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The article presents a discussion on the vegetation of grass verges and explores the grass habitats which are regarded as excessively trodden places. It is implied that a considerable degree of similarity exist between the vegetation of the trampled grass verge found on highways and that of the grassy footpath or the sheep track situated whether on lowlands or at high elevation. The article is supplemented with details regarding the botanical composition of the plant communities, ecological distribution, climatic and edaphic backgrounds, and observations drawn from investigating samples coming from Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.

IT WOULD SEEM then that the achievements of countries like Australia and New Zealand are worthy of emulation. Much constructive work, of course, is being done in the United States. For instance, the College of Agriculture at the University of Wyoming has succeeded in adding 3 pounds to the weight of the fleece during the past five to ten years by instructing Wyoming sheepmen how to breed large, sturdy sheep that bear low-shrinkage, high-quality wool. The government also is expanding its research in breeding and marketing practices; but unfortunately, the government seems to have the unhappy faculty of nullifying its constructive efforts by destructive activities. For example, long and short hedging in wool and wool top futures against price uncertainties is a legitimate instrument that wool growers, wool dealers and manufacturers can use to protect themselves from financial loss, but this was made more or less difficult in 1946 by the ceiling prices and the actions of the CCC. But if wool growing is to survive in this country, it must retain its traditional characteristic of freedom, for from the very beginning of time, the pastoral life has always been the freest element in any country's economy. Thus the sheep farmers must be taught to help themselves, as they must learn more about their business and give the market what it wants. But they cannot gain this knowledge by crouching behind trade barriers and leaning on subsidies, for in the last analysis, competition is the only real educator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the recent widespread increase in marriage rates in the Western world. A convenient method of studying aspects of the recent history of marriage is provided by easily available data regarding the proportion of single persons at various dates. The article uses these data to disentangle two effects in the marriage boom: the extent to which the cohorts whose marriages have formed the main contribution to the marriage boom are marrying more, i.e. whether the proportion who will ultimately remain single is likely to be lower than in previous generations, the extent to which the mean age at marriage of these generations is likely to fall below that of their predecessors. The raw material for the computations to be presented consists of the proportions single at two recent dates for each of thirteen countries used in the study. The countries included in the study are Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England and Wales, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S. The study from the proportion single shows that both reduction in the age at marriage and an increase in the proportion marrying at least once in the course of their lives is occurring in several countries.

The article comments on the paper "Prices, Wages and Industrial Productivity in Australia and New Zealand," by E. Lerdau and J. Rowe published in the February 1956 issue of "The Quarterly Journal of Economics." The paper discusses the association between productivity and size of establishment. The authors find a very close association, and in the case of a "test industry" a significant correlation. High output and high productivity are obviously positively associated. If one measures the size of a firm by the volume of its output, one will get a positive correlation between productivity and size of firm. When such spurious correlation is presented as significant, it may create the impression that high productivity is possible only in large firms. The article also makes use of several mathematical formulas to examine between productivity and size of establishment.

The article describes the effects of rabbit grazing on the grasslands of Macquarie Island, located mid-way between New Zealand and Antarctica. The two widespread dominant species in the grasslands are the Poa foliosa and Stilbocarpa polaris, while the Polystichum vestitum and Poa hamiltoni are the co-dominants that are not widely developed. The article states that the effects of rabbits are due to the selective grazing of only the most number of species. In addition, remote plant communities consisting of few species are likely to be susceptible to rabbit invasion.

Presents information related to several abstracts on economics published in the June 1962 issue of the journal 'The Economic Record.' Marginal labor and investment coefficients of Australian manufacturing industry; Economic analysis of investment in New Zealand manufacturing from 1957-58; Private savings banks in Australia from 1956-60; Soviet investment policy.

Presents several abstracts related to economics, published in the December 1962 issue of the journal 'The Economic Record.' Economy of New Zealand in 1962; Industrial courts and women's wages in Australia; Marriages of migrants in Australia.

Annual variations are often more brutal for nuptiality than they are for other demographic phenomena. Short-term economic movements, in particular, seem to have a more direct impact. In the long run, however, nuptiality is generally considered as a much more stable factor than, say, fertility which has undergone profound changes in all industrialized countries over the past hundred years. In this article the social scientists will attempt to study these recent trends in the light of longer-term ones, by comparing nuptiality movements in four countries: Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. In this paper, they study the nuptiality of birth cohorts by calculating the proportion ever-married at age 50, and mean age at first marriage. Data are not always strictly comparable between one census and another, especially in Canada and the United States where geographical coverage has varied through time. However, the numbers involved were small. Moreover, the definition of marital status has not been changed, at least not the basic distinction between single and ever-married. Through a study of nuptiality trends for the single for about a hundred different birth cohorts, they will attempt to determine whether attitudes towards marriage have changed. But first, they must eliminate the structural effects which affect the phenomenon studied. For instance, marriage becomes more difficult for women and female nuptiality decreases when there is a scarcity of potential male partners.

This article presents information on the book "Social Change in Australia: Readings in Sociology," edited by Donald E. Edgar. This collection makes little contribution to the editor's point of view. The volume as a whole provides a useful introduction to selected aspects of Australian society. Like all collections of readings, however, the book provides a mixed bag of diverse offerings ranging from sound empirical research reports to unsupported, discursive speculations. The editor argues that the distinguishing characteristic of this collection is that most of the papers are written by young graduates or teachers and report new research for the first time. One can appreciate the need for this type of text in Australian universities and colleges. Both Australia and New Zealand have suffered too long from a forced dependence on American and British edited works in order to illustrate the basic concepts and orientations of sociology.

School-based dental clinics, when wellmanaged, can bring good quality care to children where they normally congregate, thus avoiding many of the problems found where children must be taken to private offices out of school hours. Both capital and running expenses for primary care can be substantially reduced. Utilization figures for school-based dental services now reach 98 per cent of eligible children in New Zealand, where dental nurses do simple operative dentistry including cavity preparation and fillings. Australia, where a modified New Zealand plan has been expanding for about 12 years, is moving rapidly to attain similar utilization. In Sweden, 95 per cent of the school-age population is reported to receive schoolmanaged dental service through a government program. In the United States. however, it is commonly reported that less than one-half the school-age population receives good periodic dental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article features several accounting journals. The Australian academic journal, Abacus, publishes scholarly, readable articles on a wide range of financial and managerial accounting and related topics. The British journal, Accountancy, contains numerous articles, primarily in the financial accounting and auditing areas. The Accountants' Journal is published by the New Zealand Society of Accountants. Its emphasis is upon accounting, auditing, and tax problems of New Zealand. The U.S. periodical, The Accounting Forum, contains articles on the field solicited from academicians and practitioners.

The article briefly traces the history' of the breaking down of barriers to trade in goods between Australia and New Zealand, and draws some conclusions from this experience on factors conducive to liberalization of trade in services. The protocol extending the Closer Economic Relations (CER) agreement to services is discussed, as is the New Zealand proposal for the incorporation of services in GATT in a manner likely to lead to progressive liberalization. The implications for ASEAN and other developing countries are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the process of international entry by Australian franchisors is explored. A small number of Australian franchisors was examined - composed of those planning to internationalise as well as those which had already started international operations. A range of influences, both internal and external to the firm, was found to be important in encouraging or pushing the franchisor along the road to international entry - most important being the approach by an interested foreign party. The research revealed a general preference for low commitment foreign entry methods. As with U.S. franchisors the master licensing method was the most preferred approach. The overwhelming bulk of the international franchising by Australian companies has occurred in just three countries: New Zealand, the United States and the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a section of Accounting Education, formerly known as the Journal of the Accounting Association of Australia and New Zealand. The change in name was to more accurately reflect the range of topics the journal was and is currently publishing. It is the intention of this section to cater for such topics, topics that in the past may have been more readily accepted for Accounting Education but are not suitable for the main section of Accounting and Finance.

The article analyzes the diverging pattern of economic development in the four settler societies of Argentina, Australia, Canada and New Zealand in the twentieth century and extends the framework of the staple approach. With the important exception of Canada, the four have not been able to maintain their positions near the top of the international league table. Australia and New Zealand have slipped to the status of middle income countries, and Argentina has stagnated since the 1930s. Part of the explanation is to be found in the nature of the export staples, part in regional characteristics, and part in the institutional structure of the respective countries. Staple theory was largely a Canadian creation. The natural endowments of a region point towards certain specific forms of staple production, such as cod fisheries on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland or wool production on the expansive grasslands of Australasia and Patagonia. The technical characteristics of production--labour and capital requirements, scale economies, and the physical properties of the staple--shape the whole economic structure through linkage effects.

The paper looks at part-time higher educational services for students in the educational systems of Australia, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. A comparative examination of the nature and importance of part-time higher education is then presented. (DB)

This paper examines the factors involved in expatriate selection, causes of expatriate failure, the selection of women for international assignments, and prevailing attitudes toward women expatriates. These interim findings are based on interviews and questionnaire surveys with managers from 60 leading Australian, New Zealand, UK, and USA multinationals. Nationalities participating included American, Australian, Canadian, Hong Kong Chinese, British, Indonesian, French, Japanese, New Zealand, Singaporean, Taiwanese, and Thai. The findings suggest that companies still do not recognize that international selection is considerably more complex than domestic selection; women expatriates still face barriers; and much more research is desperately needed in this new and challenging area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses self-reported participatory management data from a survey of over 900 private-sector employees in Australia and New Zealand. We test for causal linkages between employee desires for participation, while distinguishing between participation at the shop-floor and at higher managerial levels. At higher levels, where there is a significant excess demand for participation, firms often respond to employee desires with formal programmes which in turn create de facto participation at this level. At the shop-floor level, employee desires are more often met through the informal provision of de facto participation. Participation also changes employee desires, with participation at higher levels increasing employee demands for it and participation at lower levels reducing demands for high-level participation. We conclude that shop-floor programmes may favour managerial interests while higher-level co-operative programmes may favour employee interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a section of the Accounting Education, formerly known as The Journal of the Accounting Association of Australia and New Zealand. The change in name was to more accurately reflect the range of topics the journal was and is currently publishing. It is the intention of this section to cater for such topics, topics that in the past may have been more readily accepted for Accounting Education but are not suitable for the main section of Accounting and Finance.

The article focuses on the fertility transition in Ireland during 1880-1911. The decline in Irish marital fertility was neither uniform nor universal. Between 1881 and 1911, there were increases in Counties Galway, Mayo, Roscommon and Donegal, while the decline in several other counties was small. Cohort parity analysis (CPA), a fertility measure devised by researcher Paul David and his research associates, provides a means of inferring the extent and timing of birth control within marriage from distributions of married women by number of children born. A key aspect of CPA is the extent to which married couples resort to contraception in order to "space" births. Ireland has played an important part in the development of CPA, because David and his colleagues believe that the rural Irish of 1911 provide a suitable model, not only for urban Ireland in 1911 and the United States around the turn of the century, but also for Western Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, from the mid-nineteenth through the early twentieth centuries.

Economists have recently become interested in the question of work incentives and, specifically, the way in which pay influences work effort and ultimately productivity. This article analyses whether efficiency wages function primarily as a stick, by making termination costly to the employee or carrot by acting as a gift from the firm to workers. There are a number of approaches to the measurement of work effort. This article sets out to find evidence of efficiency wage behavior using micro-level data from a sample of almost 1000 employees from 26 workplaces in Australia and New Zealand.

The article examines improvements in a number of manufacturing performance indicators in Australian and New Zealand companies on the basis of the degree of employee understanding of company goals and strategies. Manufacturing in many countries of the world is finding competition increasingly strong and unremitting. This is particularly so in Australia and New Zealand where, over recent years, the respective governments have introduced policies designed to force their manufacturing industries to be internationally competitive. World-class manufacturing demands the use of operator-centered maintenance, operator-centered quality, and operator-centered data collection and diagnosis. Manufacturers in both Australia and New Zealand have been forced by their governments' policies and by increased foreign competition in domestic markets to restructure their operations significantly during the 1980s. The most important lessons they have learned include the importance of quality, cost control, and the value of good employee communication.

Discusses innovations in community conferences in New Zealand and Australia which are conducive to reintegrative shaming of juvenile offenders. Need to select conference participants who respect and care about the offender; Importance of confrontation with victims.