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Based on preliminary observations, it was found that the people in Nias Islands,North Sumatra province had used medicinal plants for a long time and had inheritedthem from generation to generation. So that many people still use medicinal plants.This study aims to determine the types of family medicinal plants used by thecommunity, how to mix or process family medicinal plants, and public perceptionsof family medicinal plants. This research is a type of qualitative research withdescriptive methods with 125 respondents. Collecting data by observation,interviews, documentation. The data analysis technique uses three stages, namelydata reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. Fromthe research results, there were 23 plant species used by the community in NiasIsland as Family Medicinal Plants. The method of concocting family medicinalplants varies greatly, depending on the type of plant and disease, the people ofSambulu village have good perceptions about family medicinal plants. Suggestionsare expected to maintain the habit of using medicinal plants, and also teach them tochildren or young people.

Because of their great therapeutic and economic value, medicinal plants have attracted increasing scientific attention. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, the genomes of many medicinal plants have been sequenced. Storing and analyzing the increasing volume of genomic data has become an urgent task. To solve this challenge, we have proposed the Traditional Chinese Medicine Plant Genome database (TCMPG, http://cbcb.cdutcm.edu.cn/TCMPG/), an integrative database for storing the scattered genomes of medicinal plants. TCMPG currently includes 160 medicinal plants, 195 corresponding genomes, and 255 herbal medicines. Detailed information on plant species, genomes, and herbal medicines is also integrated into TCMPG. Popular genomic analysis tools are embedded in TCMPG to facilitate the systematic analysis of medicinal plants. These include BLAST for identifying orthologs from different plants, SSR Finder for identifying simple sequence repeats, JBrowse for browsing genomes, Synteny Viewer for displaying syntenic blocks between two genomes, and HmmSearch for identifying protein domains. TCMPG will be continuously updated by integrating new data and tools for comparative and functional genomic analysis.

Development of Curcuma Caesia (Black Turmeric) Cultivation as a Local Superior Traditional Medicinal Plant which was carried out in Kekuyang Village, Ketol District, Central Aceh Regency. Our motivation for carrying out this activity, based on the search results, found a lack of understanding of community literacy regarding traditional medicinal plants that can be used as income, namely black turmeric, the minimum amount of fertilizer available, the number of farmers, the number of pesticides and the number of seeds also affect the productivity of black turmeric, in addition to land use which can be used as a location for the biodiversity of medicinal plants has not yet been found. It is hoped that the purpose of this service can provide community understanding regarding the mapping of the biodiversity of local superior traditional medicinal plants, provide public understanding of the benefits and efficacy of black turmeric as a traditional medicinal plant, then form conservation groups, carry out conservation by cultivating rare medicinal plants throughout the region so that the area has a branding as a center for the conservation of medicinal plant biodiversity and makes the conservation center a center for medicinal plant education with a conservation group as the main tutor as well as a center for the medicinal plant business. The implementation method is by way of roadmap mapping, carrying out the stages of activities starting from identifying needs, briefly describing the target audience, planning forms of intervention, establishing partnerships with parties outside the village, mapping success, and measuring and implementing the program. The results of the activity show that the great potential that Kekuyang Village has to expand black turmeric production is supported by the condition of the fertile area, the participation of farmers, and also the support of residents and village apparatus in this program which is very responsive and supported by Reje (village head) to advance the area by introducing all over the world and also accepting all forms of investment in potential agriculture.

Kushen root, from the woody legume Sophora flavescens, is a traditional Chinese medicine that is a key ingredient in several promising cancer treatments. This activity is attributed in part to two quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs), oxymatrine and matrine, that have a variety of therapeutic activities in vitro. Genetic selection is needed to adapt S. flavescens for cultivation and to improve productivity and product quality. Genetic diversity of S. flavescens was investigated using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) on 85 plants grown from seeds collected from 9 provinces of China. DArTSeq provided over 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, 1636 of which were used in phylogenetic analysis to reveal clear regional differences for S. flavescens. One accession from each region was selected for PCR-sequencing to identify gene-specific SNPs in the first two QA pathway genes, lysine decarboxylase (LDC) and copper amine oxidase (CAO). To obtain SfCAO sequence for primer design we used a targeted transcript capture and assembly strategy using publicly available RNA sequencing data. Partial gene sequence analysis of SfCAO revealed two recently duplicated genes, SfCAO1 and SfCAO2, in contrast to the single gene found in the QA-producing legume Lupinus angustifolius. We demonstrate high efficiency converting SNPs to Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers developing 27 new KASP markers, 17 from DArTSeq data, 7 for SfLDC, and 3 for SfCAO1. To complement this genetic diversity analysis a field trial site has been established in South Australia, providing access to diverse S. flavescens material for morphological, transcriptomic, and QA metabolite analysis. Analysis of dissected flower buds revealed that anthesis occurs before buds fully open suggesting a potential for S. flavescens to be an inbreeding species, however this is not supported by the relatively high level of heterozygosity observed. Two plants from the field trial site were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR and levels of matrine and oxymatrine were assessed in a variety of tissues. We are now in a strong position to select diverse plants for crosses to accelerate the process of genetic selection needed to adapt kushen to cultivation and improve productivity and product quality.

Andrographis paniculata is widely distributed and used in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. To enhance the development of its medicinal value, we reported and characterized the complete chl...

As noted in the literature review, the effect of H2O2 on a living cell as an oxidative stress agent is in many ways similar to the effect of X-ray radiation. In living cells, both H2O2 and X-ray irradiation cause oxidative stress and induce the same system of antioxidant anti-stress response. In addition, small doses of radiation can carry certain signaling functions in relation to the activity of microorganisms. In this regard, at this stage of research, it was interesting to find out whether exposure at a dose of 400 Gy and 800 Gy of X-ray radiation could be favourable for the growth of microorganisms with the introduction of extracts of medicinal plants and under which conditions.

Bletilla striata is an endangered medicinal plant the habitats of which are polluted by cadmium (Cd). Nutrient management is a potential way to mitigate Cd toxicity, providing reference for B. striata artificial cultivation. Pot experiments were undertaken to examine the effect of five levels of Cd concentration (control: 0.28 mg/kg, I: 0.37 mg/kg, II: 1.00 mg/kg, III: 7.39 mg/kg, IV: 54.6 mg/kg) on the temporal dynamics of nutrient allocation in B. striata components. The results showed that the content and accumulation of Cd increased significantly in all tissues of Bletilla striata as Cd concentration was increasing, and most accumulated in the roots and slightly transferred to the aboveground parts, while tubers were less likely to accumulate Cd. Excessive cadmium accumulation under long-term exposure reduced the biomass of all tissues of B. striata, and the yield was not significantly affected when cultivated in soil with a concentration of Cd ≤ 1 mg/kg. Potassium (K) was quickly transferred from the root to other tissues in response to the Cd stress. The absorption of zinc (Zn) increased at first and then decreased with increased Cd concentration. According to Pearson correlation analysis, a mechanism is suggested that Cd accumulation affects the absorption of nutrients but is positively and significantly correlated with translocation factor of K and Zn in the tuber. This may imply that B. striata tends to promote the absorption of nutrient elements to adapt to the Cd enrichment in tubers and to compensate for the interrupted mineral nutrition metabolism.

A new chromone glycoside, 8-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-2-methylchromone (1), together with eight known compounds (2–9) were isolated from the Tibetan medicine plant of Swertia punicea. All compounds of this plant were reported for the first time. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated by analysis of their HR–ESI–MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and comparison with data reported in the literature. In vitro test, all compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity through the determination of nitric oxide production. Compounds 1–2 were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, MDA-MB-231 and A375) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds has also been described.

Lagotis brevituba is a famous Tibetan medicine plant and its complete chloroplast genome is determined in this study. The complete chloroplast genome is 152,967 bp in length, with a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,740 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,845 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,691 bp. The whole genome contained 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic tree showed that L. brevituba clustered with L. yunnanensis in family Plantaginaceae.

Pueraria thomsonii is a leguminous plant with high root yield and starch content. It is also a medicinal material in the Chinese pharmacopeia. However, the raw materials of P. thomsonii are often confused with some non-medicinal Pueraria plants. To enrich the genetic resources of P. thomsonii and guide its molecular identification, the complete chloroplast genome was sequenced and reported. The total genome of P. thomsonii is 153,434 bp in length. consisting of two inverted repeat regions (IRS, 25,640 bp each) separated by a large single-copy (LSC, 84,155 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,999 bp). The overall GC content is 35.41%. It contains 130 genes, including 85 protein coding genes, 8 rRNA genes and 37 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. thomsonii could be distinguished from other plants and closely related to the legume Pachyrhizus erosus. This study enriches the genetic information of P. thomsonii and contributes to the screening of excellent germplasm.

The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of Ilex chinensis, an important economic plant with ornamental and ecological values, was sequenced to investigate its phylogenetic relationship. The entire cp ...

Tacca plants (Tacca leontopetaloides L.) are medicinal plants that grow on the coast. Tacca plants have potential as anti-cancer compounds. This research aims to identify morphological characters and analyzes of Tacca plants. This research was conducted in the Province of North Maluku, Indonesia, in three locations is Gorango, Gurua, and Bebsili. The sampling conducted by line transects 100 meters above sea level, with a quadrant size of 2 x 2 m. Placement of plots in each location is 10 plots, so the total number is 30 plots. The data were analyzed using the formula: IVI = RD + RF + RD. The results showed that the Tacca plant had two different colours, namely dark green and light green. Tacca plants in Gurua show parameters of plant height (487.2 cm), stem diameter (15.8 mm), number of leaves (20.2), number of tubers (20.2), and tuber weight (976.97 g) which higher, compared to Gorango and Bebsili. The important value index showed that the relative density and frequency in Gurua were higher, namely 21.13% and 110.3%, compared to Gorango and Bebsili. The highest dominance was Bebsili around 1.51%, followed by Gorango, which was around 1.38%, and Gurua was around 1.18%.

Mt. Jiri located in the southwestern part of Korea is a treasure trove of wild medicinal plants. More than 1200 species currently classified as herbs are grown or cultivated in the area. Recently, safflower has attracted interest because of its ability to control fine wrinkle formation on the neck. ...

Bulbophyllum disciflorum is one of Orchidaceae species, which has important ornamental and economic value. Here, we reported the first chloroplast genome sequence of Bulbophyllum. The genome of B. disciflorum is 148,554 bp in length, including a large single-copy (LSC) of 79,001 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) of 16,797 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 26,378bp. It contains 108 unique genes consisting of 74 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Bulbophyllum is sister to the genus of Dendrobium.

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to determine the neuroprotective effects of the water and 80% EtOH extract of some herbal medicine plant on ischemia·reperfusion-induced cell death in SK-N-SH human brain neuronal cells.Methods : SK-N-SH cells were treated with 3mM sodium azide and 10 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose for 45 min, ptior to the addition of different concentrations of herbal medicine plant extract (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 µg/ml) for 2 hr and then reperfused with growth medium, incubate d for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by WST-1 assay, and ATP/ADP levels were measured by ADP/ATP ratio assay kit. Results : Herbal medicine plant extract significantly inhibited decreasi ng the cell viability in ischemia-induced SK-N-SH cells. Also increased the ratio of ADP/ATP in ischemia-induced neuronal cells.Conclusions : Our results suggest that herbal medicine plant extract has a ne uroprotective property via increasing the energy levels in neuronal cells, suggesting that extract may has a therapeutic potential in the treatment of ischemic brain injury. The exact component and mec hanism remains for the future study.Key words : Herbal medicin plant, SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell, Chemical isc hemic injury, neuroprotective effect

Alternative medicines remain under the regulatory control of the US Food and Drug Administration. A number of competent and professional researchers in the field of drug development have touted and proclaimed the safety and efficacy of smoked Cannabis sativa and kratom. In 2017, under international and national statutes, neither Cannabis sativa nor kratom are medicines. The community of scientists must maintain an objective scientific, verifiable and legally-sound methodology and lexicon in developing supportive data to advance constituents of the plant for NDA approvals. Use of the term “medical marijuana” is inappropriate.

For many years, plants have been used in the traditional medicine of different cultures. The biennial plant of the family Asteraceae, Onopordum acanthium L., also known as Scotch thistle, is used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and cardiotonic agent. The plant is widespread in the world; it grows in Europe and Asia and was introduced to America and Australia. Stems and buds of the first-year plant are used in cooking as an analogue of artichoke in European cuisine. Additionally, inflorescences contain a complex of proteolytic enzymes “onopordosin„, which may be used as a milk-clotting agent in the dairy industry. The chemical composition of the aerial part and roots of O. acanthium is represented by flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, lignans, triterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and sterols. The anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and cardiotonic properties of the plant have been confirmed by pharmacological experiments with extracts and individual compounds using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods. This work is a review of information on the chemical composition and pharmacological studies of O. acanthium as a promising medicinal plant.

Accurate identification of the plant species that are present in herbal medicines is important for quality control. Although the dried roots of Aralia continentalis (Araliae Continentalis Radix) and Angelica biserrata (Angelicae Pubescentis Radix) are used in the same traditional medicine, namely Dok-Hwal in Korean and Du-Huo in Chinese, the medicines are described differently in the national pharmacopeia. Further confusion arises from the distribution of dried Levisticum officinale and Heracleum moellendorffii roots as the same medicine. Medicinal ingredients from all four plants are morphologically similar, and discrimination is difficult using conventional methods. Molecular identification methods offer rapidity and accuracy. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) was sequenced in all four plant species, and the sequences were used to design species-specific primers. Primers for each species were then combined to allow sample analysis in a single PCR reaction. Commercial herbal medicine samples were obtained from Korea and China and analyzed using the multiplex assay. The assay successfully identified authentic medicines and also identified inauthentic or adulterated samples. The multiplex assay will be a useful tool for identification of authentic Araliae Continentalis Radix and/or Angelicae Pubescentis Radix preparations in Korea and China.