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1. School Achievement of Pupils from the Lower Strata in Public, Private Government-Dependent and Private Government-Independent Schools: A Cross-National Test of the Coleman-Hoffer Thesis

Author

University of Arkansas, Education Working Paper Archive, Corten, Rense, and Dronkers, Jaap

Abstract

We consider the question whether pupils from the lower social strata perform better in private government-dependent schools than in public or private-independent schools, using the PISA 2000 data on European high schools. In the eighty's, Coleman and Hoffer (1987) found in the USA that the performance of these pupils was better at religious schools than at comparable public schools. Dronkers and Robert (2003) found in PISA-data for 19 comparable countries that private government-dependent schools are more effective then comparable public schools, also after controlled for characteristics of pupils and parents and the social composition of the school. The main explanation appeared to be a better school climate in private government-dependent schools. Private independent schools were less effective than comparable public schools, but only after controlling for the social composition of the school. As a follow-up we now investigate, again with the PISA-data of these 19 countries, whether this positive effect of private government-dependent schools differs between pupils from different strata. We use various indicators to measure social strata: social, cultural and economic. We expect that the thesis of Coleman & Hoffer does hold for private government-dependent schools, because in these 19 countries they are mostly religious schools, which have more opportunities to form functional communities and create social capital. But for private independent schools, which due to their commercial foundation are less often functional communities, this relation is not expected to hold. However, the results show that public and private schools have mostly the same effects for the same kind of pupils and thus mostly not favor one kind of pupils above another kind of pupils. But private government-dependent schools are slightly more effective for pupils with less cultural capital. However, private independent schools are also more effective for pupils from large families or low status families. (Contains 4 tables, 12 notes and a list of 25 Literature Resources .)

Published
2006

2. Whole genome sequencing suggests transmission of Corynebacterium diphtheriae -caused cutaneous diphtheria in two siblings, Germany, 2018.

Author

Berger A, Dangel A, Schober T, Schmidbauer B, Konrad R, Marosevic D, Schubert S, Hörmansdorfer S, Ackermann N, Hübner J, and Sing A

Subjects
Amoxicillin therapeutic use, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Child, Clavulanic Acid therapeutic use, DNA, Bacterial isolation & purification, DNA, Bacterial metabolism, Diphtheria drug therapy, Diphtheria transmission, Female, Germany, Humans, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Siblings, Somalia, Travel, Treatment Outcome, Whole Genome Sequencing, Corynebacterium diphtheriae genetics, Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolation & purification, Diphtheria diagnosis, Diphtheria Toxin genetics, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing methods
Abstract

In September 2018, a child who had returned from Somalia to Germany presented with cutaneous diphtheria by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae biovar mitis. The child's sibling had superinfected insect bites harbouring also toxigenic C. diphtheriae . Next generation sequencing (NGS) revealed the same strain in both patients suggesting very recent human-to-human transmission. Epidemiological and NGS data suggest that the two cutaneous diphtheria cases constitute the first outbreak by toxigenic C. diphtheriae in Germany since the 1980s.

Published
2019
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3. Screening for infectious diseases among newly arrived asylum seekers, Bavaria, Germany, 2015.

Author

Ackermann N, Marosevic D, Hörmansdorfer S, Eberle U, Rieder G, Treis B, Berger A, Bischoff H, Bengs K, Konrad R, Hautmann W, Schönberger K, Belting A, Schlenk G, Margos G, Hoch M, Pürner F, Fingerle V, Liebl B, and Sing A

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Africa ethnology, Aged, Asia ethnology, Child, Child, Preschool, Europe, Eastern ethnology, Germany epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Transients and Migrants, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary diagnosis, Young Adult, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Mandatory Testing, Mass Screening, Refugees statistics & numerical data, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary epidemiology
Abstract

Background and aimAs a consequence of socioeconomic and political crises in many parts of the world, many European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries have faced an increasing number of migrants. In the German federal state of Bavaria, a mandatory health screening approach is implemented, where individuals applying for asylum have to undergo a medical examination that includes serological testing for HIV and hepatitis B, screening for tuberculosis, and until September 2015, stool examination for Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.. Methods : Data from mandatory screening of all first-time asylum seekers in Bavaria in 2015 was extracted from the mandatory notification and laboratory information system and evaluated. Results : The HIV positivity and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity rate of tested samples from asylum seekers were 0.3% and 3.3%, respectively, while detection rate of active tuberculosis was between 0.22% and 0.38%. The rates for HIV, hepatitis B, and tuberculosis among asylum seekers were similar to the corresponding prevalence rates in most of their respective countries of birth. Only 47 Salmonella spp. (0.1%) were isolated from stool samples: 45 enteric and two typhoid serovars. Beyond mandatory screening, louse-borne relapsing fever was found in 40 individuals. Conclusions : These results show that mandatory screening during 2015 in Bavaria yielded overall low positivity rates for all tested infectious diseases in asylum seekers. A focus of mandatory screening on specific diseases in asylum seekers originating from countries with higher prevalence of those diseases could facilitate early diagnosis and provision of treatment to affected individuals while saving resources.

Published
2018
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