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The article discusses the economic growth of New South Wales and Victoria. It focuses on the implementation of tariffs in these regions for the protection of domestic industries. While Victoria had adopted the protective system earlier, New South Wales strictly sticks to a tariff for revenue only. The growth of population has been more rapid in New South Wales than in Victoria. It discusses the tariff systems in both the areas and concludes that a protective tariff will not work in all cases and may be beneficial for only some industries.

Focuses on the economic problems of the Australian railways in 1908. Origin of the railways; Loopholes in the land policy for railways; Administrative problems encountered by the railway system; Comparison of Australian railways with that of American railways; Details on policies for the railways.

This article focuses on the judicial interpretation of the minimum wage in Australia. Present-day interest in the subject of the legal minimum wage in this country and the probability, amounting almost to a certainty, that one or more of the U.S. states will within the next two or three years, enact and endeavor to enforce a compulsory minimum wage law, make it worth while to inquire as to the principles on which minimum wages have been established by law in other countries. There are among U.S. citizens some persons, not lacking in intelligence, who imagine that the system of a legal minimum wage is one in which a certain definite remuneration is prescribed by statute for all wage-earners, or at least for certain classes of workers. The minimum wage which here concerns, however, and which has drawn the attention of the outside world to Australasian experience is not a wage prescribed by statute, although it is upheld by statutory authority. There are two ways in which the minimum wage has been secured in the Australasian colonies. The other way in which the minimum wage has been established in Australia is through the awards of the compulsory arbitration courts.

The article evaluates the work of the wages board based on the impact of the mode of wage regulation on the prosperity and welfare of the people in Australia. It is not possible to show by means of statistics what effect the determinations of wages boards have had upon wages. The most serious charge brought against the method of regulating wages by wages boards is that it leads to unemployment to minimum wage earners. A mode of wage regulation would have important consequences in industrial development. For many trades the wages board is the beginning of organization. The final test of the success of any legislative experiment made by self-governing people is the degree of satisfaction which these laws afford to those who are responsible for their enactment and enforcement.

Discusses the taxation of unimproved value of land in Australia. Spread of taxes on unimproved land from 1884 to 1910; Three chief aims of taxation; Breaking up of big estates; Extent and importance of big estates; Federal land tax of 1910; Reduced holdings of absentee landowners; Difficulty of finding land for settlers.

This article presents information regarding developments in the field of economic research. Under the sponsorship of the American Economic Association, a number of associates and former students have joined in the preparation of a volume of Economic Essays in honor of the eightieth birthday of John Bates Clark. A meeting of the American Statistical Association was held February 26, 1927 in New York to discuss the topic, "Forecasting the Volume of Orders or Sales." The University of Melbourne has received a gift of 30,000 pounds from B. B. Ritchie, a prominent pastoralist of Penshurst, Victoria, for the promotion of economic research. lt is proposed to establish a chair of economics, the occupant of which will have adequate facilities foil pursuing research into economic problems in Australia. An Institute of Public Affairs will be held at the University of Virginia for two or more weeks beginning on Monday, August 8, 1927. Among the topics suggested for discussions are "Farm Relief," "Mounting Cost of State and Municipal Expenses," and "The Cancellation of Foreign Debts."

Discusses the economic implications of the judgment passed by the Australian judicial courts on the 'Forty-Four Hours Case.' Influence of the application of the Amalgamated Engineering Union on the working hours of employees in the engineering trades; Disputes on the reduction of work hours; Effects of the approval of the reduction of working hours on industrial standards.

The article focuses on issues related to economic effects of the Australian tariff. There is analysis of the Australian Tariff Committee's report on tariff and free trade theory. Professor Jacob Viner states that free trade theory had not attempted to face certain questions relevant to the application of protection to a country with resources like those of Australia. Economist Alfred Marshall's analysis of the laws of increasing and decreasing returns upon the fiscal policy is of special interest to Australia. It is viewed that the export industries have to bear most of the tariff burden. It is observed that the greatest expansion of employment in the primary industries is in dairying and sugar which have benefited substantially from the tariff. An analysis of the relation of the increase in employment to tariff assistance for manufacturing sustains the conclusion that those industries which have received the greatest protection are those in which the expansion has been most pronounced.

The article discusses the economic effects of the gold discoveries upon South Africa from 1886-1910. South Africa's gold discoveries present a peculiarly happy situation for a study of the changes accompanying these new conditions. Into this simple economy there suddenly burst a vast predominant force, creating a new industry overnight whose product, gold, should exercise its powerful effects upon the whole world. At first glance, it might be supposed that South Africa merely offers on a somewhat larger scale the conditions so ably discussed by a leading economist in his papers concerning the Australian discoveries. Unlike Australia which was soon provided with a domestic refinery and mint, the product of the South African mines, raw bullion, went out of the country in the same manner as any other merchandise export, without reference to exchange rates or specie points. It is, thus, the movement of coined gold and refined gold bars, not crude gold bullion, which must be watched as indicating shifts in South Africa's international trade position.

The article discusses the physiology of xerophytic plants in Australia. It cites a study which has shown that succulent plants have a low intensity of transpiration while hard-leaved xerophytes and those xerophytes with semi-succulent leaves transpired more than mesophytic leaves under high tension of meteorological factors. In addition, the study found that plants subjected to permanent wilting possess a greater number of stomata per unit area than those that develop in an unwilted condition. Data on stomatal size and stomatal index are also provided.

The social life of the primitive Australian aborigines has been a fascinating field of scientific interest and rheoretical speculation for several generations of European and American sociologists and social anthropologists. Knowledge of the native family and kinship systems and their associated esoteric totemic rites, for example, stimulated such social theorists as Emile Durkheim and Lewis H. Morgan. The present article is an attempt to present some results of investigations done in Australia. Special emphasis is given to the several typical forms of kinship found in Australia and the principles underlying the organization of the immediate family and larger kinship structures. A somewhat different method of kinship analysis, which applies not only to Australian but to any other systems, is used in an effort to remove the strangeness and complexity from the minds of those, who have not specialized in this field of family research. The kinship terms are always designating instruments organized around the individual who places his various kin by the use of them, and by so doing, also socially places himself as the designator. In other words, Ego anchored in his immediate family, looks out at his kinship world and places all the kindred in relation to himself by means of his kinship terms and in so doing also socially orientates himself.

The article discusses the problems of federal finance and federal grants in Australia. Probably what has happened in Australia in the last four years on this problem has its counterpart in the U.S. and in other federal systems. Fundamental changes in economic prosperity upset the financial balance between the federal and state governments in any federation. It so happened in the case of Australia that the depression seriously affected the finances of all the states and particularly of the so-called marginal states, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania, which had for some time been claimants for federal assistance. First, as to the state disabilities. It was argued by the three claimant states that in differing degrees their finances and economic prosperity had been adversely affected by Commonwealth policy on the tariff, the protection of coastal shipping and the awards of the Commonwealth Arbitration Court. Further, it was claimed by at least one state that the original terms of the constitution had been so altered as to render the position of states precarious.

The article presents a discussion on the vegetation of grass verges and explores the grass habitats which are regarded as excessively trodden places. It is implied that a considerable degree of similarity exist between the vegetation of the trampled grass verge found on highways and that of the grassy footpath or the sheep track situated whether on lowlands or at high elevation. The article is supplemented with details regarding the botanical composition of the plant communities, ecological distribution, climatic and edaphic backgrounds, and observations drawn from investigating samples coming from Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.

Examines Professor Karl Anderson's conclusions regarding the protection policy of Australia. Reasons for justifying the importance of a tariff on manufactured goods; Arguments for the production of manufactured goods than in the production of primary goods; Relevance of the protection policy of Australia to the theory of international trade.

The Cobb-Douglas function indicates that the demand for labor in the United States and Australia is elastic. This would indicate that total labor income decreases as wages rise. Must trade unionists' insistence on maintaining or raising wages even under conditions ot widespread unemployment necessarily indicate short-sightedness or selfishness on the part ot employed unionists? This article answers in the negative. In the first place, a mathematical bias in the Cobb-Douglas function prevents its showing simultaneously an inelastic demand for labor and a positive share of labor in the national dividend. In the second place the function considers only the "gross" elasticity of demand. The "net" elasticity which takes account of workers' income while unemployed, is necessarily lower and more relevant here. In the third place, the Cobb-Douglas function is inapplicable to the long run in which population is variable, and in which labor seeks maximum real wages consistent with full employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that evaluates the effect of soil temperature during forest fires in the survivability of vegetation in Australia. The study was administered by measuring and analyzing the implications of soil temperature using a small tube which contains organic compounds and placing it under the ground with one inch deep and experience constant burning for more than eight hours. The study reveals that fires are not capable of killing the vegetation and does not provide any effect on the physical properties of the soil because of its water content that lessen the heat conductivity, in addition, some vegetation are capable of regenerating itself as well as resist high temperature.

Among Australia's many spectacular and important mining camps Broken Hill stands foremost. Since its discovery a half century ago that center has produced minerals worth more than two-thirds of a billion dollars. As a source of lead and zinc it ranks among the world's outstanding producers. Although years of mining are still in prospect at Broken Hill the zenith of production took place as long ago as 1913, and the ultimate near-extinction of the community is inevitable, for non-mining activities of the district cannot justify the continuance of an urban center approaching present size.

The article discusses the marketing of sugar in Australia. According to the author, sugar is the oldest of Australia's subsidized exports. He notes that the country's handling of the sugar trade is an example of statutory marketing control. The author discusses the formation of body called the Sugar Board to handle the country's marketing of sugar. According to the author, the board buys all of the raw cane sugar grown in Queensland and New South Wales, sets maximum wholesale, manufacturing and retail selling prices for various sugar products and provides sugar for export.

Cross-section surveys of public opinion are now being conducted continuously in five countries-the U.S., Great Britain, Canada, Australia and Sweden. Through these surveys it has become possible for the first time to measure and to report the views of the common man on the same issue at the same time in five nations of the globe with a combined population of nearly 200,000,000. Sampling surveys as a means of systematically discovering public opinion make no claim to perfection or infallibility. But through their development it has become possible to chart the main trends of public opinion in the five nations and to study the impact of war events on public thinking. The American Institute, oldest of the five, has been measuring and reporting American opinion for seven years. It receives its entire financial support from more than one hundred daily newspapers, of all shades of political belief.

The article focuses on several issues related to rural sociology. In February 1943 the Minister of State for Postwar Reconstruction in Australia appointed a commission to inquire into and report on the organization of Australian rural economy and the reorganization and rehabilitation of the Australian rural economy during the postwar period. The reports are based on hearings held in the rural sections of the country and the limited published materials available. The report includes a general review of Australian rural economy, a consideration of the importance of rural industries, an interpretative analysis of Australian agricultural history, a review of the factor's influencing production costs and a report of rural social conditions. Early in 1943, 275 Michigan farm families in three counties were visited to find what adjustments they had made to war conditions. The study covered expenditures, medical service, rationing, farming programs, community activities, internal family adjustments, and participation in war related activities.

The article presents an update of the meetings conducted by United Nation's Atomic Energy Commission in year 1946. A meeting that was held on October 22 gave an outline of the occurrence and working of thorium-bearing sands in Australia. It has been agreed in the said meeting that the wide occurrence of thorium deposits make it more difficult to control thorium than uranium. Another meeting that was held on November 4 presented a general account of the control of chemical and metallurgical processes in industry.

IT WOULD SEEM then that the achievements of countries like Australia and New Zealand are worthy of emulation. Much constructive work, of course, is being done in the United States. For instance, the College of Agriculture at the University of Wyoming has succeeded in adding 3 pounds to the weight of the fleece during the past five to ten years by instructing Wyoming sheepmen how to breed large, sturdy sheep that bear low-shrinkage, high-quality wool. The government also is expanding its research in breeding and marketing practices; but unfortunately, the government seems to have the unhappy faculty of nullifying its constructive efforts by destructive activities. For example, long and short hedging in wool and wool top futures against price uncertainties is a legitimate instrument that wool growers, wool dealers and manufacturers can use to protect themselves from financial loss, but this was made more or less difficult in 1946 by the ceiling prices and the actions of the CCC. But if wool growing is to survive in this country, it must retain its traditional characteristic of freedom, for from the very beginning of time, the pastoral life has always been the freest element in any country's economy. Thus the sheep farmers must be taught to help themselves, as they must learn more about their business and give the market what it wants. But they cannot gain this knowledge by crouching behind trade barriers and leaning on subsidies, for in the last analysis, competition is the only real educator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the paper "The Catholic Action Rural Movement," by John H. Millet. This article is descriptive, intended as a survey of the general rural movement within Catholic Action, with indications of its applicability in the United States. Attention is given almost exclusively to the Australian and Canadian national movements, since these countries are deemed more nearly comparable to the United States than Belgium, France, Holland, or Switzerland. Both farm and non-farm people are reached; in Canadian parishes farm youth and town youth are in the same cells, in Australia adult farmers and non-farm rural adults form separate sections.

This article presents the author's views on U.S. political economists Henry George's Australian tour. Henry George and his wife's arrival in Australia had a deep significance for both of the Americans. For his wife it was a return to her native country which she had not seen since she was five years old. For Henry George it was a visit to the land of enlightenment. This great Pacific island had held particular interest for him ever since, as a lad of fifteen, he had sailed to Melbourne. But it was not until after his own awakening to economic and political injustices that he looked with hope towards this country where the secret ballot had originated, where railroads and telegraph systems were publicly owned, and where savings banks and parcel post were part of the postal service. Their reception in Sydney was enthusiastic. George had to make a brief speech from his carriage to a huge crowd in front of the Town Hall, and then another and longer one inside, where he was officially welcomed by Mayor Sydney Burdekin and by city and colonial dignitaries.

The article demonstrates problems faced by international organizations while planning a program of wide participation, using the example of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and its procurement programs and activities in Australia. The UNRRA was the first organization evolved during the World War II actually operating on an international scale. Created in November 1943 to provide relief to the suffering and to assist in the agricultural and industrial rehabilitation of devastated areas, UNRRA eventually became the service agency of forty-eight governments. Its immediate task was gigantic. The war had subjugated hundreds of millions of people, upset their economies, destroyed their industrial and agricultural potential, and left devastation throughout the world. UNRRA's raison d'etre was to provide the immediate assistance required for relief and rehabilitation, it was an emergency program. At the same time, by its initial contribution toward rehabilitation, it was expected to pave the way for subsequent reconstruction activities.

The article focuses on last minute changes in voting intention and its effects on public opinion in Australia. Errors in prediction on the part of public opinion surveys are usually ascribed to faulty sampling, unexpected turnout of voters, or changes in voting intention between the date of interviewing and the date of election. This article suggests that in certain types of elections last-minute changes may present a serious problem for forecasters. The article describes the predictions and the steps taken to trace the cause of errors. Political set-up in Australia has been described. The Australian Gallup Poll accurately predicted the vote for the House of Representatives and one of the referendums. It had discrepancies, however, of plus 8.6 per cent and minus 4.6 per cent on the other two referendums. All four predictions were based on interviews with the one cross-section of 2,027 people, a week before polling day. Voting in Australia is compulsory, so an unusual turnout of voters could not have caused an error.

The lag in the development of rural sociology in Australia is analyzed in terms of Australia's history, geographical location, and class structure. There are indications that the time is ripe for a more extensive development of sociology and progressive education in Australia. By means of comparing Australia and the United States, the trend for a sociology adapted to Australia is charted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]