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This paper focuses on designing a comprehensibility test and a questionnaire for spoken world Englishes in Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore, and utilizing the test to investigate the comprehension of Burmese, Cambodians, Indonesians, Laotians, Thais and Vietnamese. We reviewed the demarcation of users of English based on Kachru's (1984, 1985) three concentric models within the bloc's context where two circles--Outer Circle and Expanding Circle are present. The findings established a moderate comprehensibility level of Expanding Circle listeners toward the speakers of the Outer Circle. The variations of comprehensibility scores paved way for the exploration of the comprehension scores' possible relationships with language proficiencies, attitudes toward speakers, familiarity of spoken variety, historical origins of languages, and political ambiance between and among ASEAN nations. (Contains 8 tables and 1 figure.) [Work on this paper was partly supported by Prince of Songkla University's Graduate School Grant.]

The predicted widespread use of English as a lingua franca following ASEAN's 2015 integration mushroomed intelligibility studies between and among Asean nationals including Bruneians, Burmese, Cambodians, Filipinos, Indonesians, Laotians, Malaysians, Singaporeans, Thais and Vietnamese. Previous studies regarding ASEAN nationals' intelligibility and/or comprehensibility were reviewed. This paper presents a study of five exposures that relate to the intelligibility and/or comprehensibility within world Englishes speaker-listener paradigm. They are exposures to English through education, work experiences, outside the classroom (non-educational settings), social media, and travel and stay abroad. The Comprehensibility Testing Flowchart was used as the main framework of the study and data analysis. The findings show that there are positive correlations and significances between the five variables and the comprehensibility levels Aseans gained in the comprehensibility test. Questionnaire is appended. (Contains 1 note, 1 figure, and 6 tables.) [Work on this paper was partly supported by Prince of Songkla University's Graduate School Grant.]

Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding is the simplest and healthiest infant feeding method that, directly or by extraction, uses only breast milk with the exception to drops or syrups containing vitamins, mineral supplements or medicines. This practice help prevents malnutrition among toddlers and provide essential dietary values for subsequent growth and development, especially in the first 6 months. However, Mataram has the lowest coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in West Nusa Tenggara province in 2018. This exposure increased by 70.30% from 2017-2018, but has not achieved the 80% national target. The low coverage was caused by mothers’ inadequate knowledge. Therefore, the present research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of booklets as a promotional medium for exclusive breastfeeding towards increasing the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers. Design and Methods: The research method involved the conduction of pre- and post tests (before and after the booklet was distributed) on 50 respondents by voluntary sampling. This sampling refers to a probability technique that provides equal opportunities for each population element selected as a member of the sample, while the participants were chosen using consecutive sampling technique Results: The results showed the average values of the pre- and post- tests at 72 and 77, respectively. Conclusions: Therefore, it is concluded that the booklet is effective in increasing mothers’ knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of the Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) starts with good diagnosis. What one must remember that the natural course of FAI is the precursor to hip osteoarthritis. An excellent history taking and physical examination is mandatory to exclude many differential diagnosis surrounding the hip. A layered approach could be used. 90 degrees of flexion and internal rotation (FADIR) is specific for hip problem, although doesn't mean the main culprit is always FAI. Radiology study is very important, several hip projection Xray that can be chosen and specific measurement like Alpha angle, Cam or Pincer or mixed deformity, and so on. Additional imaging with CT or MR Arthrography is also important. With confirmed FAI, controversies exist whether to proceed conservatively or surgery, with nuance of the evidence depends on the background of the writer. Nowadays, surgery for FAI already pushed toward full arthroscopic, while surgical hip dislocation remains a powerful arsenal. Rehabilitation after surgery is utmost importance, and it took time for the results to show it benefits, therefore, a good communication with patient and the whole team of care is advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reconstruction of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (RACL) is a procedure to restore stability to the knee thereby protecting against the risk of damage to the meniscus and cartilage that can lead to early knee osteoarthritis. There are three popular autografts in RACL, namely Bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB), Hamstring tendon (HT), and Quadriceps tendon (QT). BPTB is the first choice in RACL, especially for professional athletes and high demand patient, while in Asian populations, HT is the most popular RACL. In Indonesia, Quadriceps tendon is less popular graft, but the use of the quadriceps tendon autograft (QTA) for RACL has received increased attention in recent times. The purpose of this review is to impart knowledge that QT actually is a suitable graft with some advantages for RACL procedure Method: This is a review article using relevant literature collected from literature searches in PubMed, reference lists in existing reviews and papers, and conference presentations on the main topic of Quadriceps Tendon Autograft and Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. We present profile of the graft, Patient Reported Outcome, Clinical Outcome, and complication Results: we found there are similar functional results between QT and BPTB and HT in regard of post ACL stability, Range of motion, Patient Reported Outcome Measures, flexion and extension strength, graft rupture, and donor site morbidity. QT also is a versatile graft, providing many options for operators Conclusion: QT should be a good alternative graft for RACL in Indonesia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is Indonesia's most important staple food and has become a key indicator of the country's food security. In Kampar Region, most small farmers face challenges in meeting their households' rice food security under a relatively limited application of mechanization and small farm scale. This study examines the rice food security status of small farmer households under current levels of mechanization in Kampar Region, Indonesia. Field surveys were conducted in two districts, Bangkinang and Kuok in Kampar region in April-June 2020. A total of 72 small farmers were purposively selected for the sample, of which 36 were farmers from each district. Data were collected through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive-quantitative techniques. As a result, the current mechanization application was classified as intermediate level. At this level, 1.33 tons of rice were produced, and the cultivated area was 0.37 ha on average. Rice productivity averaged 3.56 tons. ha-1 and varied with various farm sizes. The per capita rice consumption was still high, approximately 114.6 kg per year, and it requires a farm size of 0.054 ha to meet annual rice consumption, or 0.27 ha for households with 5 family members. About 46% of small farmers could not meet their rice needs within one year. They could supply rice for less than 12 months and up to 21 percent of them could supply rice for up to 6 months. Therefore, the level of mechanization must be increased to improve rice productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the sandwich generation can vary across different cultures and societies, depending on family structures, social norms, and support systems. In light of this phenomenon, this research focuses on examining the sandwich generation in Indonesia within the framework of Islamic law and positive law. The objective of this study is to elucidate the legal provisions concerning the obligations related to elder care. This study uses qualitative methods with a sociological and statutory approach. The data were obtained from secondary sources in the form of research results in scientific journals and data in the form of laws. This study concludes that in Indonesia, the care of elderly parents is primarily a familial and cultural responsibility. The obligation to care for elderly parents is deeply ingrained in the social fabric of the society, guided by both religious beliefs and cultural values. The responsibility for elderly care typically falls on the adult children, especially those who are financially capable and able to provide support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning from experiences is key towards the discovery of enterprising knowledge for mumpreneurs in emerging economies such as Indonesia, where most of the entrepreneurship literature is still relatively scant. In discussing entrepreneurial learning of entrepreneurs who are in motherhood, also known as mumpreneurs, these studies require the consideration of gender distinction of women. The term "mumpreneurs" refers to women who embrace the identity of a mother and an entrepreneur, and these two identities engender role conflicts for them. Thus, this phenomenology study explored seven mumpreneurs' experiences of their struggles and strategies to survive the pandemic. The findings shed light on the pandemic impacts and perseverance experiences that mumpreneurs must withstand to maneuver the encountered challenges. This study presents an entrepreneurial learning framework for mumpreneurs by providing pedagogical guidance and inspiration to enable them cruise past future crisis environments. This framework is ultimately crucial in contributing to the ongoing discussions at the academics, practitioners, and policymakers' levels to advise and support mumpreneurial activities that are substantial to the country's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peers contribute to the development of adolescents' behavior during the transition period. Adolescents often justify their behavior with peers to confirm social norms of their surroundings. The increasing number of male adolescent smokers is raising public awareness to become acquainted with the cause of the behavior. Peer conformity is expected to be one of the vital variables to circulate smoking behavior. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the correlation between peer conformity and smoking behavior among male adolescents in a high school in Padang, Indonesia. Methods: A descriptive-analytical research design with a cross-sectional approach was used in this study. The samples were 154 male adolescents recruited by proportional random sampling. The data were collected using the questionnaires and analyzed using the Fisher exact test. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between peer conformity and smoking behavior among male adolescents (p=0.000). Peer conformity contributed to the development of smoking behavior among adolescents in this study. Conclusion: Peer conformity was evident to have a significant correlation with smoking behavior among male adolescents. Increasing assertiveness and life skill ability might be a necessity to adapt to negative behavior among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than one third of breast cancer patients including those that are diagnosed in early stages will develop distant metastasis. Patterns of distant metastasis and the associated risks according to the molecular subtypes are not completely revealed particularly in populations of patients with delayed diagnosis and advanced stages. Methods: Breast cancer patients (n = 1304) admitted to our institute (2014–2017) were evaluated to identify the metastatic patterns and the associated risks. Metastatic breast cancers at diagnosis were found in 245 patients (18.7%), and 1059 patients were then grouped into non-metastatic and metastatic groups after a median follow-up of 3.8 years. Results: Infiltration of the tumor to the skin and chest wall prevailed as the most powerful predictor for distant metastasis (OR 2.115, 95% CI 1.544–2.898) particularly in the luminal A-like subtype (OR 2.685, 95% CI 1.649–4.371). Nodal involvement was also significantly associated with the risk of distant metastasis (OR 1.855, 95% CI 1.319–2.611), and the risk was higher in the Luminal A-like subtype (OR 2.572, 95% CI 1.547–4.278). Luminal A-like subtype had a significant higher risk of bone metastasis (OR 1.601, 95% CI 1.106–2.358). In respect to treatment, a combination of anthracyclines and taxanes-based chemotherapy was significantly associated with lower distant organ spread in comparison with anthracycline-based chemotherapy (OR 0.510, 95% CI 0.355–0.766) and the effect was stronger in Luminal A-like subtype (OR 0.417, 95% CI 0.226–0.769). Classification into Luminal and non-Luminal subtypes revealed significant higher risks of bone metastasis in the Luminal subtype (OR 1.793, 95% CI 1.209–2.660) and pulmonary metastasis in non-Luminal breast cancer (OR 1.445, 95% CI 1.003–2.083). Conclusion: In addition to guiding the treatment plan, a comprehensive analysis of clinicopathological variables including the molecular subtypes could assist in the determination of distant metastasis risks of breast cancer patients. Our study offers new perspectives concerning the risks of distant metastasis in breast cancer subtypes in order to plan intensive surveillance or escalation of treatment particularly in a setting where patients are predominantly diagnosed in late stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is an increasing concern in Indonesia. Socio-demographic factors were found to strongly influence malaria prevalence. This research aimed to explore the associations between socio-demographic factors and malaria prevalence in Indonesia. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design and analysed relationships among the explanatory variables of malaria prevalence in five endemic provinces using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The analysis of baseline socio-demographic data revealed the following independent risk variables related to malaria prevalence: gender, age, occupation, knowledge of the availability of healthcare services, measures taken to protect from mosquito bites, and housing condition of study participants. Multivariable analysis showed that participants who were unaware of the availability of health facilities were 4.2 times more likely to have malaria than those who were aware of the health facilities (adjusted odds ratio = 4.18; 95% CI 1.52–11.45; P = 0.005). Conclusions: Factors that can be managed and would favour malaria elimination include a range of prevention behaviours at the individual level and using the networks at the community level of primary healthcare centres. This study suggests that improving the availability of a variety of health facilities in endemic areas, information about their services, and access to these is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]