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Bulbophyllum represents the largest genus in the family Orchidaceae. The orchid species of this genus are widely used in the traditional medicine systems in different Asian countries such as China, India, Indonesia and Thailand. Studies on the secondary metabolites of Bulbophyllum have revealed the presence of important phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids and glycosides. Some species of Bulbophyllum are reported to be of horticultural importance for their unique flowers. Habitat destruction and unsustainable utilization of different species of Bulbophyllum have led to a decline in the natural populations. The present review provides insights into the phytochemistry and ethnomedicinal uses of different species of Bulbophyllum, and highlights the biotechnological approaches developed for its conservation and sustainable utilization. Overall, the details provided in the present review can potentially be used for genome editing and biotechnological advances to develop plants with improved traits, which will be essential for the judicious utilization of the Bulbophyllum species so as to conserve and save the populations in the wild. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmos caudatus (Asteraceae), is known as Ulam raja in Malaysia or kenikir in Indonesia also sometimes referred to as "King's salad." It is usually consumed as a salad and the leaves have been widely used as a traditional medicine due to their pharmacological activities and beneficial effects on human health. The leaves have been reported to contain several phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and their derivatives, other phenolics, and essential oil, while the roots only contain non-flavonoids. Furthermore, the leaves have been reported to contain a high total phenolic content (TPC) which is attributable for various activities including antidiabetes, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-osteoporosis, anti-hyperlipidemic, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-hepatoprotective, and to manage fertility problems. However, further research needs to be done in order to determine whether C. caudatus is effective in treating thrombolytic and leishmanial disorder. Clinical study regarding the use of C. caudatus as an antidiabetic agent has been reported as a supplement to improve insulin resistance and sensitivity in type 2 diabetes patients [NCT02322268]. The findings of the toxicity tests revealed that the leaves are nontoxic and that they can be taken without risk. It is still need to conduct an additional in vitro and in vivo investigations to confirm various traditional claims about the therapeutic potential of this plant in the treatment of various ailments. This traditional medicinal plant's genuine medicinal benefit will be further confirmed by additional clinical trials and toxicity assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apium graveolens L. or widely known as celery is a plant that comes from the Apiaceae family. Apium graveolens L. is found in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia as a nutritious plant. Plants that spread throughout Indonesia, both highlands and lowlands, contain 3-n-butylphthalide, D-limonene, Linalool, Luteolin, Apigenin and Apiin compounds. Differences in geographical location of growth resulted in differences in the content and concentration of Apium graveolens L. Aim and Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the differences of Apium graveolens L. based on its distribution in Indonesia. Indonesia does not yet have a standard for Apium graveolens L. Material and Methods: this research uses Apium graveolens provided by the Center for Research and Development of Traditional Medicinal and Medicinal Plants (B2P2TOOT) Tawangmangu. 10 samples from different regions in Indonesia will be read using the ATR-FTIR instrument in the finger print area as well as PCA (principal principal) multivariate analysis. component analysis) and HCA (Hierarchical Clustering Analysis). Results: The PCA results show the highest number of variants on PC 1 91,98% and PC 2 variants at 4,71%. In the quadrant 4 score plot, it was found that there was a closeness between the standard sample and the S2 sample (Materia Medika Batu). Conclusion: The result of this study is that there is a mutually supportive relationship from spectrum readings, sample location (temperature, soil moisture content, height (m a.s.l) with multivariate analysis (PCA, HCA results) when compared to the geographic location of each sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. is one of the most well-known plants in traditional medicine that contains bioactive compounds called ginsenosides. It is widely used as raw material in many pharmaceutical industries in Indonesia. However, to supply for this purpose, they still rely on imports. PT. Kalbe Farma (through its subsidiary, PT. Bintang Toedjoe), University of Surabaya (Ubaya), and Hanbang-Bio Laboratory (holding company of Kyung Hee University) established the Kalbe Ubaya Hanbang-Bio Laboratory (KUH Lab), a collaboration initiated to achieve the independence of raw materials. This laboratory is devoted to developing the plant tissue culture protocol for the mass production of P. ginseng root cultures. This paper is the first report of in vitro P. ginseng culture in Indonesia. The initial stage of the mass production focused on optimizing the culture conditions: inoculum weight (100 g, 150 g, 200 g), medium volume (12 L, 13 L, 14 L), medium formulation ("A", "B"), and incubation temperature (15 °C to 20 °C and 21°C to 25 °C). Based on the biomass yield and ginsenosides content, it was concluded that the optimum growth condition was 150 g of the initial inoculum grown in 13 L of media using formulation B and incubation at 21°C to 25 °C. In the long-term, KUH Lab aims to produce P. ginseng on an industrial scale to sufficiently supply the demands for P. ginseng in the country. Furthermore, this laboratory also intends to make standardized Indonesian herbal materials by using plant tissue culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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