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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a Universal Design for Learning (UDL)-based gender roles program on university students. The research was carried out utilizing an embedded mixed research design. The participants in the research took part in a UDL-Based Gender Roles Program that focused on sustainable development goals and gender equality. The study group included 15 female (83.3%) and three male (16.7%) university students enrolled in undergraduate programs at a foundation university during the 2021-2022 academic year. The Gender Roles Attitude Scale, reflection papers, learning diaries, and focus group interviews were used to collect data. SPSS was used to conduct quantitative data analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the qualitative data. The quantitative results of the study found no statistically significant difference between participants' pre-test and post-test scores in terms of egalitarian gender roles, female gender roles, and total scores for sub-dimension of gender roles in marriage. However, the post-test showed a statistically significant difference in overall scores for traditional gender roles and male gender roles sub-dimensions. The qualitative outcomes of the study revealed that studies on gender roles have a positive impact on participants' perceptions and awareness. [This article includes an extended summary in Turkish.]

Proverbs are maxims that reflect the values, beliefs, and cultural heritage of a society. This study attempted to conduct ethnocultural analysis of two concepts, marriage and family, in the Chinese Paremiology. The topics of 'marriage' and 'family' are extensively covered in Chinese proverbs; hence this study aimed to find out how Chinese proverbs about marriage and family reflect the Chinese cultural view of these institutions. A sample of 333 proverbs from the Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs was chosen and was categorized into several categories like partner selection criteria, forms of marriage, divorce, remarriage, relations between husband and wife, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, daughter-in-law and wife, parent-child relationship, and resolution of family conflicts. The study found out that most Chinese proverbs dealt with the concept of male superiority over women. A few proverbs presented the Chinese ethno-cultural practices adopted in choosing a spouse, marriage and family customs, and family values. The research has practical significance as the results can be used in compiling a guide to the study of proverbs, a dictionary of Chinese proverbs, and a corpus of proverbs in philological science.

Scholarship on international students shows that despite university policies designed to create a welcoming atmosphere, international students still face social challenges. This paper applies the capabilities approach to reveal mechanisms that facilitate or constrain the social inclusion of married international graduate students. For married international graduate students, the personal factors (their level of study and marital status) bring with structural factors (e.g., visa policies, healthcare policies, cultural and linguistic barriers), which in combination lead to social exclusion. With one university case study, including original survey and interview data, we unpack these intertwined processes and find that married graduate students' social relation and network patterns significantly differ from single graduate students and undergraduate students. They are less likely to attend campus events, interact with their colleagues, and interact with friends from other countries. As such, we challenge the conventional wisdom that access to higher education alone leads to social inclusion.

Relationships that involve a physician and a non-physician professional spouse face many challenges that are similar to those experienced by dual career marriages. However, there are unique demands that are associated with physicians who are married to other professionals. One such challenge is the task of navigating their multiple familial and professional roles. This present study explores how physicians who are married to other professionals confront and navigate the complex environment that is often characteristic of work-family issues in this population. Employing an exploratory qualitative design, 34 heterosexual individuals (17 couples) completed in-depth qualitative interviews. These dyadic interviews included 10 male physicians and 7 female physicians. A multisystemic approach was employed to explore themes that emerged. One major theme, contextual appreciation of the physician's work demands, and three sub-themes: familial support, non-traditional parenting and domestic roles, and paid help, emerged. These data provide important information for the medical education of physicians with specific emphasis on navigating multiple familial and professional roles when part of dual career marriages. Findings provide implications for physician vitality/health, medical education, and continuing education with a focus on physician marriages.

In this study, the mediating role of hopelessness in the relationship between the meaning attributed to marriage and loneliness was examined. The study group consists of 567 participants (348 male, and 219 female). Data were obtained using "Meaning Attributed to Marriage Scale", "UCLA Loneliness Scale Short Form" and "Beck Hopelessness Scale". In line of research hypothesis, the research data were analyzed using regression analysis. In addition, whether hopelessness has a statistically significant mediating effect on the relationship between the meaning attributed to marriage and loneliness was tested using the mediator model in line with the research hypotheses. In the mediator model tested, it was seen that hopelessness had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between the positive and negative meanings attributed to marriage and loneliness.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between the positive childhood experiences of young people and family values. In the quantitative research design, descriptive and relational screening method was used in the study, and the study group consisted of 753 university students aged 18-25. Data were collected using the Positive Childhood Experiences Scale and the Family Values Scale. T-test, ANAVO, and Pearson Correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. As a result of the study, it was determined that females and individuals with a higher family income had higher levels of positive childhood experiences. Differences in family values were found according to the participants' gender, family structure, family income status, and whether they had the desire to start a family. It was found that as the participants' positive experiences with children increased, they attributed more importance to the mother in childcare, gave more importance to relatives, had a more positive view of extended family, believed that there should be a strong mother-child connection more, gave more importance to the role of child-rearing in the family, and their emotional attachment to the family increased, the importance they attached to marriage and the institution of marriage increased, they adopted unconventional values more, they evaluated the family as conventional, and their view that the decision-making process in the family should be democratic/participatory increased, justifying violence for "family well-being" and being in favor of more freedom in matters related to sexuality decreased. Some suggestions were developed by discussing the findings in light of the literature.

It is important to examine women's experiences in the infertility process, as being a woman is perceived as a concept that overlaps with motherhood, and the woman herself is exposed to physical pain during the treatment. In this research, which was carried out with a phenomenological pattern, one of the qualitative methods, the experiences of married women diagnosed with infertility regarding the infertility process were examined, and it was tried to determine the themes that would help psychological counselors in the therapeutic process. The study group consists of 10 women selected by criterion sampling using purposeful sampling methods. The results of the research were discussed under seven headings: infertility experience, stress factors, acquired skills, social support resources, the role of the spouse, coping skills, and belief in the treatment. The theme of the infertility experience includes codes of negativeness, helplessness, frustration, and compelling; the theme of stress factors includes codes of expectations, pressure, uncertainty, the passage of treatment, personal conflicts, against his spouse's liability, failure, and the search for a solution; the theme of acquired skills includes codes of coping with the challenges, obtaining medical information, hoping, common share, body recognition, gender awareness, healthy eating, the theme of social support resources includes codes of, contact, spouse, family, friend, and counselor; the theme of the role of spouse includes codes of support; the theme of coping skills includes codes of, religious beliefs, social activities, the sense of common humanity, work and psychological support; the theme of faith for treatment includes codes of hope and despair.

Effectively addressing and resolving conflicts in close relationships plays an important role in maintaining healthy relationships. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to examine the predictive role of attachment styles (anxiety and avoidance) and the growth fear in close relationships on constructive and destructive conflict resolution strategies in close relationships. A total of 492 individuals, 299 women (60.8%), and 193 men (39.2%) between the ages of 18 and 38 who were romantically involved and married, participated in the study. The outcomes of the multiple regression analysis show that anxiety, avoidance, and growth fear have a predictive role on the effective-destructive 'exit' sub-dimension, which includes abandonment behaviors in conflict resolution. The passive-destructive 'neglect' sub-dimension, which includes conflict-ignoring behaviors, is predicted by anxiety and growth fear. The avoidance and the growth fear negatively predicted the active-constructive 'voice' sub-dimension, which includes the behaviors in which the factors causing conflict are discussed through dialogue. Finally, the passive-constructive 'loyalty' sub-dimension, which includes behaviors such as waiting in hopes that the factors causing conflict will disappear, is predicted positively by the anxiety and negatively by the avoidance. Gender also has a predictive effect on the loyalty sub-dimension. The results obtained from the research were discussed according to the relevant literature, and recommendations were made to mental health experts and researchers. It is hoped that the findings of this study will guide the treatment of conflict resolution processes among partners in relationship counseling processes.

This mixed method study was designed to discover the relationship between male and female Iranian EFL students' cultural schemata and their performance on three types of cloze tests. It also investigated the relationship between gender and Iranian EFL students' degrees of cultural familiarity with culture-specific cloze texts. In addition, the male and female students' understanding of eight culture-specific words provided in culture-specific cloze texts is explored. The subjects of the study were 42 EFL university students (19 males and 23 females). Three different cloze tests with identical content with terms related to marriage, but different types of schemata, were developed. These included a cloze test with culturally neutral schemata of marriage terms, a cloze test with cultural schemata of marriage in Islam, and also a cloze test with cultural schemata of marriage in English. All three types of cloze tests were administered to the subjects in two sessions. Degrees of cultural familiarity were measured through a cultural familiarity questionnaire. A semi-structured interview was also used to explore both the males' and females' understanding of the eight culture-specific words provided in the culturally specific cloze tests. To analyze the data, an independent sample t-test and a paired sample t-test were used. The results of the study showed that females performed better than males on all three types of cloze tests. Furthermore, both males and females performed better on the second cloze test, the third, and the first cloze test respectively. The results also indicated that gender did not significantly affect the degrees of cultural familiarity.

The Gorontalo language has coexisted with the Indonesian language for years, resulting in significant cohesion between two languages. Code-mixing is said to be a byproduct of such cohesion. The present study aimed to examine this linguistic phenomenon to what extent the Gorontalo language speakers code-mix between their native language (the Gorontalonese) with Arabic and Indonesian in their speech during organizing a marriage proposal or an engagement event. The study adopted a qualitative descriptive research design where the data was collected through observation, interviews, audio-video recording, and photo documentation. The result revealed that Indonesian, the Gorontalonese and Arabic are three languages mixed in the marriage proposal dialogue used in Gorontalo. The forms of all code-mixing involved the basic form, complex form, as well as phrases form. In this study, the causes of code-mixing are the language factors and the speakers, which ultimately result in language variation in all dimensions of communication terms. The study shed light on linguistic strategies and code-mixing patterns in a multilingual context.

The COVID-19 pandemic had has a impact on education in Bangladesh, especially for rural areas students. This research was conducted in the South Bali Para village of Trishal Upazila in Mymensingh and focused to investigate the difficulties faced by rural students in terms of accessing and adjusting to online education during the pandemic. A sample of 300 students from primary to higher secondary levels was surveyed, and empirical research revealed that economic hardship and lack of access to online education were the primary concerns for rural students. This contrasts with urban students, who were primarily affected by mental health issues. According to the research findings, more than 60% of households in rural areas lacked internet access or smartphones, despite the fact that approximately 70% of primary, lower, and higher secondary students resided in these regions. Efforts to provide remote learning through methods such as television or multimedia classrooms in remote areas did not effectively support rural students in their online education during the pandemic. Therefore, the study highlights the socioeconomic challenges and costs of pandemic-led online education in rural Bangladesh, including the increased risk of dropouts and child marriages. The findings emphasize the urgent need for an inclusive and accessible strategy for remote learning that specifically addresses the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable students in Bangladesh.

The study focuses on the concept composition and literacy transmission of the clarinet folk song "Pamir Zhiyin," with a particular focus on the intricate relationship between literacy, education, and cultural transmission within the realm of music. Furthermore, there is a profound connection to the historical development of clarinet music in China, spanning a period of one hundred years. The Tajik minority residing on the Pamir Plateau is known for its significant contribution to the realm of folk music, characterized by the intricate fusion of Western classical methods and Tajik cultural elements. The composer Hu Bi Jing derives creative inspiration from the depiction of Tajik wedding scenes, so capturing the essence of connection inherent in the institution of marriage. This study highlights the importance of education, reading, and the transfer of information in molding the discipline of clarinet playing, improving musical literacy, and promoting cultural transmission in China. The case of "Pamir Zhiyin" serves as a prime illustration of how music serves as a manifestation of cultural variety and collective experiences.

The rate of child marriage worldwide reaches 21%. Indonesia was the 37th country with the second-highest percentage of child marriages in ASEAN. Adolescent knowledge and attitudes affect behavior in child marriages. Therefore, educational media is needed to increase knowledge and form positive attitudes in adolescents related to the maturation of age marriage. This study was to determine the effect of video on the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about the maturation of age marriage. This research used a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design carried out in April-October 2022. The experimental group was given treatment through an educational video and the control group using a pocketbook. High school student was the population. Sampling technique was employed, involving 120 respondents for both groups. The research instrument used was a questionnaire which has been tested. Data analysis using statistical test software. In the video group, the mean difference test results for the level of knowledge were p=0.000 and attitude was p=0.006. In the pocketbook group, the level of knowledge was p=0.003 and attitude was p=0.314. Educational video is an effective method to improve adolescents' knowledge and attitude about the maturation of age marriage. It can be used to prevent child marriage among adolescents.

The aim of this study is to examine the behaviors of married individuals to maintain relationships according to their gender and gender role attitudes. The study group of the study consisted of 177 (52.8%) females and 158 males (%) aged between 24 and 50 (vinculum =30.2), residing in Izmir, and having a relationship period of 2 to 20 years (vinculum =5.9). 47.2), a total of 335 heterosexual married people. As data collection tools in the research, "Relationship Maintenance Strategies Scale", "Gender Roles Attitude Scale" and "Personal Information Form" were used. Two-way MANOVA method was used in the analysis of the data. Findings from the two-way MANOVA analysis show that gender and gender roles have an impact on relationship maintenance behaviors. In this context, it has been determined that gender roles have a higher degree of influence than biological sex in maintaining relationships. According to the findings of the study, it was determined that female participants exhibited relationship-maintaining behaviors more frequently than male participants. In terms of gender roles attitude, It has been determined that the participants who have an egalitarian gender role attitude exhibit more frequent relationship maintenance behaviors than the participants who have traditional gender roles attitudes. As a result, gender and gender roles have a significant effect on relationship maintenance strategies.

There are ongoing global efforts to mitigate intimate partner violence (IPV); nevertheless, IPV is extensive in conflict-affected countries like Afghanistan. This study examined disparities in IPV endorsement among Afghan women using data from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey of 20,793 ethnically diverse married women. We adopted intersectionality and social entrapment theories to account for various socio-cultural factors that explain IPV endorsement in the Afghan context. The results revealed that over 80% of respondents endorsed physical IPV in various circumstances. Hierarchical logistic regression estimated over threefold effects of broader social and cultural factors with a Nagelkerke R Square value of 0.131 (13.1%) variance in the IPV endorsement than the commonly found socio-demographic risk factors with a Nagelkerke R Square value of 0.041 (4.1%) variance. According to our multivariate analysis, the most significant predictor was fear of husbands, which explained 9.4% of the variance. Province-level political conflict severity and prior exposure to parental IPV accounted for another 1.6% and .8% variance, respectively. We also noted many culture- and context-specific variations, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach to addressing the issue of Afghan women's stance on IPV.

This article focused on uncovering the background of the youth lamenting unemployment in the presence of agribusiness employment opportunities. A phenomenological qualitative design was employed to generate in-depth information. The sample frame was formed of youth agribusiness clubs from the district agribusiness office. Purposive and snowball sampling was used to recruit participants doing different agribusinesses. Photovoice, focus group discussions, and oral interviews were used to generate data, which was analyzed using content, discourse, and thematic approaches. The data revealed that background factors such as age, educational attainment, and marital status were key factors in explaining youth unemployment in agribusiness employment opportunities. The study found that most youths in rural areas marry soon after dropping out of school, followed by taking up agriculture as a livelihood. Those youth dropping out of school before they turn 18 are considered children and enter agribusiness without the necessary skills. Systematically, they are forced to engage in agribusiness at a very young age, such as 14, in order to survive and to take on family responsibilities. The study recommended the introduction of practical agriculture in primary and secondary schools so that school dropouts at least gain agribusiness skills for self-employment, as well as deploying new ways of reducing early marriages.

Family practitioners come from many walks of life and may include students, provided they are sufficiently prepared or supported through hands-on learning experiences. In this study, we report the outcomes of community different-sex couples who participated in a free, six-week, student-facilitated Marriage Enrichment Workshop between 2015 and 2018, offered over distance via Interactive Video Conferencing. Data from n = 39 individuals (25 couples) indicated positive change during workshop participation regarding negative interaction, commitment, and sexual and emotional intimacy. At six months post-workshop, only change in negative interaction retained significance. No significant results were reported for overall marital satisfaction, and no effects of booster sessions were detected. This workshop showed slight positive gains for couples, a favorable outcome for an experience with dual goals of providing student practice and strengthening couple relationships in the community.

This study explored undergraduate students' changes in attitudes toward marriage equality in an introductory family science course. Students enrolled in the course were exposed to teaching activities centered largely around prejudice and discrimination to examine their effectiveness in facilitating the development of more positive attitudes toward marriage quality. The results of quantitative analyses revealed that substantial numbers of students became more supportive of marriage equality over time in this course. Qualitative analyses of written open-ended student responses utilizing the constant comparative method resulted in three emergent themes: support of marriage equality, increased understanding of marriage equality, and opposition to marriage equality. Collectively, the findings of this exploratory study indicate that the teaching method utilized was effective in fostering the development of more positive attitudes toward marriage equality. Implications for future research, replication, and adaptation in other disciplines are discussed.

Child marriage in Tanzania is a critical human rights issue in Tanzania and around the globe. This article focuses on the legal structure of Tanzania to show that Tanzania's Law of Marriage Act, Sections 13 and 17, enacted in 1971, violates its constitution and obligations in international human rights treaties and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; mainly, they violate individuals' rights to equality, education, and their family's welfare. The reader will find that the legal and social structures within Tanzania are in conflict with global norms. In addition, the social structure that the government relies on to legitimize these sections of the Marriage Act continues to allow child marriage. This article resolves that child rights, precisely girls' rights, are inhibited through the enactment and continued application of the Law of Marriage Act, Sections 13 and 17. The article will conclude with some salient recommendations that assist Tanzania's government in resolving the issue.

In sub-Saharan African countries, teenage pregnancy received less attention and weak policy responses, and the pooled prevalence of teenage pregnancy is not yet studied. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence and determinants of teenage pregnancy in sub-Saharan African countries. A total weighted sample of 96,185 teenage girls were included in the study. A multilevel modified poison regression analysis model was fitted to identify factors associated with teenage pregnancy. Finally, the Adjusted Prevalence Odds Ratio (APOR) with its 95% confidence interval was reported. Statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05. The overall pooled prevalence of teenage pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa was 21.36% (95% CI: 21.10, 21.62%). Being 18 to 19 years (APOR = 1.70, 95% CI [1.64, 1.77]), teenager's mother is working (APOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.13), married adolescents (APOR = 5.54, 95% CI [5.01, 6.12]), media exposure (APOR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.94, 0.99]), middle and high wealth index (APOR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.93, 0.98]), and (APOR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.75, 0.83]), low-middle-income countries (APOR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.63, 0.92]), upper-middle-income (APOR = 0.61, 95% CI [0.41, 0.80]) and the Central African region (APOR = 1.46, 95% CI [1.29, 1.64]) were the factors found to be associated with teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy in SSA was unacceptably high. Age, adolescent marital status, teenager's mother's working status, media exposure, wealth index, countries' income, and regions of SSA had a significant association with teenage pregnancy. Therefore, addressing geographical disparities and socio-economic inequalities help to reduce teenage pregnancy.

Private religious schools are widely seen as value-laden communities that mold the character of their students. Thus, we expect adults who attended religious schools as children to demonstrate more favorable family outcomes related to stable marriages and childbearing. We further expect Protestant schooling to have a more powerful effect on marital outcomes than Catholic schooling, given the heavier focus of Protestantism on marriage. Finally, we expect stronger positive associations between religious schooling and marital outcomes for adults who grew up in difficult circumstances compared to adults who grew up in advantaged circumstances. We test these hypotheses using survey data from the Understanding America Study. Our three outcome variables are ever marrying and never divorcing, ever divorcing, and conceiving a child out-of-wedlock. Most of the results confirm our hypotheses. Protestant schooling is associated with more positive marital outcomes across all three measures. Catholic schooling is significantly correlated with a lower likelihood of having a child outside of marriage. The associations between religious schooling and desirable marriage outcomes are strongest for adults who grew up poor and for those raised in intact families.

The purpose of this study was to investigate underlining cultural factors impeding girls' secondary education in Lilongwe Rural West Education Division (LRWED) of Malawi. Underperformance of girls in comparison to boys in their education persists. Hence the need to explore the underpinning social-cultural factors is there. The study employed a mixed methods research design. Using a multi-stage sampling approach, a sample of 295 respondents was selected from five cluster leader government secondary schools in LRWED comprising of headteachers, teachers, Form 4 female students, and parents. Data were generated through survey questionnaires, Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Findings indicated that key social-cultural factors affecting girls' education in LRWED include girls' initiation ceremonies, unplanned pregnancies, early marriages and poverty. Initiation ceremonies were found to contribute to early sex experimentation that undermined girls' continued interest and persistence in education through poor retention, repetition, and subsequent dropout. The findings further revealed that the absence of sex education in the schools' curriculum is the lead cause of parental dependence on local initiation ceremonies. This implies that the incorporation of cultural and sex education in schools' curricula or programs could help curb parental dependence on initiation ceremonies for girls' sex education and the challenges of early marriages and school dropout influenced by social-cultural factors.

The purpose of this article is to examine if educational homogamy patterns are associated intergenerationally, the extent to which today's couples are homogamous, and how this translates into levels of family income and financial and overall well-being. To examine these relationships, 28 years of longitudinal data from the British Columbia "Paths on Life's Way" project are employed. First, changes in marital status, educational completion, and homogamy are examined with the goal of defining these constructs more precisely. Through descriptive statistics, the relationship between educational attainment and related homogamy levels of Paths respondents and their parents is established. Then, the technique of correspondence analysis is used to determine the relationship between assortative mating and the nature and extent of inequality experienced by "Paths" respondents. Findings reveal that educational homogamy and its intergenerational associations exist and the extent to which it exacerbates inequality in terms of family income levels, contributions to registered investment plans, and physical, mental, and financial well-being in the sample. The findings of this article highlight the value of a post-secondary education in relation to marriage strategies, and the reproduction of inequalities.

The aim of this research is to test a structural model for married individuals. 215 Turkish married individuals [Age[subscript range] = 24-56, Age[subscript Mean] =35.24, Age[subscript Sd] = 7.44] determined by using the maximum diversity sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, participated in the research. Data were collected with Scale of Meaning of Marriage (SMM), Marital Satisfaction Scale (MSS) and Marital Adjustment Test (MAT). Data were analysed with Two-Stage Structural Equation Modeling. A bootstrap analysis was performed for the significance of indirect effects. As a result of the analyses, the tested structural model was confirmed and it was determined that marital satisfaction had a full mediator effect between the meaning attributed to marriage and marital adjustment of married individuals.

The purpose of this study is to describe the politeness approach of the Japanese-Balinese family realm language. The study explores how the use of language politeness strategies is affected by the cultural background of both spouses in intercultural marriages. The study also examines the various factors that influence language politeness strategies in intercultural marriages, including age, gender, social status, and power dynamics. Ethnopragmatics is utilized to examine language politeness methods in the context of the lives of the Japan-Bali intermarriage group. The research design is qualitative and descriptive. It uses observation methodology with strategies for data collecting, including listening, recording, and interviewing. The basic data consists of conversations between Japanese ladies and families from Bali. The approach for data analysis involves identifying, classifying, and importing data. The residence of a Japanese woman who married a Balinese guy was tracked for one year in the Badung and Gianyar Regencies. They were analyzed using purposive sampling to assess the validity of the data. The study's findings indicated that the negative politeness strategy could not be implemented utilizing interrogative words, the bald on-record method, the off-record strategy, or the positive politeness strategy to the greatest extent possible. The findings of this study indicate that the circumstances of the situation and the culture of the speech participants assist the politeness technique. The contribution of this study to linguistic research on the politeness phenomenon of marriage between Japanese and Balinese can add to the characteristics of the results.

This study focuses on young people's marriage behavior, which includes cohabitation, marriage, and plans to marry among the unmarried. The decline in marriages and planning to marry is often explained by the general expansion of education, which contributes to women's economic independence and decision to postpone marrying. Research suggests that religiosity has a greater impact on marriage decisions than either socioeconomic status or education. In this study, we aim to contribute to the literature on how young adults' marriage behavior is influenced by religiosity and socioeconomic status, as measured by education, financial status, and the place of residence. During the analysis, we used data from the Hungarian Youth 2016 survey on young adults aged 18 to 29 years. We examined the determinants of young people's marital status and plans to marry using multinomial and logistic regression analysis. According to our results, the positive effect of religiosity on marriage and plans to marry could be confirmed even after controlling for the influence of education. Although education strengthened plans to get married, it also delayed their occurrence. Furthermore, we found that religiosity increased the chance of cohabitation compared to being single in the sample, but its effect on marriage was stronger. Limitations of this study include our examined age group (18-29 years), as at this age not all marriage decisions had been made, so it was not possible to fully investigate what proportion refrained from marriage entirely.

In the past decades, marriage migrants in Asia, including Thai-Japanese couples, have increased. Previous literature predominantly focused on issues related to adaptation and integration for "foreign wives" into the host society underlining the hypergamous (marrying a spouse of a higher status) nature of their marriage, which renders the majority of husbands and non-hypergamous marriages understudied. Therefore, the current study focuses on a population that includes husbands and wives, Japanese migrants, and Thai spouses. This study is exploratory and employed a qualitative approach with snowball sampling, which resulted in the inclusion of five Thai nationals and three of their Japanese spouses raising children in Thailand as participants. The study aims to examine their educational decision-making, including the language used in each family and school choice, since the parenting process is a succession of adjustments in response to the conditions of society, where values are explicitly manifested. Data were collected through face-to-face or online interviews, and content analysis was used to clarify themes. Analysis revealed factors that relate educational decisions to preconditions, such as the place of the first encounter, socioeconomic status, and location of their home. Another prominent issue is the strong belief in the English language. All participants claim that their decisions were made unanimously, while their characteristics, high levels of education and overseas experience, the preference of Japanese spouses to live in Thailand, and their lack of knowledge about educational options in Thai society contribute to the rational recount of their decision-making process.

The current study aimed to examine undergraduates' perspectives on the concepts family and marriage, what they expect of the person that they want to marry, their opinions on having a family and on the necessity of having a child to become a family, and if love is enough to start and become a family or not. The participants were 61 undergraduates matriculating at Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University in the 2020-2021 Academic Year. Data were collected in written by open-ended questions and were qualitatively content-analyzed. The participants' views showed that marriage meant humanitarian values and feelings, a precious entity and mostly infinite trust. They wanted their future-partners to have moral values and to be devoted to family. The participants related the importance of having a family to human nature and faith, and attached importance to loving and being loved, having a partner as an attribute of human nature, and raising children beneficial to society. They did not regard having a child as the chief condition of becoming a family, and thought that what is important is to live in peace together. They also pointed out that love alone is not enough to become a family, respect and loyalty are very important along with responsibility and financial status. The results may be helpful in knowing more about young people who are expected to raise future generations, and taking necessary measures accordingly. The results may be used as a guide by academicians and families.

There has been a growing interest in gender and language in recent decades. This study examines how women control their language facing specific, especially when angry. Minangkabau women are a subject in this research. The gap that underlies this study is that a Minangkabau woman, popular with polite language as a medium for language, is required to manage her anger in a speech in everyday life with its politeness. Conversation analysis is emphasized to explore forming a speech act in gender interactions in wedding cooking sessions and grocery shopping. These data are the words of Minangkabau women when interacting in the cooking process for weddings in several places in West Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 17 Minangkabau women participated in the conversation. The concept of forming a speech ac related to how Minangkabau women speak the psychopragmatic approach used in analyzing the data. The results revealed four forms of Minangkabau women's angry language when interacting in the cooking area for marriage and grocery shopping. The implication is related to participants' relationships, closeness, and social status. This suggests that those three values are ingrained in Indonesian culture.

In support of developing a parenting program for young couples, this study conducted to determine whether and how significantly the module was affects parenting practice among young couples in a small groups. Data were collected through experimental research. The subjects of this research were young couples with requirements as follows: have children whose age is maximum five years old, graduated from high schools, able to communicate fluently, and are willing to attend all interventions and are not joining any similar training. The subjects were 26 parents who are domiciled in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia and recruited through social media. The data analysis technique was a paired sample t-test. The result indicated -6.299 value t and value p=0.000 or (p<0.01). It showed a significant development of parenting comprehension before and after training (mean pretest is about 62.13 and mean post-test is about 78.26). This parenting program module needs to be tested in the wider population to form into final results.

In the framework of this study, the phenomenon of transfer is probed pragma-linguistically and socio-linguistically concerning marriage situations among Iraqi EFL learners. The study also strives to look at the refusal strategies most commonly employed by Iraqi female English as a foreign Language (EFL) learners compared to their counterparts, American native speakers of English. The study involved 70 female participants who answered a Discourse Completion Task (DCT), which contained ten marriage proposals to be refused. Each situation entailed refusal of a person from a higher, an equal, and lower status. The researchers adapted Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss Weltz's (1990) taxonomy of refusal for analyzing the data comprehensively. The study's findings indicated that Iraqi female EFL learners followed similar patterns of refusing marriage situations to American speakers. The most prevalent strategies used by the two groups were "reasons/ excuses and explanations," followed by "statements of regrets," and then "non-performative statements" with slight variation in frequency. However, the Iraqi learners' native language and culture affected how they formulated their refusal; hence they manifested pragma-linguistic and socio-pragmatic transfer in particular areas. The areas of pragma-linguistic transfer included the literal translation of words, expressions, and structures into their refusal in English. As for the socio-pragmatic areas, the transfer occurred in certain Arabic culture features like elaboration, exaggeration, repetition, endearing terms, and many others in expressing the target language, English.

Cinderella syndrome is a concept which is used to define woman who fear from being independent. Women with Cinderella syndrome are in the need of men's refuge and protection. The syndrome is like a psychological dependence for women and in this dependence, the situation of being patient and moral is important for being rescued by a man as a reward. In the syndrome women expect a man to come and take control of their own lives so that they can live happily. The aim of the study developing a scale into Turkish culture to determine the level of Cinderella Syndrome in females. The Cinderella Syndrome Scale is a 5-point Likert Type scale which includes 25 items. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to define construct validity and three factors were determined, called "sexist attitude", "escape from responsibility" and "quitting career". According to EFA, three factors describe 54,69 % of the variance. Results of EFA were validated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Cronbach's alpha was found as 0.94 for the total scale.

Women face a unique set of challenges in India on account of traditionally held views of their gender, as well as often having lower educational and community status. Gender discrimination has continued to remain an evil in our society. Almost 70% women in South Asia are married at a young age, which is coupled with early childbearing and a lack of decision-making abilities within the traditional family structures, further enhancing their "disadvantaged" position in society. In India, the relationship of status and patriarchal values in addition to the deprived status of women worsens the situation. Despite advances having been made in the active participation of women in the political and economic domain, not much change has been seen in incidences of gender discrimination or dominant patriarchy. Daily interactions ensure that gender stereotypes have a strong influence on our values, judgements and evaluations to an extent that men and women are treated differently in society. A small weaving community, the Devanga community, which has its roots spread across India, practices stereotypes and patriarchal norms which have ensured the existence of male dominance in almost every aspect of decision making. The position of women within this community is worthy of debate and discussion, although no prior research has been conducted on this issue within the Devanga community. This paper draws upon the voices of women from within this community to understand the various levels of discrimination faced by them on a regular basis, along with highlighting male privilege as a cause of perpetuated discrimination and lesser opportunities for girls compared with boys. The reported research study analyzed data obtained from 120 women from the Devanga community through semi structured questionnaires and interviews and adopted an ethnographic feminist perspective to interpret these data. Findings indicate that the voices of women within this community are suppressed due to contributory factors such as orthodox beliefs and practices, male dominance, early marriage, and domestic responsibilities and all of these can be viewed as a barrier to providing educational opportunities to girls. Findings suggest that despite the progress made by women in India, they are still considered to be the single largest group of backward citizens.

In this study, it was aimed to determine whether gender roles, self-esteem and personality predict the expectations of men and women' attitudes about marriage. The sample of the study consists 491 people, 345 women and 146 men. All cases are single and has college degree. In this research, Gender Formation Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Attitudes About Romance and Mate Selection Scale and Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale were used. In this study the marriage expectations of women and men was evaluated by using the "Multiple Regression Analysis (Stepwise Method)" method. All variables are included in the analysis for both women and men. The results of the multiple regression analysis sociotropy, autonomy and traditional gender roles variables were found to be significant predictors of the marriage expectations of women. As a result of the multiple regression analysis performed to predict the marriage expectations of men, it was seen that sociotropy variable was significant predictor. According to the results, as the sociotropy scores of men increases the positive expectations towards marriage also increase. According to the findings, it was seen that the variables that predicts the marriage expectations of women and men are different from each other.

The study aimed at investigating the students' perception of honor towards women at the Faculty of Sports Sciences at a public university in the province of Isparta, Turkey. The research was conducted by scanning model, one of the visual research models. The participants comprised 184 volunteer students. The data were collected via a personal information form and the Scale of Attitude Towards Women (Gürsoy, 2008), which was composed of a total of three dimensions and 25 items. Based on Cronbach alpha reliability results of the three dimensions and scale sequestered, the validity and reliability of the scale was set to 0.93. The data were analysed via the SPSS statistical analysis program. The normality test was conducted in order to determine whether the data were normally distributed and the total scores of the sub-dimensions included in the demographic questions and the woman's attitude scale. Since the data did not show normal distribution, multiple comparisons were examined with the Kruskal Wallis and Post-Hoc test, and the binary comparisons with the Man Whitney-U test. Significance level was taken as p <0.05. According to the findings from the data, significant difference was detected in terms of gender, family type, mother education and father education levels. No significant difference in age and place has been detected. As a result, it can be said that in the patriarchal societies, the phenomenon of honor is an obligation imposed on women. In other words, women come to mind when it comes to honor.

The deleterious nature of U.S. economic recessions over the last several decades highlight a need to investigate the role of family economic strain on families. The current study explored the impact of family economic strain on marital quality and marital stability through dyadic associations of marital support and work-family conflict of 370 married couples over a 12-year period (1989-2001) through an actor-partner interdependence model, encompassing two major U.S. recessions. Guided by family stress and coping theory, findings are consistent with past research indicating the negative impact of family economic strain on marital quality and marital stability; however, this impact may be mitigated through the mediation of positive perceptions of marital support and work-family conflict. Implications suggest financial counselors should consider the lasting influence of economic strain on families, and how the psychosocial resources of martial support and managing work-family conflict may promote relationship quality and stability.

Role-playing games offer powerful opportunities for players to engage with history, such as allowing players to fictionally situate themselves in a historical period. When it comes to the Holocaust, however, games face serious issues such as the potential trivialization of the Holocaust or players learning to blame the victims. In this design case, we show one way that these issues can be addressed through game design techniques. We bring together the literature on games and Holocaust education to define a set of design challenges for Holocaust-related historical role-playing games; we describe "Rosenstrasse," a role-playing game in which players adopt the roles of Jewish and non-Jewish Germans in mixed marriages in Berlin between 1933 and 1943; and we illustrate specific game design decisions within "Rosenstrasse" that address the challenges identified in this paper. This work aims to help other designers address the same set of challenges in their own game design process.

This study aims to determine the impact of the traditional practice of "sesan" on the indigenous people of Lampung "Pepadun" Negara Aji Baru Lampung, which is intended to inculcate social values in "sharia" or Islamic law. A qualitative research design was used to guide the research. The main data sources came from interviews conducted with "Penyimbang Adat" ("Penyimbang" custom), religious leaders, and the indigenous people of Lampung "Pepadun" Bumi Aji. The research findings reveal that the traditional practice of "sesan" is a form of local wisdom of the indigenous people of Lampung "Pepadun," which must be implemented in the marriage contract. Social values in "sharia" provide an understanding of the position of "sesan" property in marriage seen from the wisdom and benefits it obtains. "Sesan" treasure aims to glorify a wife like a queen in a household who needs various household facilities. This is intended to reduce the fear of getting married because they do not have the facilities for their household needs. "Sesan" property is not allowed if in practice it conflicts with social values in the Lampung "Pepadun" custom which places the male party as an object imposed by self-interest, not based on mutual help. The novelty of this study states that the theoretical concepts used have succeeded in finding the understanding gaps that occur in the indigenous people of Lampung "Pepadun." The findings also reveal that the inculcation of social values is through mutual cooperation between relatives or because of the services provided by relatives in customary community marriages. It should be understood that the "sesan" custom in marriage is intended to be the basic capital in fostering a household. The traditional practice of "sesan" which raises property issues in indigenous peoples is expected to contribute to the cultivation of Islamic law and social values and local wisdom and become a source of knowledge as a form of self-actualization and alternative moral education.