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• Between 2014 and 2017, the Pound depreciated against the Dollar due to monetary and institutional factors. • The effects of exchange-rate depreciation on the trade balance are heterogeneous among the UK's industries. • Following the currency depreciation, science-based industries tend to show a long-run negative effect. • The ARDL methodology is suitable for investigating the dynamics of exchange rates and the trade balance in the short and long runs. Between May 2014 and April 2017, the Pound Sterling depreciated substantially against the Dollar. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to investigate how that depreciation affected the main British industries; 2) to verify whether the trade asymmetries following the currency depreciation can be explained by considering the technological features of the industries as represented in the Pavitt Taxonomy. Using an ARDL methodology, our study analyses the effects of this depreciation for the UK with respect to the USA. We employ industry-level data at monthly frequency for the period 2010–2019. In detail, our estimation suggests that only in four industries out of thirty did the Trade Balance improve in the long run, while it worsened in eight. Moreover, our analysis shows that the Pound Sterling's depreciation against the Dollar had a long-run negative effect on the science-based UK industries. Finally, the size of industries does not seem to give clear indications as to long-term dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British census asked employers to record their workforce numbers. The responses to this instruction provide a unique resource on firm size. While the responses were digitized and included in the Individual Census Microdata (I-CeM) deposit, their format limits their utility. A further data deposit, the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE), overcomes I-CeM's deficiencies by infilling data gaps and parsing employer and workforce data into separate fields. This paper evaluates the coverage in I-CeM and BBCE data for this specific census question, and compares these with the published census analysis of the same data. The results prove the benefits of the BBCE data over I-CeM on the subject of firm size, and demonstrate the need for caution in using the published tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of crisis, innovation and entrepreneurship can be considered as a path out of valuation uncertainty of firms. All types of innovation output, however, may not have a similar impact across different firm size and sectors during bad times. Specifically, financially less-constrained (high leverage) innovative firms could be valued higher or experience less uncertainty in their performance. By considering the innovation intensity and leverage in pre- and post-2008 financial crisis periods, and using firm-level quarterly data from listed firms in the UK during 2000–2014, we find that leveraged firms can achieve greater valuation and mitigate any valuation uncertainty in the post-crisis period if they are knowledge- or high-technology intensive. In terms of size effect, although leverage distorts market valuation of large UK firms, the impact is positive for SMEs that are innovation intensive. Finally, in terms of sectoral effect, firms within manufacturing and services with leverage have benefitted from R&D and patenting activities during the post-crisis period, but not in the pre-crisis period. This also gets revealed when we classify all firms into high-tech and low-tech sectors, implying that firms in the high-tech sectors with debt dependence have benefitted favorably in terms of higher valuation and lower uncertainty in the post-crisis period, not firms in the low-technology sectors, reflecting further the role of technological intensity in firm valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies of minority group penalties in the UK labor market have focused on groups classified by their self-assessed ethnicity only, without taking into account major divisions within such groups, notably by religion. Using a large sample taken from the quarterly Labor Force Survey, this paper analyze levels of both unemployment and obtaining posts within the salariat for fourteen separate ethno-religious groups. Estimates of both gross and net penalties are derived, the latter taking the individuals’ human capital resources into account. They show that most non-White groups face an employment penalty, but Muslim groups – both men and women – experienced the greatest penalties. These penalties are exacerbated when searching for any job turns into searching for a managerial or a professional job suggesting that inequality is preserved through mechanisms of color and cultural racism which intensifies as minority workers seek jobs at the more lucrative end of the labor market – which, if persistent, could have long-term implications for the cohesion of the UK's multi-ethnic, multi-cultural society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to investigate the job satisfaction in relation to managerial attitudes towards employees and firm size using the linked employer-employee survey results in Britain. Design/methodology/approach -- The authors first investigate the management-employee relationships and the firm size using maximum likelihood probit estimation. Next various measures of job satisfaction are related to the management-employee relations via maximum likelihood ordered probit estimates. Four measures of job satisfaction that have not been used often are considered. They are satisfaction with influence over job; satisfaction with amount of pay; satisfaction with sense of achievement and satisfaction with respect from supervisors. Findings -- Main findings indicate that management-employee relationships are less satisfactory in the large firms than in the small firms. Job satisfaction levels are lower in large firms. Less satisfactory management-employee relationships in the large firms may be a major source of the observed lower level of job satisfaction in them. Practical implications -- These results have important policy implications from the point of view of the firm management while achieving the aims of their organizations in particular in the large firms in the area of management-employee relationships. Improving the management-employee relations in large firms will increase employee satisfaction in many respects as well as increase productivity and reduce turnover. Originality/value -- The nature of the management-employee relations with firm size and job satisfaction has not been investigated before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers comments on the involvement of retailer Tesco PLC in Great Britain's political and democratic process. It argues that democracy is being increasingly weakened as the relationship between big business enterprises and politics become more strong. It explains that big business enterprises prefer strict government regulations in a given area because it creates a barrier to competition, especially from smaller firms.

In the last few decades, SMEs have become increasingly active in international markets. SMEs do not necessarily follow a pattern of incremental internationalisation as they have a wide range of options and many are opportunistic. A large postal survey was conducted in five countries - the UK, France, Finland, Australia and Mexico. Many similarities in internationalisation strategy were found among these companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore information literacy amongst small- and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in the UK and the USA and argue that information policy in the UK has not given sufficient attention to helping these companies navigate the ever-increasing volumes of information accessible over the internet. Design/methodology/approach - A combination of primary and secondary data have been used. The primary data consists of a survey of UK SMEs, which explored how these companies use the internet as a research tool. The results of the survey are compared to similar surveys carried out in the USA. Several significant UK policy documents are examined to find out how government policy in this area has addressed the issue of information literacy amongst SMEs. Findings - It is shown that UK SMEs wasted over £3.7 billion in 2005 in terms of time wasted through inefficient use of the internet as a research tool. Practical implications - It is argued that while government policies in this area have put resources into encouraging SMEs to adopt broadband and engage in e-commerce, they have not sufficiently addressed the issue of information literacy. Originality/value - Little research has been carried out into how SMEs use the internet as a research tool and this is the first time that a financial cost figure has been applied to inefficient searching by these organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author examines whether small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can contribute to government social exclusion policy objectives through the employment of certain groups which are underrepresented in the UK workforce—the older workers, ethnic minorities, lone parents, and disabled people. Data on the recruitment practices of a panel of South London SMEs suggest that employment opportunities for these groups might be restricted, particularly for disabled people. In the absence of policy measures tackling employer practices and the stereotypical beliefs that underpin them, or to stimulate employer demand for labour, exclusion will be perpetuated. Supply-side policy interventions can help but are likely to increase opportunities for the most job-ready job seekers while further marginalising others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prompted by the recent discovery that ethnic minority businesses (EMBs) are not utilising information and communication technology (ICT) to the same degree as are other small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), policymakers have become interested in the promotion of ICT amongst EMBs. The authors assess a pilot initiative sponsored by the Department of Trade and Industry that aimed to stimulate ICT adoption amongst EMBs in the North West region of the United Kingdom. Our first objective was to evaluate the approach used to implement the initiative in the light of extant adoption models. Second, a comparative approach was deployed that included Asian-owned firms in Rusholme and Chinese businesses in Manchester's ‘Chinatown’; this permitted an assessment of the distinctiveness of delivery issues in respect of EMBs. The value of an action-research approach to policy evaluation is reflected upon. An action-research approach was adopted as a means of evaluating the initiative. We were involved at all stages; thus a longitudinal dimension is a further distinctive feature of the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered. The findings point to the importance of a contextually appropriate engagement strategy that embraces formal and informal business-support agencies. Accordingly, existing models of ICT adoption need to be refined and developed if they are to be applied to EMBs; the business-support needs of EMBs are not necessarily different from those of other SMEs, but there are potentially distinctive delivery issues; and a systematic application of an action-research approach can aid the process of policy evaluation. The findings have implications for policy delivery and therefore EMBs, offering actions that may be taken to improve public support across two diverse ethnic minority groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proposes an alternative method of analyzing the relationship between large and small firms in the British film industry. Challenge to flexible specialization approach to the structure and dynamics of the film industry; Succession of waves of small production company formation and demise; History of the film industry in Great Britain; Flexible specialization and the United States film industry.

This study provides empirical evidence concerning the perceived usefulness of sources of export information together with types of data required by U.K. firms. Findings are primarily based on a large scale sample of manufacturers and MANOVA is employed to establish that statistical differences exist between the finns when differentiated to their number of employees. Also reported are selected findings from a series of in-depth interviews. This investigation offers an insight into the activities of managers in dealing with export marketing research and provides implications for trainers and policy makers working at the interface with SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]