Search

Exceptional global changes in the last few years have led to the emergence of a new economic reality that shapes all parts of the economy and society. The latest technological and global trends have led to a strong increase in the importance of industrial policy. The Fourth industrial revolution, globalization and human capital are the main drivers of today's economic development. Environmental, digital and social transitions shape new types of jobs, services and business models. The changing geopolitical environment greatly affects the industry. The confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict ultimately marked a turning point for the global economy as these key events laid bare economic vulnerability and at the same time made global political tensions worse. Global market competition, protectionism, market disruptions and trade tensions are increasing challenges. Their combined influence gives a new direction to the development of industrial policy and encourages the formation of a system of public instruments to support priority industrial areas. Policymakers in developing economies are increasingly adopting green industrial policies based on the production of green technologies and services. The main goal of the research in this paper is to identify the key features of the new reality that determine the necessity of industrial policy's approach to new trends. Understanding the major changes in the economic environment will help countries and businesses navigate global economic uncertainty with active industrial policies.

Vibrational spectroscopy is widely used to examine the mineralogy of bone apatite. Yet, these spectra may be significantly influenced by the nanometre size of the crystallites through either phonon confinement or surface phonon contributions. This could lead to misinterpretations of the implications of non-apatitic environments that have been described previously as additional bands in the vibrational spectra. Here we use density functional theory to simulate bulk and slabs of hydroxyapatite as well as A-type, B-type, and AB-type carbonated apatite to test for eventual contributions of surface phonons. The analysis showed that surface phonons can have a significant intensity in the vibrational spectra. They are expected at both higher and lower wavenumbers than their bulk counterparts, unlike phonon confinement which has been linked with only lower wavenumber shifts. The band shift of surface phonons was up to 40 cm−1, which is determinable by both Raman and Infrared spectroscopy. All internal modes of evaluated molecular groups (OH, CO3, PO4) were affected by the surface presence. Therefore, it is expected that surface phonons are likely to be present in the vibrational spectra of bone minerals and contribute to spectral effects such as line broadening, presenting a crucial factor in their interpretation and application.

Raman spectroscopy is widely used to examine the carbonate content within bone apatite, but Raman spectra are also sensitive to orientation effects between the polarisation of the incoming laser light and the sample orientation. This may lead to discrepancies when using Raman spectroscopy to evaluate the carbonate content as the extent of crystal organisation can change depending on the type of bone, age, and presence of mineralisation disorders in the organism. It is experimentally very challenging to evaluate the effect of orientation using individual bone crystals. Therefore, we have used density functional theory to examine the effect of orientation in apatitic materials. We examined hydroxyapatite and three different types of carbonated apatite: A-type where the carbonate ion substitutes the two OH groups in the unit cell, B-type where co-substitution occurs between carbonate in a phosphate position and Na+ for Ca2+ to maintain charge balance, and AB-type where carbonate sits in both A-site and B-site. Our simulations show that the OH group in hydroxyapatite has a strong orientation dependence, consistent with previous literature. In addition, the phosphate and carbonate bands of the apatitic structures are predicted to be orientation dependent, where the maximum scattering efficiency occurs in configurations in which the laser polarisation is parallel to the crystallographic axes of the material. The intensity changes of the phosphate and carbonate bands are not consistent upon changing orientations and thus may lead to an underestimation of carbonate contents if insufficient sampling points are used during bone analysis.

A descriptor of active CuO-ZnO(Al2O3) methanol-synthesis and water–gas-shift catalysts is the presence of high-temperature carbonates (HT-CO3) in the oxidic catalyst precursor. Previous reports have shown that such HT-CO3 lead to an appropriate interaction between the oxides; as a result, a high Cu surface area (or Cu-Zn or Cu/ZnO interphase areas) can be achieved. Yet, their nature is not well understood. In this study, the nature of these carbonates was investigated by experimental and theoretical methods in the oxidic precatalyst. A calcined Cu-Zn-Al hydrotalcite model compound revealed to have well-dispersed ZnO and CuO phases, together with highly stable HT-CO3. It was hypothesized that these HT-CO3 groups may be placed at critical locations at nano-scale as a glue, thus avoiding the growth of the oxide crystallites during calcination. This is an excellent pre-condition to achieve a high Cu surface area (or Cu-Zn or Cu/ZnO interphase areas) upon reduction, and therefore a high activity. To prove that, first-principles calculations were carried out based on the density functional theory (DFT); alumina was not considered in the model as the experimental data showed it to be amorphous but it may still have an effect. Comprehensive calculations provided evidence that such carbonate groups favourably bind the CuO and ZnO together at the interface, rather than being isolated on the individual oxide surfaces. The results strongly suggest that the HT-CO3 groups are part of the structure, in the calcined precatalyst, where they would prevent thermal sintering through a bonding mechanism between CuO and ZnO particles, which is a novel interpretation of this important catalyst descriptor., ChemE/O&O groep

Metal sulphides, including zinc sulphide (ZnS), are semiconductor photocatalysts that have been investigated for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants as well as their activity during the hydrogen evolution reaction and water splitting. However, devising ZnS photocatalysts with a high overall quantum efficiency has been a challenge due to the rapid recombination rates of charge carriers. Various strategies, including the control of size and morphology of ZnS nanoparticles, have been proposed to overcome these drawbacks. In this work, ZnS samples with different morphologies were prepared from zinc and sulphur powders via a facile hydrothermal method by varying the amount of sodium borohydride used as a reducing agent. The structural properties of the ZnS nanoparticles were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. All-electron hybrid density functional theory calculations were employed to elucidate the effect of sulphur and zinc vacancies occurring in the bulk as well as (220) surface on the overall electronic properties and absorption of ZnS. Considerable differences in the defect level positions were observed between the bulk and surface of ZnS while the adsorption of NaBH4 was found to be highly favourable but without any significant effect on the band gap of ZnS. The photocatalytic activity of ZnS was evaluated for the degradation of rhodamine B dye under UV irradiation and hydrogen generation from water. The ZnS nanoparticles photo-catalytically degraded Rhodamine B dye effectively, with the sample containing 0.01 mol NaBH4 being the most efficient. The samples also showed activity for hydrogen evolution, but with less H2 produced compared to when untreated samples of ZnS were used. These findings suggest that ZnS nanoparticles are effective photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B dyes as well as the hydrogen evolutio

The resurgence of interest in zinc phosphide compounds as efficient solar absorbers has initiated increasing efforts to improve their stability under humid and oxygen-rich conditions. Although organic functionalization has been suggested as a promising strategy to passivate zinc phosphide nanoparticles, fundamental atomic-level insights into the adsorption processes and structures at zinc diphosphide (ZnP2) surfaces are still lacking. In this study, the interactions between 4-aminothiophenol and the low-Miller index surfaces of monoclinic ZnP2 have been investigated by means of density functional theory calculations. A bidentate adsorption mode, in which 4-aminothiophenol binds through both its functional groups via Zn-N and Zn-S bonds, was predicted to be the strongest form of interaction, and monolayer-functionalized ZnP2 surfaces were found to be highly stable under adsorbate-rich conditions. Changes in the equilibrium morphology of ZnP2 nanocrystallites upon functionalization and effects of humidity are also discussed. The results are expected to contribute toward the rational design of ZnP2-based materials for photovoltaic (PV) devices.

Industrijska politika je važno sredstvo koje vladama omogućava da promovišu industrijski razvoj i ubrzaju ekonomski rast. Ipak, specifične mere koje su usvojene od strane uspešnih industrijalizovanih zemalja ne mogu se lako primeniti na ostale zemlje, ne samo zbog posebnih društveno-ekonomskih uslova pojedinačnih zemalja već i što promene u globalnom okruženju utiču na efikasnost instrumenata industrijske politike. Novi pristupi industrijskoj politici prisutni su širom sveta, naročito posle krize izazvane pandemijom koronavirusa. Jačanje industrijskog sektora je ključ oporavka. Da bi se postigao ovaj važan cilj, industrijska politika mora biti u centru reakcija vlada. Ne može se očekivati da se put razvoja karakterističan za visoko razvijene zemlje sveta primeni na Srbiju. Neophodna je promena dosadašnje strategije razvoja industrije Srbije. Cilj nove industrijske politike Srbije je da promoviše strukturne promene u industriji u korist proizvodnje roba i usluga sa većom dodatom vrednošću, modernizacijom, integracijom u globalne lance vrednosti, razvojem ekonomije zasnovane na znanju i pozicioniranjem za Četvrtu industrijsku revoluciju. Analiza u radu posvećena je državnim podsticajima koji su deo nove industrijske politike Srbije i jedna su od mera pomoću kojih država utiče na povećanje obima investicija, rast zaposlenosti i stvaranje privlačnijeg poslovnog ambijenta za domaće i strane ulagače., Industrial policy is an important mean that enables governments to promote industrial development and accelerate economic growth. However, specific measures adopted by successful industrialized countries cannot be easily applied to other countries, not only because of the special socio-economic conditions of individual countries but also because the changes in the global environment affect the effectiveness of industrial policy instruments. New approaches to industrial policy are present worldwide, especially after the crisis caused by COVID19 pandemic. Strengthening the industrial sector is the key to recovery. To achieve this important goal, industrial policy must be at the center of government reactions. It cannot be expected that the direction of development which is characteristic for developed countries of the world will be applied to Serbia. It is necessary to change the current strategy for the development of Serbian industry. The goal of Serbia's new industrial policy is to promote structural changes in industry in favor of higher value-added goods and services, modernization, integration into global value chain, development of a knowledge-based economy and positioning for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The analysis is dedicated to state incentives which are part of the new industrial policy of Serbia and are one of the measures by which the state influences the increase in investment, employment growth and creating a more attractive business environment for domestic and foreign investors.

Predmet doktorske disertacije predstavlja analiza i estimacija funkcije monetarne reakcije na panel podacima 37 svetskih privreda (razvijene zemlje i zemlje u razvoju) u periodu 1995Q1 – 2018Q3. Disertacija ima za cilj da pokaže kojim faktorima unutar funkcije monetarne reakcije zemlje pridaju veći značaj u zavisnosti od nivoa ekonomske razvijenosti. Poseban segment analize odnosi se na ocenjivanje determinanti funkcije monetarne reakcije u Srbiji u periodu inflacionog targetiranja (2010Q1 – 2020Q1). Metodologija empirijskog istraživanja u osnovi se bazira na empirijskoj operacionalizaciji Tejlorovog pravila i podeljena je u dve celine. Prvu metodološku celinu čini ekonometrijsko ocenjivanje panel regresionog modela funkcije monetarne reakcije za odabrane zemlje na globalnom nivou u okviru koje centralna banka referentnu kamatnu stopu prilagođava dinamici inflacije, proizvodnog jaza i aprecijacije/deprecijacije realnog efektivnog deviznog kursa. Model operiše na kvartalnom nivou, uzimajući u obzir da empirijska literatura koja se bavi ocenama fiskalnih i monetarnih reakcija uobičajeno pretpostavlja da je jedan kvartal minimalni period koji je potreban kako bi fiskalne i monetarne vlasti reagovale na kretanja makroekonomskih indikatora. Drugu metodološku celinu čini estimacija funkcije monetarne reakcije Narodne banke Srbije (NBS). Prednost empirijskog modeliranja funkcije monetarne reakcije na nivou jedne zemlje u odnosu na panel analizu ogleda se u mogućnosti da se utvrdi, precizira i prikupi skup podataka za koje se sa razumnim nivoom pouzdanosti može pretpostaviti da su kreatorima monetarne politike bili raspoloživi u realnom vremenu, kao i da se moguće empirijske specifikacije funkcije monetarne reakcije definišu i analiziraju u odnosu na taj skup. Rezultati istraživanja sprovedenog u okviru prve metodološke celine upućuju na zaključak da se u periodu koji je prethodio Svetskoj ekonomskoj krizi monetarna politika u razvijenim zemljama sprovodila u skladu sa Tejl, The subject of the doctoral dissertation is the analysis and estimation of the monetary policy reaction function on panel data of 37 world economies (developed and emerging market economies) covering the period 1995Q1 - 2018Q3. The dissertation aims to indicate the factors within the monetary policy reaction function which countries consider more important depending on the level of economic development. A special segment of the analysis refers to the assessment of the determinants of the monetary policy reaction function in Serbia in the period of inflation targeting (2010Q1 - 2020Q1). The methodology of empirical research is based on the empirical operationalization of Taylor rule and consists of two parts. The first methodological unit consists of econometric evaluation of the panel regression model of the monetary policy response function for selected countries at the global level, within which the central bank adjusts the key policy rate to the dynamics of inflation, output gap and appreciation/depreciation of the real effective exchange rate. The model operates on a quarterly basis, taking into account that the empirical literature dealing with assessments of fiscal and monetary responses usually assumes that one quarter is the minimum period required for fiscal and monetary authorities to respond to macroeconomic indicators. The second methodological unit consists of the estimation of the monetary policy reaction function of the National Bank of Serbia (NBS). The advantage of empirical modeling of the monetary policy response function at the level of single country in comparison to the panel data analysis is reflected in the ability to identify, specify and collect a set of data that with a reasonable level of reliability can be assumed to have been available to monetary policy makers in real time; and consequently to define and analyze possible empirical specifications of the monetary policy reaction function in relation to that set. The results of the resear

The issue of financial stability has become relevant in the last decades of the last century due to frequent banking crises. For these reasons, financial stability, i.e. achieving and preserving the stability of the financial system, is increasingly defined as an explicit goal of the central bank, with the growing importance of financial stability policy within the overall economic policy. Achieving and maintaining financial stability is not an easy task and requires the design of an appropriate regulatory framework that includes various institutions, rules and procedures. The regulator’s approach is determined by the specifics of a particular financial system, and is a particularly sensitive issue in complex financial systems, such as the US and EU financial systems. The issue behind the subject of this doctoral dissertation, as well as the research framework itself, is the global financial crisis that marked the end of the first decade of the 21st century and influenced the institutionalization of the new architecture of the EU financial stability. Financial stability and its sustainability are based on the fact that the EU is not a homogeneous system economically speaking, and that the member states are fundamentally completely different in terms of development level and macroeconomic indicators. Having in mind that the Eurozone member states achieved certain homogeneity by defining and implementing a single monetary policy, the dissertation uses the VAR model (vector autoregression) to examine the efficiency of the interest rate channel as a transmission mechanism of monetary policy in two subperiods: pre-crisis period (2004-2009) and post-crisis period (2009-2017). The research results confirm the insufficiently efficient interest rate channel and indicate the need for the application of non-standard monetary policy measures of the European Central Bank (quantitative easing, asset repurchase). The lack of a unified financial stability policy at the EU level, in

Savremene banke imaju ulogu i niz funkcija od primordijalnog značaja, kao finansijske institucije namenjene odobravanju zajmova, stvaranju kredita, mobilizaciji štednje i ekonomskog razvoja. U finansijskom sektoru raste broj lica koja koriste sve inovativnije i kreativnije načine ciljanja uočenih slabosti u bankama i sistemima odobravanja kredita. Lica koja čine prevare postala su sve sofisticiranija, što znači da mere za sprečavanje prevara moraju stalno da se razvijaju, kako bi se osigurala njihova sposobnost da se nose sa pretnjom. Borba protiv prevara je od presudnog značaja za institucije finansijskih usluga. Ovaj članak ima za cilj ne samo da ukratko opiše ulogu interne kontrole i interne revizije u otkrivanju moguc'ih prevara u bankama, kao profitno orijentisanim organizacijama u današnjem kompleksnom i veoma promenljivom poslovnom okruženju, vec' i da ukaže na prednosti koje one imaju u efikasnijem upravljanju aktivnostima banke., Modern banks have a specific role and a whole range of functions of paramount importance, as financial institutions for granting loans, creating loans, mobilizing savings and economic development. In the financial sector, there is a growing number of people who are using increasingly innovative and creative ways of targeting all perceived weaknesses in banks and credit approval systems. The persons committing fraud have become increasingly sophisticated, which means that measures to prevent fraud must be constantly developed to ensure that they are able to deal with the threat. The fight against fraud is crucial for financial services institutions. This article aims not only to briefly describe the role of internal control and internal audit in detecting possible fraud in banks, as profit-oriented organizations in today's complex and highly changing business environment, but also to point out the advantages they have in the more efficient management of bank activities.