makes CRRC applicable to a wide range of cell types and eliminates the influence of cell motility on the accuracy of results. Additionally, the workflow could potentially monitor kinetics of varying biological processes at the single-cell level for sizable cell populations. Although our workflow was designed ad hoc for CRRC, this cell-segmentation/cell-tracking strategy also represents an entry-level, user-friendly option for a variety of biological assays (i.e., migration, proliferation assays, etc.). Importantly, no prior knowledge of informatics (i.e., training a model for deep learning) is required.

The term “officinal” derives from the Latin and includes all medicinal, aromatic and perfume plant species, which have long been a subject of interest for multiple purposes: health, food, pharmacological, cosmetic and so on. In this work, a study on six different species of medicinal plants, particularly characterized by digestive, choleretic and diuretic properties, was carried out: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), laurel (Laurus nobilis), gentian (Gentiana lutea), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and rhubarb (Rheum palmatum). The roots and aerial parts of plants were separately extracted with two different techniques—maceration and rapid solid–liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE)—and the quali/quantitative analysis of active ingredients have been determined by applying dry residue, Folin–Ciocalteu and DPPH assays. Data obtained have provided useful answers regarding the efficiency of the extraction carried out on a mixture or on single plants, allowing us to evaluate the best choice according to the cases and the final uses.

Acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins is a post-translational modification mostly associated with activation of gene transcription. The first histone acetyltransferase (HAT) identified as modifying newly synthesized histone H4 in yeast was a type B HAT named HAT1. Although it was the first HAT to be discovered, HAT1 remains one of the most poorly studied enzymes in its class. In addition to its well-established role in the cytoplasm, recent findings have revealed new and intriguing aspects of the function of HAT1 in the nucleus. Several studies have described its involvement in regulating different pathways associated with a wide range of diseases, including cancer. This review focuses on our current understanding of HAT1, highlighting its importance in regulating chromatin replication and gene expression. This previously unknown role for HAT1 opens up novel scenarios in which further studies will be required to better understand its function.

Abstract Background Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) is an anatomofunctional impairment of the optic nerve triggered by glaucoma. Recently, growth factors (GFs) have been shown to produce retinal neuroenhancement. The suprachoroidal autograft of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by the Limoli retinal restoration technique (LRRT) has proven to achieve retinal neuroenhancement by producing GF directly into the choroidal space. This retrospectively registered clinical study investigated the visual function changes in patients with GON treated with LRRT. Methods Twenty-five patients (35 eyes) with GON in progressive disease conditions were included in the study. Each patient underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including the analysis of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for far and near visus, sensitivity by Maia microperimetry, and the study of the spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The patients were divided into two groups: a control group, consisting of 21 eyes (average age 72.2 years, range 50–83), and an LRRT group, consisting of 14 eyes (average age 67.4, range 50–84). Results After 6 months, the BCVA, close-up visus, and microperimetric sensitivity significantly improved in the LRRT-treated group (p0.5). Conclusions Patients with GON treated with LRRT showed a significant increase in visual performance (VP) both in BCVA and sensitivity and an improvement of residual close-up visus, in the comparison between the LRRT results and the control group. Further studies will be needed to establish the actual significance of the reported findings.

Epigenetic mechanisms finely regulate gene expression and represent potential therapeutic targets. Cambinol is a synthetic heterocyclic compound that inhibits class III histone deacetylases known as sirtuins (SIRTs). The acetylating action that results could be crucial in modulating cellular functions via epigenetic regulations. The main aim of this research was to investigate the effects of cambinol, and its underlying mechanisms, on cell differentiation by combining wet experiments with bioinformatics analyses and molecular docking simulations. Our in vitro study evidenced the ability of cambinol to induce the differentiation in MCF-7, NB4, and 3T3-L1 cell lines. Interestingly, focusing on the latter that accumulated cytoplasmic lipid droplets, the first promising results related to the action mechanisms of cambinol have shown the induction of cell cycle-related proteins (such as p16 and p27) and modulation of the expression of Rb protein and nuclear receptors related to cell differentiation. Moreover, we explored the inhibitory mechanism of cambinol on human SIRT1 and 2 performing in silico molecular simulations by protein–ligand docking. Cambinol, unlike from other sirtuin inhibitors, is able to better interact with the substrate binding site of SIRT1 than with the inhibition site. Additionally, for SIRT2, cambinol partially interacts with the substrate binding site, although the inhibition site is preferred. Overall, our findings suggest that cambinol might contribute to the development of an alternative to the existing epigenetic therapies that modulate SIRTs.

Simple Summary: Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in developed nations. Factors such as unhealthy lifestyle choices, particularly smoking, contribute to the development of this disease. Epigenetic abnormalities greatly affect gene expression and disrupt important cellular signaling pathways that are responsible for the proper growth, regulation, and functioning of cells. In the case of lung cancer, specifically non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), CBX3 acts as an epigenetic oncoprotein, promoting the growth and progression of tumors. Numerous studies have shown that CBX3 is overexpressed in NSCLC and is associated with a poor prognosis. It interacts with key oncogenic pathways leading to increased proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and enhanced resistance to therapy. Further research on the mechanisms and functions of CBX3 holds the potential to reveal new insights into the development of the disease and uncover novel therapeutic opportunities. Epigenetic changes regulate gene expression through histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and protein translation of these modifications. The PRC1 and PRC2 complexes shape gene repression via histone modifications. Specifically, the CBX protein family aids PRC1 recruitment to chromatin, impacting the progressive multistep process driving chromatin silencing. Among family members, CBX3 is a complex protein involved in aberrant epigenetic mechanisms that drive lung cancer progression. CBX3 promotes lung tumorigenesis by interacting with key pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Ras/KRAS, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, Notch, and p53, leading to increased proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and enhanced resistance to therapy. Given our current lack of knowledge, additional research is required to uncover the intricate mechanisms underlying CBX3 activity, as well as its involvement in molecular pathways and its potential biomarker evaluation. Specifically, the dissimilar roles of CBX3 could be reexamined to gain a greater insight into lung cancer pathogenesis. This review aims to provide a clear overview of the context-related molecular profile of CBX3, which could be useful for addressing clinical challenges and developing novel targeted therapies based on personalized medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purple carrot cultivar 'Purple Sun' (Daucus carota L.) is characterized by a relevant content of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, which may play an important role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases and in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. In the present study, the genetic diversity, phytochemical composition, and bioactivities of this outstanding variety were studied for the first time. Genetic analysis by molecular markers estimated the level of genetic purity of this carrot cultivar, whose purple-pigmented roots were used for obtaining the purple carrot ethanol extract (PCE). With the aim to identify specialized metabolites potentially responsible for the bioactivities, the analysis of the metabolite profile of PCE by LC-ESI/LTQ Orbitrap/MS/MS was carried out. LC-ESI/HRMS analysis allowed the assignment of twenty-eight compounds, putatively identified as isocitric acid (1), phenolic acid derivatives (2 and 6), hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (9, 10, 12–14, 16, 17, 19, 22, and 23), anthocyanins (3–5, 7, 8, 11, and 18), flavanonols (15 and 21), flavonols (20 and 24), oxylipins (25, 26, and 28), and the sesquiterpene 11-acetyloxytorilolone (27); compound 26, corresponding to the primary metabolite trihydroxyoctanoic acid (TriHOME), was the most abundant compound in the LC-ESI/HRMS analysis of the PCE, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives followed by anthocyanins were the two most represented groups. The antioxidant activity of PCE, expressed in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and antioxidant enzymes activity, and its pro-metabolic effect were evaluated. Moreover, the antibacterial activity on Gram (−) and (+) bacterial strains was investigated. An increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx), reaching a maximum at 0.5 mg/mL of PCE with a plateau at higher PCE concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/mL), was observed. PCE induced an initial decrease in ROS levels at 0.1 and 0.25 mg/mL concentrations, reaching the ROS levels of control at 0.5 mg/mL of PCE with a plateau at higher PCE concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/mL). Moreover, significant antioxidant and pro-metabolic effects of PCE on myoblasts were shown by a reduction in ROS content and an increase in ATP production linked to the promotion of mitochondrial respiration. Finally, the bacteriostatic activity of PCE was shown on the different bacterial strains tested, while the bactericidal action of PCE was exclusively observed against the Gram (+) Staphylococcus aureus. The bioactivities of PCE were also investigated from cellular and molecular points of view in colon and hematological cancer cells. The results showed that PCE induces proliferative arrest and modulates the expression of important cell-cycle regulators. For all these health-promoting effects, also supported by initial computational predictions, 'Purple Sun' is a promising functional food and an optimal candidate for pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. These diseases have a multifaceted nature being influenced by a multitude of biochemical, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Epigenetic modifications have a crucial role in the onset and progression of CVD. Epigenetics, which regulates gene activity without altering the DNA's primary structure, can modulate cardiovascular homeostasis through DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation. The effects of environmental stimuli on CVD are mediated by epigenetic changes, which can be reversible and, hence, are susceptible to pharmacological interventions. This represents an opportunity to prevent diseases by targeting harmful epigenetic modifications. Factors such as high-fat diets or nutrient deficiencies can influence epigenetic enzymes, affecting fetal growth, metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that plant-derived bioactive compounds can modulate epigenetic regulators and inflammatory responses, contributing to the cardioprotective effects of diets. Understanding these nutriepigenetic effects and their reversibility is crucial for developing effective interventions to combat CVD. This review delves into the general mechanisms of epigenetics, its regulatory roles in CVD, and the potential of epigenetics as a CVD therapeutic strategy. It also examines the role of epigenetic natural compounds (ENCs) in CVD and their potential as intervention tools for prevention and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antonietta Moramarco,1,* Ludovico Alisi,1,* Alessandro Lambiase,1 Sandra Giustini,2 Luca Lucchino,1 Emanuele Miraglia,2 Vincenzo Roberti,2 Marcella Nebbioso1 1Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy; 2Department of Dermatology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Alessandro LambiaseDepartment of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00161, ItalyTel +39 06 49975357Fax +39 06 49975425Email alessandro.lambiase@uniroma1.itIntroduction: Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GGS) also known as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is a complex rare genetic disorder characterized by a wide range of clinical and radiological manifestations. Ophthalmological alterations have always been reported, but no study on the eventual pattern visual evoked potentials (pVEPs) abnormalities has yet been published.Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the functionality of the optic pathways in a group of NBCCS patients through pattern reversal VEPs, after a thorough exclusion of subjects with preexisting ocular and optic pathways pathologies.Methods: Nineteen NBCCS patients (31 eyes) and 20 healthy controls (40 eyes) have been recruited for this study. All subjects underwent an evaluation of the functionality of the optic pathways through pVEPs with small (120ʹ), medium (60ʹ), and large (15ʹ) check size stimulation.Results: NBCCS patients showed a statistically significant alteration in the transmission of the macular pathway function when compared to controls. PVEPs analysis confirmed a reduced amplitude and an increased latency of the P100 component, suggesting an involvement of the visual pathway even in the absence of ocular clinical manifestations.Conclusion: Visual pathways may have been affected both by a subclinical myelination deficit, determined directly by the genetic alteration, as well as by neurological abnormalities typical of this syndrome. Further studies are warranted.Keywords: Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, pattern visual evoked potentials, rare diseases, electrophysiology, visual pathway, genodermatosis, PATCH1

Abstract Background Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is the most frequent retinal hereditary disease and every kind of transmission pattern has been described. The genetic etiology of RP is extremely heterogeneous and in the last few years the large application of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches improved the diagnostic yield, elucidating previously unexplained RP causes and new genotype-phenotype correlations. The objective of this study was to reevaluate a previously reported family affected by Coats’-type RP without genetic diagnosis and to describe the new genetic findings. Case presentation Cohort, prospective, and single-center observational family case. Three individuals of a family, consisting of a mother and four sons, with a Coats phenotype were revaluated after 25 years of clinical follow-up using visual acuity tests, ophthalmoscopy, Goldmann visual field, electroretinography (ERG), and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Specifically, a RP NGS panel was performed on one member of the family and segregation analysis was required for the other affected and unaffected members. NGS analysis disclosed a RPGR (Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator) gene truncating variant segregating with the phenotype in all the three affected members. RPGR mutations are reported as causative of an X-linked RP. Conclusions This is the first reported family with a Coats’-type RP associated to a RPGR mutation and segregating as a dominant X-linked disease, confirming the hypothesis of the genetic origin of this condition and expanding the phenotypic spectrum of diseases caused by RPGR gene mutations. The Authors suggest RPGR gene screening mutations in patients presenting this phenotype.

Marcella Nebbioso,1,* Antonietta Moramarco,1,* Alessandro Lambiase,1 Sandra Giustini,2 Marco Marenco,1 Emanuele Miraglia,2 Pasquale Fino,2 Chiara Iacovino,2 Ludovico Alisi1 1Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; 2Department of Dermatology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Alessandro LambiaseDepartment of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome 00161, ItalyTel +390649975357Fax +390649975425Email alessandro.lambiase@uniroma1.itIntroduction: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multisystemic disease caused by the mutation of Nf1 gene located on chromosome 17q11.2. The mutation determines the loss of function of the protein neurofibromin with consequent uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Patients are characterized by a wide range of dermatological, neurological, and ophthalmological symptoms.Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate, through pattern visual evoked potentials (p-VEPs) and frequency doubling technology (FDT) Matrix perimetry, the objective and psychophysical functionality of the optic pathways in a group of NF1 patient.Methods: The study group consisted of 26 patients affected by NF1 and 17 healthy controls. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, p-VEPs with the evaluation of amplitude and latency of the P100 wave, and FDT perimetry, with the evaluation of central sensitivity (CS), mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD) and glaucoma hemifield test (GHT).Results: NF1 patients showed a statistically significant alteration in the transmission of visual impulse. P-VEPs results highlighted a reduced amplitude and an increased latency of the P100 wave, suggesting an involvement of the visual pathway. Visual field analysis showed a significant reduction in all the observed parameters as well (CS, MD, PSD, and GHT).Conclusion: The present study showed, in NF1 patients, a qualitative and quantitative alteration in the conduction of stimuli through the visual pathways. The observed alterations are present, although, only at a subclinical level. None of the patients included in the study showed any manifest visual deficit nor had any concomitant pathology that might have affected the outcome of the study. In conclusion, electrophysiological exams and computer perimetry may take part, alongside a wider array of exams, in the differential diagnosis and later monitoring of NF1.Keywords: electrophysiologic testing, frequency doubling technology Matrix perimetry, FDT, neurofibromatosis type 1, optic glioma, pattern visual evoked potentials

SIRT1, a NAD+-dependent deacetylase, is the most well-studied member of class III histone deacetylases. Due to its wide range of activities and substrate targets, this enzyme has emerged as a major regulator of different physiological processes. However, SIRT1-mediated alterations are also implicated in the pathogenesis of several conditions, including metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Current evidence highlights the potential role of SIRT1 as an attractive therapeutic target for disease prevention and treatment strategies, thus propelling the development of new pharmacological agents. By high-throughput screening of a large library of compounds, we identified SCIC2 as an effective SIRT1 activator. This small molecule showed enzymatic activity of 135.8% at 10 μM, an AC50 value of 50 ± 1.8 µM, and bound SIRT1 with a KD of 26.4 ± 0.6 μM. In order to potentiate its SIRT1-activating ability, SCIC2 was subjected to modelling studies, leading to the identification of a more potent derivative, SCIC2.1. SCIC2.1 displayed higher SIRT1 activity (175%; AC50 = 36.83 ± 2.23 µM), stronger binding to SIRT1, and greater cell permeability than SCIC2. At cellular level, both molecules did not alter the cell cycle progression of cancer cells and normal cells, and were able to strengthen SIRT1-mediated effects in stress response. Finally, SCIC2 and SCIC2.1 attenuated induction of senescence by reducing senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Our findings warrant further investigation of these two novel SIRT1 activators in in vivo and human studies.

Methylation of histone 3 at lysine 79 (H3K79) is one of the principal mechanisms involved in gene expression. The histone methyltransferase DOT1L, which mono-, di- and trimethylates H3K79 using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a co-factor, is involved in cell development, cell cycle progression, and DNA damage repair. However, changes in normal expression levels of this enzyme are found in prostate, breast, and ovarian cancer. High levels of H3K79me are also detected in acute myeloid leukaemia patients bearing MLL rearrangements (MLL-r). MLL translocations are found in approximately 80% of paediatric patients, leading to poor prognosis. DOT1L is recruited on DNA and induces hyperexpression of HOXA9 and MEIS1. Based on these findings, selective drugs have been developed to induce apoptosis in MLL-r leukaemia cells by specifically inhibiting DOT1L. The most potent DOT1L inhibitor pinometostat has been investigated in Phase I clinical trials for treatment of paediatric and adult patients with MLL-driven leukaemia, showing promising results.

In recent years, the study of anticancer bioactive compounds from marine sources has received wide interest. Contextually, world regulatory authorities have approved several marine molecules, and new synthetic derivatives have also been synthesized and structurally improved for the treatment of numerous forms of cancer. However, the administration of drugs in cancer patients requires careful evaluation since their interaction with individual biological macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, determines variable downstream effects. This is reflected in a constant search for personalized therapies that lay the foundations of modern medicine. The new knowledge acquired on cancer mechanisms has certainly allowed advancements in tumor prevention, but unfortunately, due to the huge complexity and heterogeneity of cancer, we are still looking for a definitive therapy and clinical approaches. In this review, we discuss the significance of recently approved molecules originating from the marine environment, starting from their organism of origin to their structure and mechanism of action. Subsequently, these bio-compounds are used as models to illustrate possible bioinformatics approaches for the search of new targets that are useful for improving the knowledge on anticancer therapies.

A product is characterized by low environmental impact if, during the whole process (from extraction of raw materials from solid natural matter to disposal), its negative contribution to environment modification is significantly reduced or eliminated. According to circular economy, it is important to take into consideration other aspects, such as the possibility to improve the efficiency of extraction process by modifying the principle on which it is based and allowing the recovery of not completely exhausted waste, obtaining other active ingredients, and favoring the recycling of normally eliminated materials. The purpose of this work was to propose more efficient and greener alternatives to conventional solid–liquid extraction processes. Major features are the rapidity of the process, extraction at room temperature and high yields. Rapid Solid–Liquid Dynamic Extraction (RSLDE) represents an innovative solid–liquid extraction technology that allows the solid matrices containing extractable substances in an organic or inorganic solvent and their mixtures to be exhausted in shorter time than current techniques. The principle at the basis of this novel process consists of the generation of a negative pressure gradient between the inside and the outside of the solid matrix, which induces the extraction of compounds not chemically linked to the solid matter, being insoluble in the extractant liquid. Therefore, this work focuses on how RSLDE can potentially bring several improvements in the field of solid–liquid extraction, especially for industrial applications.

Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in women, although recent scientific and technological achievements have led to significant improvements in progression-free disease and overall survival of patients. Genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications play a critical role in deregulating gene expression, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer progression. Aberrant histone modifications are one of the most frequent epigenetic mechanisms occurring in cancer. In particular, methylation and demethylation of specific lysine residues alter gene accessibility via histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and histone lysine demethylases (KDMs). The KDM family includes more than 30 members, grouped into six subfamilies and two classes based on their sequency homology and catalytic mechanisms, respectively. Specifically, the KDM4 gene family comprises six members, KDM4A-F, which are associated with oncogene activation, tumor suppressor silencing, alteration of hormone receptor downstream signaling, and chromosomal instability. Blocking the activity of KDM4 enzymes renders them “druggable” targets with therapeutic effects. Several KDM4 inhibitors have already been identified as anticancer drugs in vitro in BC cells. However, no KDM4 inhibitors have as yet entered clinical trials due to a number of issues, including structural similarities between KDM4 members and conservation of the active domain, which makes the discovery of selective inhibitors challenging. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the molecular functions of KDM4 members in BC, describe currently available KDM4 inhibitors, and discuss their potential use in BC therapy.

Marcella Nebbioso, Ludovico Alisi, Francesca Giovannetti, Marta Armentano, Alessandro LambiaseDepartment of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Umberto I Policlinic, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, ItalyAbstract: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a rare, recurrent and multifactorial ocular disease, which typically flares up during spring and affects especially male children and adolescents. This condition does not usually respond to common treatments with antihistamines or mast cells stabilizers, whereas corticosteroids have effective results. Corticosteroids need to be carefully administered, to avoid adverse effects, mainly the secondary development of glaucoma, cataracts, or infections. Immunosuppressive agents, such as cyclosporin (CyA) or tacrolimus are, therefore, frequently employed in VKC patients. Only the 0.1% CyA (1 mg/mL) concentration has an approved and specific clinical indication for the treatment of VKC and this drug was given the denomination of orphan drug by the European Commission (EU/3/06/360) in 2006. So far, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and the side effects of topical 0.1% CyA. Different topical CyA concentrations, ranging from 0.05% to 2%, and various types of formulation are available at the moment. In the future, 0.1% CyA will presumably take an important part in the management of VKC. The present review focuses on eye drops containing 0.1% CyA; however, more studies will be needed to define its long-term efficacy in the natural course of this severe ocular disease.Keywords: atopy, conjunctivitis, cyclosporin, keratitis, ocular inflammation, vernal keratoconjunctivitis