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9,535 results

51. School Quality and the Black-White Achievement Gap

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Hanushek, Eric A., and Rivkin, Steven G.

Abstract

Substantial uncertainty exists about the impact of school quality on the black-white achievement gap. Our results, based on both Texas Schools Project (TSP) administrative data and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey (ECLS), differ noticeably from other recent analyses of the black-white achievement gap by providing strong evidence that schools have a substantial effect on the differential. The majority of the expansion of the achievement gap with age occurs between rather than within schools, and specific school and peer factors exert a significant effect on the growth in the achievement gap. Unequal distributions of inexperienced teachers and of racial concentrations in schools can explain all of the increased achievement gap between grades 3 and 8. Moreover, non-random sample attrition for school changers and much higher rates of special education classification and grade retention for blacks appears to lead to a significant understatement of the increase in the achievement gap with age within the ECLS and other data sets. (Contains 20 tables, 2 figures and 42 footnotes.) An appendix is included which develops the decomposition presented in equation (1). [Support for this work has been provided by the Packard Humanities Institute.]

Published
2007

52. Comparing Graduation Rates Using One State's Data

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Franklin, Bobby J., and Crain-Dorough, Mindy

Abstract

The National Governors' Association is urging states to develop a standardized cohort graduation rate definition and to develop data systems with quality data that can in turn be used to produce a reliable indicator. This paper is an examination of one state's graduation rate using the cohort method. The statistics generated are compared to a panel based graduation rate, the Average Freshmen Graduation Rate (AFGR) produced by the National Center for Education Statistics and the Cumulative Promotion Index (CPI) published in Education Week. The cohort, panel and AFGR methods generated similar results across all years while the CPI produced a lower rate for two of four years examined. The CPI appears to be more susceptible to population fluctuations than those that use four years of data. (Contains 4 tables and 2 figures.)

Published
2006

53. Getting Farther Ahead by Staying Behind: A Second-Year Evaluation of Florida's Policy to End Social Promotion

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Greene, Jay P., and Winters, Marcus A.

Abstract

Social promotion has long been the normal practice in American schools. Critics of this practice, whereby students are promoted to the next grade regardless of academic preparation, have suggested that students would benefit academically if they were made to repeat a grade. Supporters of social promotion claim that retaining students (i.e, holding them back) disrupts them socially, producing greater academic harm than promotion would. A number of states and school districts, including Florida, Texas, Chicago, and New York City, have attempted to curtail social promotion, by requiring students to demonstrate academic preparation on a standardized test before they can be promoted to the next grade. This study analyzes the effects of Florida's test-based promotion policy on student achievement two years after initial retention. It builds upon our previous evaluation of the policy in two ways. First, we examine whether the initial benefits of retention observed in the previous study continue, expand, or contract in the second year after students are retained. Second, we determine whether discrepancies between our evaluation and the evaluation of a test-based promotion policy in Chicago are caused by differences in how researchers examined the issue, or by differences in the nature of the programs. Our analysis shows that, after two years of the policy, retained Florida students made significant reading gains relative to the control group of socially promoted students. These academic benefits grew substantially from the first to the second year after retention. That is, students lacking in basic skills who are socially promoted appear to fall further and further behind over time, whereas retained students appear to be able to catch up on the skills they are lacking. Further, we find these positive results in Florida, both when we use the same research design that we used in our previous study, and when we use a design similar to that employed by the evaluation of the program in Chicago. The differences between the Chicago and Florida evaluations appear to be caused by differences in the details of the programs, and not by differences in how the programs were evaluated. (Contains 5 tables and 10 footnotes.)

Published
2006

54. Bottom-Up Structure: Collective Bargaining, Transfer Rights, and the Plight of Disadvantaged Schools

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive and Moe, Terry M.

Abstract

In the positive theory of public bureaucracy, the prevailing view is that the structure of public agencies is designed from the top down by political superiors. Faced with bureaucrats who may disagree with them on policy and who are advantaged by private information, superiors choose rules and procedures to try to ensure that agencies do what they are supposed to do. At least some portion of bureaucratic structure, however, cannot be explained in this way. It emerges from the bottom up through collective bargaining, it is driven by the organizational power of ordinary bureaucrats rather than by their information power, and it results in work rules intended to promote their occupational interests rather than to have any specific effects on implementation or policy--although the unintended consequences for the latter may be significant. When this happens, the theory overlooks an aspect of structure that is essential for understanding the way government operates. This paper begins to explore the connections between collective bargaining, bottom-up structure, and bureaucratic behavior. The empirical focus is on the public schools, the bureaucrats are public school teachers, and the analysis shows that a very common type of contract rule--which gives senior teachers transfer rights over jobs--affects the way teachers distribute themselves across schools, and leads to a situation in which disadvantaged schools (those with high percentages of minorities) find it especially difficult to attract quality teachers. What the analysis shows, more generally, is that even very simple types of bottom-up structure can have significant effects on bureaucrats and their agencies--and the current theory needs to recognize as much. (Contains 5 tables and 23 footnotes.)

Published
2006

55. The Alchemy of 'Costing Out' an Adequate Education

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive and Hanushek, Eric A.

Abstract

In response to the rapid rise in court cases related to the adequacy of school funding, a variety of alternative methods have been developed to provide an analytical base about the necessary expenditure on schools. These approaches have been titled to give an aura of a thoughtful and solid scientific basis: the professional judgment model, the state-of-the-art approach, the successful schools method, and the cost function approach. Unfortunately, none can provide a reliable and unbiased answer to the question "how much do adequate schools cost?" Each is highly manipulable, generally satisfying the interested party commissioning the work to be done but not meeting the fundamental tenets of scientific inquiry. This paper reviews and critiques the methodology as applied in a substantial number of states. (Contains 43 endnotes.)

Published
2006

56. Massachusetts' 'Hancock' Case and the Adequacy Doctrine

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive and Costrell, Robert

Abstract

The Hancock school finance case put the adequacy doctrine to its strictest test yet, to see if even a national educational leader such as Massachusetts could be found in constitutional violation. The doctrine failed this test, as the court found in favor of the defendants due to the vigorous reform program since 1993. The court credited the state's steady educational progress, closing of funding gaps between rich and poor districts, and its strong program of accountability and standards. None of this is relevant under the adequacy doctrine, which posits a constitutional funding requirement tied to specified educational outcomes. The lessons of Hancock are that courts need not accept the adequacy doctrine as the constitutional standard, but the best strategy to head off judicial intervention is to adopt Massachusetts-type reforms. (Contains 10 figures and 66 footnotes.)

Published
2006

57. The Fiscal Impact of the D.C. Voucher Program

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Aud, Susan L., and Michos, Leon

Abstract

In August 2004 the first ever federally funded school voucher program began in Washington, D.C. Eligible students could attend a private school of their choice in the District of Columbia. Each participant received up to $7,500 for school tuition, fees, and transportation. In addition, the D.C. Public School System (DCPS) and D.C. charter school system each received $13 million in federal grants to improve their programs. This study examines the fiscal impact of the voucher program on DCPS and the District of Columbia. The program is currently funded by the federal government and creates a net inflow of funds to both the District and DCPS. This study also examines the fiscal impact of the program under several proposed changes to the law. Those scenarios include funding the program locally, making it universally available to all D.C. public school students, and expanding capacity by including regional private schools. Our findings include the following: (1) The current program saves the city nearly $8 million, mostly because it is federally funded and includes a federal grant to public schools; (2) If federal grant subsidies were withdrawn and the program were locally funded, the city would still save $258,402 due to the greater efficiency of school choice; (3) A locally funded universal program would maximize the economic benefits of school choice, saving $3 million; and (4) The process by which both DCPS and its schools are funded is not conducive to efficiency or excellence. The voucher program currently allows the central administration to retain an even higher share of overall funding than it did previously, leaving the management of reduced expenditures predominately at the school level. A universal school choice program could help to put a larger share of resources into the hands of schools. (Contains 27 notes and 7 tables.)

Published
2006

58. Teams versus Bureaucracies: Personnel Policy, Wage-Setting, and Teacher Quality in Traditional Public, Charter, and Private Schools

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive and Podgursky, Michael

Abstract

This paper examines reasons why personnel policy and wage setting differ between traditional public, private, and charter schools and the effects of these policies on academic measures of teacher quality. Survey and administrative data suggest that the regulatory freedom, small size of wage-setting units, and a competitive market environment make pay and personnel practices more market and performance-based in private and charter schools as compared to traditional public schools. These practices, in turn, permit charter and private schools to recruit teachers with better academic credentials as compared to traditional public schools. The primary sources of data in this paper is the 1999-2000 Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), a representative national survey of schools, districts, principals and teachers conducted regularly by the National Center for Education Statistics of the U.S. Department of Education. An appendix is included. (Contains 2 figures, 9 tables and 8 footnotes.)

Published
2006

59. Who Chooses, Who Uses? Initial Evidence from the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Wolf, Patrick, Eissa, Nada, and Gutmann, Babette

Abstract

The federal government recently enacted its first school voucher program as a pilot project in the District of Columbia. To be eligible, students need to be entering grades K-12 and have a family income at or below 185 percent of the poverty level. Although a rigorous analysis of the Opportunity Scholarship Program's impact on student achievement and other outcomes remains a prospect for the future, at this early point initial data exists regarding the families that are applying for the program and the students that are using and not using the voucher when offered. Here we present a preliminary analysis of those data. We find that program applicants are somewhat disadvantaged relative to non-applicants regarding educational characteristics and family income, and are more likely to be African American, than non-applicants. The fact that the program is means-tested appears to be central to the finding that it is reaching a more disadvantaged population of students. When we examine all students that received a voucher award, and compare the group of voucher users with the group of voucher decliners, we find two significant differences. First, scholarship users are educationally advantaged in important ways relative to scholarship decliners. They are much less likely to have learning or physical disabilities, and younger scholarship users evidence somewhat higher test scores than non-users in similar grades. Second, we find that scholarship non-users are more likely to report that their existing school has various specialized educational programs and more extensive facilities. Although these results suggest some measure of selectivity in the group of actual program participants, the data do not indicate conclusively if that selectivity is a function of the decisions and behavior of participating private schools or the result of the rational decisions of consumers in a newly-expanded education market. (Contains 10 tables and 29 footnotes.)

Published
2006

60. Weighted Student Formula: Putting Funds Where They Count in Education Reform

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Cooper, Bruce S., DeRoche, Timothy R., Ouchi, William G., Segal, Lydia G., and Brown, Carolyn

Abstract

Ever since the publication of "A Nation At Risk" in 1983, Americans have been preoccupied with two problems regarding public education: (1) student performance is unsatisfactory to most Americans despite large increases in real spending per student; and despite several attempts at reforming curricula, teacher training, testing, and other elements of education; and (2) the nation's schools see a large and persistent gap in scores on standardized tests between white and Asian students on the one hand and black and Hispanics on the other. Reform, however, has been hindered by a deep philosophical divide within the school reform community. On the one hand, the radical "market" reformers believe that public school districts are public monopolies unresponsive to the needs of their "customers" and incapable of change. Members of this group support vouchers, charters, tax credits, etc. On the other hand, the more moderate, "internal" reformers believe that public school districts simply need more support and better management. These advocates generally tend to favor decentralization, public school choice, lower class sizes, increased spending per pupil, etc. Recently, a reform program has emerged that may well lead to some consensus between many members of "both" groups. This reform is Weighted Student Formula (WSF), a system of per-pupil budgeting that is now used in three large North American districts: Edmonton, Seattle, and Houston. In a WSF system, dollars are allocated to each student, and these funds follow the student to the local school. Children with greater needs--be they poor or disabled or non-English speaking--receive a higher allocation, giving schools the ability to provide extra services to these needy students, knowing that the weighted funds will "follow" the student to the school and classroom. Local educators are then given much discretion to determine how best to meet the educational needs of their student population. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) Compare and contrast the WSF systems used in Edmonton, Seattle, and Houston; (2) Highlight how WSF is different from the resource allocation systems used in most urban districts, especially New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles; and (3) Make recommendations about how a district can implement WSF successfully, based on the lessons from Edmonton, Seattle, and Houston. (Contains 10 tables and 4 figures.)

Published
2006

61. School Achievement of Pupils from the Lower Strata in Public, Private Government-Dependent and Private Government-Independent Schools: A Cross-National Test of the Coleman-Hoffer Thesis

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Corten, Rense, and Dronkers, Jaap

Abstract

We consider the question whether pupils from the lower social strata perform better in private government-dependent schools than in public or private-independent schools, using the PISA 2000 data on European high schools. In the eighty's, Coleman and Hoffer (1987) found in the USA that the performance of these pupils was better at religious schools than at comparable public schools. Dronkers and Robert (2003) found in PISA-data for 19 comparable countries that private government-dependent schools are more effective then comparable public schools, also after controlled for characteristics of pupils and parents and the social composition of the school. The main explanation appeared to be a better school climate in private government-dependent schools. Private independent schools were less effective than comparable public schools, but only after controlling for the social composition of the school. As a follow-up we now investigate, again with the PISA-data of these 19 countries, whether this positive effect of private government-dependent schools differs between pupils from different strata. We use various indicators to measure social strata: social, cultural and economic. We expect that the thesis of Coleman & Hoffer does hold for private government-dependent schools, because in these 19 countries they are mostly religious schools, which have more opportunities to form functional communities and create social capital. But for private independent schools, which due to their commercial foundation are less often functional communities, this relation is not expected to hold. However, the results show that public and private schools have mostly the same effects for the same kind of pupils and thus mostly not favor one kind of pupils above another kind of pupils. But private government-dependent schools are slightly more effective for pupils with less cultural capital. However, private independent schools are also more effective for pupils from large families or low status families. (Contains 4 tables, 12 notes and a list of 25 Literature Resources .)

Published
2006

62. Leaving Boys Behind: Public High School Graduation Rates

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Greene, Jay P., and Winters, Marcus A.

Abstract

This study uses a widely respected method to calculate public high school graduation rates for the nation, for each state, and for the 100 largest school districts in the United States. The authors calculate graduation rates overall, by race, and by gender, using the most recent available data (the class of 2003). While this report builds upon a foundation of previous reports, there is much that is new. First, this report contains graduation rate estimates for the class of 2003, the most recent year for which data are available. Second, in this report the authors are able for the first time to break out graduation rates by gender. Observers have long suspected that the graduation rate for boys is significantly lower than that for girls. Third, this report contains graduation rates for each of the 100 largest school districts in the country. (Contains 5 tables and 14 endnotes.)

Published
2006

63. What School Leadership Texts Teach: An Analysis of Leading Volumes Used in Principal Preparation

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Hess, Frederick M., and Kelly, Andrew P.

Abstract

Little scholarly attention has been paid to what aspiring principal are actually reading in the preparation courses or whether the texts prepare them for the demands of accountable management. We examine eleven of the thirteen most commonly assigned educational administration texts in a sample of 210 principal preparation syllabi. In the texts studied, of thirteen terms tracked, "performance" and/or "achievement" were the most commonly used, appearing 44.3 times per 100 pages of text. Meanwhile, the terms "efficiency," "accountability," and "termination/dismissal" were mentioned less than six times per 100 pages. The texts generally encourage the use of data but are more skeptical when it comes to using results to make tough management decisions. Three possible approaches to enhancing the content of preparation are proposed: authors broadening discussion in existing texts, publishers issuing new texts, or faculty taking steps to diversify their assigned readings. (Contains 8 tables and 5 footnotes.)

Published
2006

64. Is Teacher Pay 'Adequate?'

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive and Podgursky, Michael

Abstract

In school finance lawsuits plaintiffs often claim that pay levels are not sufficient to recruit teachers who can deliver constitutionally-mandated levels of educational services. In this paper I consider several ways in which one might bring economic theory and data to bear on that question. I conclude that at present, and at least for the near term, education research cannot prescribe an "adequate" level of school spending on teachers, whether in the form of pay, benefits, or professional training, that can reliability predict a target level of student performance. If courts are predisposed to intervene in this matter, a more reasonable standard for "adequacy" is whether available revenues, when spent in an efficient manner, are sufficient to staff classrooms with appropriately-certified teachers in a flexible licensing regime that satisfies both state and federal teacher quality standards. (Contains 6 figures, 7 tables and 15 endnotes.)

Published
2006

65. Apples to Apples: An Evaluation of Charter Schools Serving General Student Populations

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Greene, Jay P., Forster, Greg, and Winters, Marcus A.

Abstract

Charter schools--public schools that are exempt from many of the procedural regulations that apply to regular public schools--are a widespread but poorly-studied form of education reform. With nearly 2,700 charter schools now educating more than 684,000 children nationwide, policymakers and parents need to know how the education charter schools provide compares to that provided by regular public schools. Assessing the academic performance of charter schools is difficult, because many charter schools are targeted toward specific populations such as at-risk students, disabled students, and juvenile delinquents. This makes it very challenging for researchers to draw a fair comparison--comparing targeted charter schools to regular public schools is like comparing apples and zebras. As a result, there are very few reliable research findings on the academic quality of charter schools as compared to regular public schools. This is the first national empirical study of charter schools that compares apples to apples--that is, test scores at charter schools and regular public schools serving similar student populations. By comparing "untargeted" charter schools serving the general population to their closest neighboring regular public schools, we can draw a fair comparison and get an accurate picture of how well charter schools are performing. Measuring test score improvements in eleven states over a one-year period, this study finds that charter schools serving the general student population outperformed nearby regular public schools on math tests by 0.08 standard deviations, equivalent to a benefit of 3 percentile points for a student starting at the 50th percentile. These charter schools also outperformed nearby regular public schools on reading tests by 0.04 standard deviations, equal to a benefit of 2 percentile points for a student starting at the 50th percentile. The study's strongest results came in Florida and Texas. In Texas, charter schools achieved year-to-year math score improvements 0.18 standard deviations higher than those of comparable regular public schools, and reading score improvements 0.19 standard deviations higher. These benefits are equivalent to 7 and 8 percentile points, respectively, from the 50th percentile. Florida charter schools achieved year-to-year math and reading score improvements that were each 0.15 standard deviations greater than those of nearby regular public schools, equivalent to a gain of 6 percentile points for a student starting at the 50th percentile. (Contains 2 tables and 6 endnotes.)

Published
2006

67. The Life and Times of Emma Goldman: A Curriculum for Middle and High School Students.

Author

California Univ., Berkeley. Emma Goldman Papers Project., Falk, Candace, Reese, Lyn, and Dougherty, Mary Agnes

Abstract

Emma Goldman (1869-1940) is a major figure in the history of radicalism and feminism in the United States. In a period when the expression of controversial ideas was dangerous, Goldman insisted on her right to challenge convention. She was among the most prominent advocates of labor's right to organize, reproductive rights, sexual freedom, freedom of speech, and freedom of the individual. Goldman left an intriguing body of personal papers, including correspondence and writings; and her activities generated extensive newspaper coverage, government surveillance reports, and legal papers. The documents in this teaching unit are drawn from a massive archive collected by the Emma Goldman Papers Project at the University of California (Berkeley). They are organized into five themes or topics: (1) "Immigration"; (2) "Freedom of Expression"; (3) "Women's Rights"; (4) "Anti-militarism"; and (5) "Art and Literature of Social Change." The topics can be taught in any sequence. Each of the five themes includes suggested activities that students may use to explore the broader significance of the documents and their context. A brief introduction to Emma Goldman and a timeline are provided for students. A glossary of terms appearing in the documents is included along with a selected resources section of annotations on books, media, and literature. (BT)

Published
2001

68. This paper has been withdrawn

Author

withdrawn, This paper has been

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics
Abstract

This paper has been withdrawn, Comment: This paper has been withdrawn

Published
2003

71. The Life and Times of Emma Goldman: A Curriculum for Middle and High School Students. Primary Historical Documents on: Immigration, Freedom of Expression, Women's Rights, Anti-Militarism, Art and Literature of Social Change.

Author

California Univ., Berkeley. Emma Goldman Papers Project., New Directions Curriculum Developers, Berkeley, CA., Los Angeles Educational Partnership, CA., and Falk, Candace

Abstract

The documents in this curriculum unit are drawn from the massive archive collected by the Emma Goldman Papers Project at the University of California (Berkeley). They are linked to the standard social studies and humanities curriculum themes of art and literature, First Amendment rights, labor, progressive politics, and Red Scare, the rise of industrialization, immigration, women's rights, World War I, and yellow journalism. The unit uses the body of Goldman's personal papers, including correspondence and writings, as well as newspaper stories, government surveillance reports, and legal documents. As the records illustrate, Emma Goldman, a major figure in the history of American radicalism and feminism during a period when the expression of controversial ideas was itself dangerous, was among America's most prominent advocates of labor's right to organize, reproductive rights, sexual freedom, freedom of speech, and freedom of the individual. This curriculum is divided into five major topics all taught through the use of primary documents. Topics are: (1) Immigration; (2) Freedom of Expression; (3) Women's Rights; (4) Anti-Militarism; and (5) Arts and Literature of Social Change. A biographical essay on Emma Goldman is included, as well as an annotated list of six recommended films and videos and a 60-item annotated bibliography. (LBG)

Published
1992

72. An ESL Motivations Assessment for a Community-Based ESL Programme.

Author

Paper, Li Chuang

Abstract

A survey assessed the motivations of Chinese adults learning (N=512), living in Canada, English as a Second Language. Results revealed such motives as linguistic needs, basic skills, cultural awareness, social interaction, and resume-writing but found no differences in perceived motivation according to age, education level, or length of stay in Canada. (Author/CB)

Published
1990

73. Introduction

Author

Linguistic Papers, San Diego

Published
2006

74. Introduction

Author

San Diego Linguistic Papers

Published
2003

78. Harmonization and standardization of nucleus pulposus cell extraction and culture methods

Author

NP methodology paper, Tim Yoon, S, Le Maitre, Christine L, NP methodology paper, Tim Yoon, S, and Le Maitre, Christine L

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In vitro studies using nucleus pulposus (NP) cells are commonly used to investigate disc cell biology and pathogenesis, or to aid in the development of new therapies. However, lab-to-lab variability jeopardizes the much-needed progress in the field. Here, an international group of spine scientists collaborated to standardize extraction and expansion techniques for NP cells to reduce variability, improve comparability between labs and improve utilization of funding and resources.METHODS: The most commonly applied methods for NP cell extraction, expansion, and re-differentiation were identified using a questionnaire to research groups worldwide. NP cell extraction methods from rat, rabbit, pig, dog, cow, and human NP tissue were experimentally assessed. Expansion and re-differentiation media and techniques were also investigated.RESULTS: Recommended protocols are provided for extraction, expansion, and re-differentiation of NP cells from common species utilized for NP cell culture.CONCLUSIONS: This international, multilab and multispecies study identified cell extraction methods for greater cell yield and fewer gene expression changes by applying species-specific pronase usage, 60-100 U/ml collagenase for shorter durations. Recommendations for NP cell expansion, passage number, and many factors driving successful cell culture in different species are also addressed to support harmonization, rigor, and cross-lab comparisons on NP cells worldwide.

Published
2023

80. RESEARCH INTO 3D PRINTING LAYER ADHESION IN ABS MATERIALS

Author

The scientific research, the results of which are presented in the paper, was financed by project BG05M2OP001-1.002-0023 - Competence Center "Intelligent Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies" of Technical University of Sofia, branch Plovdiv, Bakardzhiev, Valeri, Sabev, Sabi, Kasabov, Plamen, Chukalov, Konstantin, The scientific research, the results of which are presented in the paper, was financed by project BG05M2OP001-1.002-0023 - Competence Center "Intelligent Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies" of Technical University of Sofia, branch Plovdiv, Bakardzhiev, Valeri, Sabev, Sabi, Kasabov, Plamen, and Chukalov, Konstantin

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to determine the impact of the two factors – layer thickness and printing speed in the adhesion of the layers in the ABS polymer. ABS control test tubes were printed and the tensile strength of each tube was measured. By means of statistical analysis, it was determined the impact of the layer thickness and the print speed on the adhesion between the layers. The research was focused on one of the most used materials in 3D printing. It can be concluded from the obtained results that the layer thickness has the greatest impact on the adhesion.

Published
2023

81. How to Stop Autocratization When It’s Here: Patterns of Democratic Resistance Against Democratic Breakdown

Author

American Political Science Association General Conference, European Consortium for Political Research General Conference, and Italian Political Science Association General Conference (Los Angeles, Prague, and Genoa; the paper will be submitted in February 2024), Panzano, Guido, Tomini, Luca, American Political Science Association General Conference, European Consortium for Political Research General Conference, and Italian Political Science Association General Conference (Los Angeles, Prague, and Genoa; the paper will be submitted in February 2024), Panzano, Guido, and Tomini, Luca

Abstract

Autocratization has become the prevailing trend in recent political regime developments. Scholars are now increasingly addressing the global decline in democracy through both conceptual and empirical analyses to understand how autocratization initiates, unfolds, and can be halted. However, we contend that there is still a lack of comprehensive examinations that specifically elucidate the diverse outcomes of autocratization processes. In particular, we aim to determine the conditions under which autocratization can either lead or not lead to a regime change. Furthermore, we seek to discern the role played by actors of resistance against autocratization in influencing these outcomes. This article employs cutting-edge tools of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to scrutinize recent episodes of autocratization that commenced in democracies or semi-democracies between 1993 and 2022. We achieve this by pairing information from existing expert surveys and expert-coded data. Our specific interest lies in explaining autocratization episodes that do not culminate in regime change, meaning they do not result in democratic regression or democratic breakdown. Departing from the existing small-N literature, we assess the significance of actor-based conditions of resistance against autocratization, dividing them into these macro-areas: (1) the checks and balances provided by institutional bodies like the judiciary and (2) the legislature; (3) the actions of opposition political parties through electoral alliances and coalitions; (4) the internal divisions within the incumbent party elite; the occurrence of civil society's (5) nonviolent or (6) violent protests; and (7) the intervention of external actors. To these conditions of resistance, we also incorporate whether a country possesses stable liberal-democratic institutions (8) and the overall duration of the autocratization episode (9). Our findings reveal five distinct configurations regarding the role of resistance actors, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Published
2023

82. Metal Biosorption by Cyanobacteria Focusing on the Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements

Author

Brück, Thomas (Prof. Dr.), Brück, Thomas (Prof. Dr.);Nilges, Tom (Prof. Dr.);Lakatos, Michael (Priv.-Doz. Dr.), Paper, Michael Josef Dieter, Brück, Thomas (Prof. Dr.), Brück, Thomas (Prof. Dr.);Nilges, Tom (Prof. Dr.);Lakatos, Michael (Priv.-Doz. Dr.), and Paper, Michael Josef Dieter

Abstract

This work provides further insights into the metal adsorption by cyanobacterial biomass thereby offering a better understanding of underlying mechanisms. Moreover, it was demonstrated that cyanobacterial biomass has great potential for future applications in biosorption-based metal recovery from diluted aqueous solutions. Critical parameters for the uptake of Rare Earth Elements by the cyanobacterial biomass were optimized and the dominant chemical mechanisms for metal binding were characterized., Diese Arbeit gibt vertiefte Einblicke in die Metalladsorption durch Cyanobakterien-Biomasse und erweitert dadurch das Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass Biomasse von Cyanobakterien großes Potenzial für zukünftige Anwendungen in der biosorptionsbasierten Metallrückgewinnung aus verdünnten wässrigen Lösungen aufweist. Kritische Parameter für die Aufnahme von Seltenen Erden durch die Cyanobakterien-Biomasse wurden optimiert und die dominanten chemischen Mechanismen für die Metallbindung wurden charakterisiert.

Published
2023

87. Can individual fatty acids be used as functional biomarkers of dairy fat consumption in relation to cardiometabolic health? A narrative review

Author

Laury Sellem, Kim G. Jackson, Laura Paper, Ian D. Givens, and Julie A. Lovegrove

Subjects
Nutrition and Dietetics, Medicine (miscellaneous)
Abstract

In epidemiological studies, dairy food consumption has been associated with minimal effect or decreased risk of some cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). However, current methods of dietary assessment do not provide objective and accurate measures of food intakes. Thus, the identification of valid and reliable biomarkers of dairy product intake is an important challenge to best determine the relationship between dairy consumption and health status. This review investigated potential biomarkers of dairy fat consumption, such as odd-chain, trans- and branched-chain fatty acids (FA), which may improve the assessment of full-fat dairy product consumption. Overall, the current use of serum/plasma FA as biomarkers of dairy fat consumption is mostly based on observational evidence, with a lack of well-controlled, dose–response intervention studies to accurately assess the strength of the relationship. Circulating odd-chain SFA and trans-palmitoleic acid are increasingly studied in relation to CMD risk and seem to be consistently associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in prospective cohort studies. However, associations with CVD are less clear. Overall, adding less studied FA such as vaccenic and phytanic acids to the current available evidence may provide a more complete assessment of dairy fat intake and minimise potential confounding from endogenous synthesis. Finally, the current evidence base on the direct effect of dairy fatty acids on established biomarkers of CMD risk (e.g. fasting lipid profiles and markers of glycaemic control) mostly derives from cross-sectional, animal and in vitro studies and should be strengthened by well-controlled human intervention studies.

Published
2022
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92. *oFfIcIaL*!LIVE!* Nordic Combined FIS Continental Cup 2022-2023 Ruka Live Free Tv BROADCAST

Author

!LIVE!STREAMs!* FIS Nordic Combined Continental Cup Ruka 2022 Live Free Tv BROADCAST CLICK TO WATCH FREE LIVE It Can Be Hard To Know Where To Watch Rugby On TV — Especially In The US. Read On To Learn How To Watch Wherever You Live!Rugby Is A Sport That Is Already Immensely Popular In Certain Parts Of The World And Is Starting To Gain Traction In Countries Such As The United States And Canada. As A Result, Interest In Streaming Rugby Matches Is Significant/Increasing. Streaming Your Favorite Sport Is Not Always Easy, Especially When You're Trying To Watch From Another Country. Interest In Rugby, A Contact Sport Similar In Many Ways To Football, Has Been Steadily Growing In The United States For Some Years Now. While It's Easier Than Ever To Find A Local Team To Play With, It's Not So Easy To Watch A Professional Rugby Game In The United States. If You're A Dedicated Rugby Fan Looking To Watch Professional Games, There Is Some Good News For You. While There Are Quite A Few Ways To Stream Live Rugby Games In The US, You'll Have To Stay Up Late To Catch The Game (Or In Some Cases Wake Up Early). We're Taking A Look At Some Of The Most Efficient Ways To Stream Rugby, No Matter What Country The Game Is Taking Place In. Here's A Quick Preview Of Some Upcoming Games That You Can Stream Live. All Times Are In Eastern And Pacific Time. 2021-09-09: Version 6.0.0 Was Created. Now Includes Data For The North Sea Link (NSL) Interconnector From Great Britain To Norway (Https://Www.Northsealink.Com). The Previous Version (5.0.4) Should Not Be Used-As There Was An Error With Interconnector Data Having A Static Value Over The Summer 2021.Dd Version 144 Of The Dataset. MAJOR CHANGE NOTE: The Dataset Files: Full_dataset.Tsv.Gz And Full_dataset_clean.Tsv.Gz Have Been Split In 1 GB Parts Using The Linux Utility Called Split. So Make Sure To Join The Parts Before Unzipping. We Had To Make This Change As We Had Huge Issues Uploading Files Larger Than 2GB's (Hence The Delay In The Dataset Releases). The Peer-Reviewed Publication For This Dataset Has Now Been Published In Epidemiologia An MDPI Journal, And Can Be Accessed Here: Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Epidemiologia2030024. Please Cite This When Using The Dataset.Gd This Dataset Contains Impact Metrics And Indicators For A Set Of Publications That Are Related To The COVID-19 Infectious Disease And The Coronavirus That Causes It. It Is Based On:Gs Τhe CORD-19 Dataset Released By The Team Of Semantic Scholar1 And Τhe Curated Data Provided By The LitCovid Hub2.Sa These Data Have Been Cleaned And Integrated With Data From COVID-19-TweetIDs And From Other Sources (E.G., PMC). The Result Was Dataset Of 621,235 Unique Articles Along With Relevant Metadata (E.G., The Underlying Citation Network). We Utilized This Dataset To Produce, For Each Article, The Values Of The Following Impact Measures:Gww Influence: Citation-Based Measure Reflecting The Total Impact Of An Article. This Is Based On The PageRank3 Network Analysis Method. In The Context Of Citation Networks, It Estimates The Importance Of Each Article Based On Its Centrality In The Whole Network. This Measure Was Calculated Using The PaperRanking (Https://Github.Com/Diwis/PaperRanking) Library4.Sff Influence_alt: Citation-Based Measure Reflecting The Total Impact Of An Article. This Is The Citation Count Of Each Article, Calculated Based On The Citation Network Between The Articles Contained In The BIP4COVID19 Dataset. Popularity: Citation-Based Measure Reflecting The Current Impact Of An Article. This Is Based On The AttRank5 Citation Network Analysis Method. Methods Like PageRank Are Biased Against Recently Published Articles (New Articles Need Time To Receive Their First Citations). AttRank Alleviates This Problem Incorporating An Attention-Based Mechanism, Akin To A Time-Restricted Version Of Preferential Attachment, To Explicitly Capture A Researcher's Preference To Read Papers Which Received A Lot Of Attention Recently. This Is Why It Is More Suitable To Capture The Current \\'Hype\\' Of An Article.Ggwsw Due To The Relevance Of The COVID-19 Global Pandemic, We Are Releasing Our Dataset Of Tweets Acquired From The Twitter Stream Related To COVID-19 Chatter. Since Our First Release We Have Received Additional Data From Our New Collaborators, Allowing This Resource To Grow To Its Current Size. Dedicated Data Gathering Started From March 11th Yielding Over 4 Million Tweets A Day. We Have Added Additional Data Provided By Our New Collaborators From January 27th To March 27th, To Provide Extra Longitudinal Coverage. Version 10 Added ~1.5 Million Tweets In The Russian Language Collected Between January 1st And May 8th, Gracefully Provided To Us By: Katya Artemova (NRU HSE) And Elena Tutubalina (KFU). From Version 12 We Have Included Daily Hashtags, Mentions And Emoijis And Their Frequencies The Respective Zip Files. From Version 14 We Have Included The Tweet Identifiers And Their Respective Language For The Clean Version Of The Dataset. Since Version 20 We Have Included Language And Place Location For All Tweets.Dfgg 2021-05-05: Version 5.0.0 Was Created. Datetimes Now In ISO 8601 Format (With Capital Letter 'T' Between The Date And Time) Rather Than Previously With A Space (To RFC 3339 Format) And With An Offset To Identify Both UTC And Localtime. MW Values Now All Saved As Integers Rather Than Floats. Elexon Data As Always From Www.Elexonportal.Co.Uk/Fuelhh, National Grid Data From Https://Data.Nationalgrideso.Com/Demand/Historic-Demand-Data Raw Data Now Added Again For Comparison Of Pre And Post Cleaning-To Allow For Training Of Additional Cleaning Methods. If Using Microsoft Excel, The T Between The Date And Time Can Be Removed Using The =SUBSTITUTE() Command-And Substitute \\'T\\' For A Space \\' \\'Gww 2021-03-02: Version 4.0.0 Was Created. Due To A New Interconnecter (IFA2-Https://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/IFA-2) Being Commissioned In Q1 2021, There Is An Additional Column With Data From National Grid-This Is Called 'POWER_NGEM_IFA2_FLOW_MW' In The Espeni Dataset. In Addition, National Grid Has Dropped The Column Name 'FRENCH_FLOW' That Used To Provide The Value For The Column 'POWER_NGEM_FRENCH_FLOW_MW' In Previous Espeni Versions. However, This Has Been Changed To 'IFA_FLOW' In National Grid's Original Data, Which Is Now Called 'POWER_NGEM_IFA_FLOW_MW' In The Espeni Dataset. Lastly, The IO14 Columns Have All Been Dropped By National Grid-And Potentially Unlikely To Appear Again In Future.Fgwf 2020-12-02: Version 3.0.0 Was Created. There Was A Problem With Earlier Versions Local Time Format-Where The +01:00 Value Was Not Carried Through Into The Data Properly. Now Addressed-Therefore-Local Time Now Has The Format E.G. 2020-03-31 20:00:00+01:00 When In British Summer Time.Stuu 2020-10-03: Version 2.0.0 Was Created As It Looks Like National Grid Has Had A Significant Change To The Methodology Underpinning The Embedded Wind Calculations. The Wind Profile Seems Similar To Previous Values, But With An Increasing Value In Comparison To The Value Published In Earlier The Greater The Embedded Value Is. The 'New' Values Are From Https://Data.Nationalgrideso.Com/Demand/Daily-Demand-Update From 2013.Fgew Previously: Raw And Cleaned Datasets For Great Britain's Publicly Available Electrical Data From Elexon (Www.Elexonportal.Co.Uk) And National Grid (Https://Demandforecast.Nationalgrid.Com/Efs_demand_forecast/Faces/DataExplorer). Updated Versions With More Recent Data Will Be Uploaded With A Differing Version Number And Doidf All Data Is Released In Accordance With Elexon's Disclaimer And Reservation Of Rights.Derrr This Disclaimer Is Also Felt To Cover The Data From National Grid, And The Parsed Data From The Energy Informatics Group At The University Of Birmingham.

Abstract

LIVE!sTREAMs!* FIS Nordic Combined Continental Cup Ruka 2022 Live Free Tv BROADCAST CLICK TO WATCH FREE LIVE It can be hard to know where to watch rugby on TV — especially in the US. Read on to learn how to watch wherever you live!Rugby is a sport that is already immensely popular in certain parts of the world and is starting to gain traction in countries such as the United States and Canada. As a result, interest in streaming rugby matches is significant/increasing. Streaming your favorite sport is not always easy, especially when you’re trying to watch from another country. Interest in rugby, a contact sport similar in many ways to football, has been steadily growing in the United States for some years now. While it’s easier than ever to find a local team to play with, it’s not so easy to watch a professional rugby game in the United States. If you’re a dedicated rugby fan looking to watch professional games, there is some good news for you. While there are quite a few ways to stream live rugby games in the US, you’ll have to stay up late to catch the game (or in some cases wake up early). We’re taking a look at some of the most efficient ways to stream rugby, no matter what country the game is taking place in. Here’s a quick preview of some upcoming games that you can stream live. All times are in Eastern and Pacific Time. 2021-09-09: Version 6.0.0 was created. Now includes data for the North Sea Link (NSL) interconnector from Great Britain to Norway (https://www.northsealink.com). The previous version (5.0.4) should not be used - as there was an error with interconnector data having a static value over the summer 2021.dd Version 144 of the dataset. MAJOR CHANGE NOTE: The dataset files: full_dataset.tsv.gz and full_dataset_clean.tsv.gz have been split in 1 GB parts using the Linux utility called Split. So make sure to join the parts before unzipping. We had to make this change as we had huge issues uploading files larger than 2GB's (hence the delay in the dataset releases). The peer-reviewed publication for this dataset has now been published in Epidemiologia an MDPI journal, and can be accessed here: https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia2030024. Please cite this when using the dataset.gd This dataset contains impact metrics and indicators for a set of publications that are related to the COVID-19 infectious disease and the coronavirus that causes it. It is based on:gs Τhe CORD-19 dataset released by the team of Semantic Scholar1 and Τhe curated data provided by the LitCovid hub2.sa These data have been cleaned and integrated with data from COVID-19-TweetIDs and from other sources (e.g., PMC). The result was dataset of 621,235 unique articles along with relevant metadata (e.g., the underlying citation network). We utilized this dataset to produce, for each article, the values of the following impact measures:gww Influence: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact of an article. This is based on the PageRank3 network analysis method. In the context of citation networks, it estimates the importance of each article based on its centrality in the whole network. This measure was calculated using the PaperRanking (https://github.com/diwis/PaperRanking) library4.sff Influence_alt: Citation-based measure reflecting the total impact of an article. This is the Citation Count of each article, calculated based on the citation network between the articles contained in the BIP4COVID19 dataset. Popularity: Citation-based measure reflecting the current impact of an article. This is based on the AttRank5 citation network analysis method. Methods like PageRank are biased against recently published articles (new articles need time to receive their first citations). AttRank alleviates this problem incorporating an attention-based mechanism, akin to a time-restricted version of preferential attachment, to explicitly capture a researcher's preference to read papers which received a lot of attention recently. This is why it is more suitable to capture the current "hype" of an article.ggwsw Due to the relevance of the COVID-19 global pandemic, we are releasing our dataset of tweets acquired from the Twitter Stream related to COVID-19 chatter. Since our first release we have received additional data from our new collaborators, allowing this resource to grow to its current size. Dedicated data gathering started from March 11th yielding over 4 million tweets a day. We have added additional data provided by our new collaborators from January 27th to March 27th, to provide extra longitudinal coverage. Version 10 added ~1.5 million tweets in the Russian language collected between January 1st and May 8th, gracefully provided to us by: Katya Artemova (NRU HSE) and Elena Tutubalina (KFU). From version 12 we have included daily hashtags, mentions and emoijis and their frequencies the respective zip files. From version 14 we have included the tweet identifiers and their respective language for the clean version of the dataset. Since version 20 we have included language and place location for all tweets.dfgg 2021-05-05: Version 5.0.0 was created. Datetimes now in ISO 8601 format (with capital letter 'T' between the date and time) rather than previously with a space (to RFC 3339 format) and with an offset to identify both UTC and localtime. MW values now all saved as integers rather than floats. Elexon data as always from www.elexonportal.co.uk/fuelhh, National Grid data from https://data.nationalgrideso.com/demand/historic-demand-data Raw data now added again for comparison of pre and post cleaning - to allow for training of additional cleaning methods. If using Microsoft Excel, the T between the date and time can be removed using the =SUBSTITUTE() command - and substitute "T" for a space " "gww 2021-03-02: Version 4.0.0 was created. Due to a new interconnecter (IFA2 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFA-2) being commissioned in Q1 2021, there is an additional column with data from National Grid - this is called 'POWER_NGEM_IFA2_FLOW_MW' in the espeni dataset. In addition, National Grid has dropped the column name 'FRENCH_FLOW' that used to provide the value for the column 'POWER_NGEM_FRENCH_FLOW_MW' in previous espeni versions. However, this has been changed to 'IFA_FLOW' in National Grid's original data, which is now called 'POWER_NGEM_IFA_FLOW_MW' in the espeni dataset. Lastly, the IO14 columns have all been dropped by National Grid - and potentially unlikely to appear again in future.fgwf 2020-12-02: Version 3.0.0 was created. There was a problem with earlier versions local time format - where the +01:00 value was not carried through into the data properly. Now addressed - therefore - local time now has the format e.g. 2020-03-31 20:00:00+01:00 when in British Summer Time.stuu 2020-10-03: Version 2.0.0 was created as it looks like National Grid has had a significant change to the methodology underpinning the embedded wind calculations. The wind profile seems similar to previous values, but with an increasing value in comparison to the value published in earlier the greater the embedded value is. The 'new' values are from https://data.nationalgrideso.com/demand/daily-demand-update from 2013.fgew Previously: raw and cleaned datasets for Great Britain's publicly available electrical data from Elexon (www.elexonportal.co.uk) and National Grid (https://demandforecast.nationalgrid.com/efs_demand_forecast/faces/DataExplorer). Updated versions with more recent data will be uploaded with a differing version number and doidf All data is released in accordance with Elexon's disclaimer and reservation of rights.derrr This disclaimer is also felt to cover the data from National Grid, and the parsed data from the Energy Informatics Group at the University of Birmingham.

Published
2022
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93. Commentary on the European Medicines Agency's extended mandate: Protecting public health in times of crisis and improving availability of medicines and medical devices

Author

Inga Abed, Rosa Gonzalez-Quevedo, Manuela Mura, Monica Dias, Silvy Da Rocha Dias, and Juan (EMA PAPERS ONLY) Garcia Burgos

Subjects
Pharmacology, Pharmacology (medical)
Abstract

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) started operating under its new legal mandate on 1 April 2022. The mandate brings new responsibilities to the Agency in three different areas: • Reinforcement of the role and activities of the EMA pandemic Task Force(which is now known as the Emergency Task Force (ETF)). • A stronger role of EMA in the monitoring of shortages of critical medicines, medical devices and in-vitro diagnostics, both in anticipation of and during a crisis. • A more coordinated mechanism of European Union (EU) experts advice on medical devices classified as high-risk (class IIa and III or class D (1)) and in-vitro diagnostic medical devices. Here we consider the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operations of EMA and the European medicines regulatory network, and how EMA’s new mandate will strengthen the Agency’s and the Network’s ability to face crises. EMA’s extended mandate brings clear benefits in terms of response to public health emergencies at EU level, which ranges from improvements in crisis management to avoiding medicine shortages and improving access to diagnostics and medical devices that are safe and conform to their expected function.

Published
2022

97. P Equals NP

Author

Paper's Author

Subjects
computational complexity, p vs np, p versus np, complexity
Abstract

This paper is on a brief interpretation of class P and NP in infinite Hamming cube consisting all the instances of any language in P or NP as well as all the instances of a Turing machine’s tape per configuration. It is shown that P and NP are more comparable when defined in Hamming space; while, this results P = NP.

Published
2022
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98. The various Forms of Essays

Author

Write My Essay Paper

Subjects
essay
Abstract

Write Paper For Me Any time you need to have to post an assignment by the due date but can't end it, composing a paper for me service is a good solution. Experienced paper composing service understands your preferences and can do the job rapid to acquire it accomplished to suit your needs. It is going to help you save from strain, which could possess a destructive impact on your wellbeing. In case you have no time and energy to generate your paper, a producing service can assist you get yourself a high-quality assignment performed in the make any difference of several hours. Essays You'll find several unique styles of essays, all of which provide a special objective. The objective of an essay should be to raise a writer's mental and analytical competencies. Essays are an outstanding technique to observe composing techniques, hone your suggestions, and establish principles and capabilities. This post will define the categories of essays offered for you. The goal of each individual style will be to allow you to superior comprehend the whole process of composing. To start, let us outline each and every sort of essay. A subject for an essay is often something - it could be a couple of individual, an area, a ebook, or nearly anything else. Brainstorming thoughts will help you discover an plan to write down about. When you've accomplished that, get rid of subjects which have been tough, uninteresting, or tough. Then select a subject that may be applicable and may attract you. It really is essential to recall that the subject matter can be a reflection of your respective belief which it ought to be likewise. Analysis papers "write paper for me" is actually a prevalent ask for of people that can not publish educational papers. A lot of people are certainly not accustomed to the subtopics in their issue, or these are only way too occupied to invest time creating. Fortunately, you will find there's resolution! 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Published
2022
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99. Influences of pH and substrate supply on the ratio of iron to sulfate reduction

Author

Theodore M. Flynn, Kathleen M. Crank, Qusheng Jin, Kenneth M. Kemner, Matthew F. Kirk, AnneMarie Lower, Maxim I. Boyanov, Ben R. Haller, Janet M. Paper, and Theodore Flynn

Subjects
Goethite, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Iron, Inorganic chemistry, iron reduction, anoxic environments, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, sulfate reduction, Bioreactor, goethite, Sulfate, Groundwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, biology, Sulfates, Substrate (chemistry), Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, biology.organism_classification, Anoxic waters, Iron reduction, chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Water quality, Geobacter, Oxidation-Reduction
Abstract

Iron reduction and sulfate reduction often occur simultaneously in anoxic systems, and where that is the case, the molar ratio between the reactions (i.e., Fe/SO42- reduced) influences their impact on water quality and carbon storage. Previous research has shown that pH and the supply of electron donors and acceptors affect that ratio, but it is unclear how their influences compare and affect one another. This study examines impacts of pH and the supply of acetate, sulfate, and goethite on the ratio of iron to sulfate reduction in semi-continuous sediment bioreactors. We examined which parameter had the greatest impact on that ratio and whether the parameter influences depended on the state of each other. Results show that pH had a greater influence than acetate supply on the ratio of iron to sulfate reduction, and that the impact of acetate supply on the ratio depended on pH. In acidic reactors (pH 6.0 media), the ratio of iron to sulfate reduction decreased from 3:1 to 2:1 as acetate supply increased (0-1 mM). In alkaline reactors (pH 7.5 media), iron and sulfate were reduced in equal proportions, regardless of acetate supply. Secondly, a comparison of experiments with and without sulfate shows that the extent of iron reduction was greater if sulfate reduction was occurring and that the effect was larger in alkaline reactors than acidic reactors. Thus, the influence of sulfate supply on iron reduction extent also depended on pH and suggests that iron reduction grows more dependent on sulfate reduction as pH increases. Our results compare well to trends in groundwater geochemistry and provide further evidence that pH is a major control on iron and sulfate reduction in systems with crystalline (oxyhydr)oxides. pH not only affects the ratio between the reactions but also the influences of other parameters on that ratio.

Published
2021
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