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Introduction: Needlestick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) represent an existential occupational hazard risk to orthopaedic surgeons during their career due to the interaction with various devices, instruments and bone fragments. Consequently, NSSIs have the potential to transmit infections such as Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) leading to serious illness. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify the clinical settings predisposing orthopaedic surgeons to NSSIs and assess their adherence to safety protocols in the Indian context. Materials and Methods: An online cross-sectional survey of 618 orthopaedic surgeons in India, stratified by experience into two groups: under five years and with 5 years or more was undertaken. The data were collected via an expert-validated online questionnaire to evaluate demographic distribution, injury characteristics, knowledge of safety protocols, and adherence to these protocols. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, Chi-square tests assessed variable associations, and odds ratios were computed for significant variables. Ethical integrity was maintained via electronic informed consent and for confidentiality assurances. Results: The study revealed that orthopaedic surgeons with less than 5 years of clinical experience had higher risks for NSSIs as compared to those with 5 or more years of clinical practice. Conversely, the latter group was more susceptible to bone spike injuries and viral positive needlestick incidents. The analysis shows that whilst the more experienced practitioners displayed greater proficiency in the application of universal precautions and NSSI prevention, they were also less likely to report injuries, often due to discomfiture. Risk profiles were consistent across different practice settings and affiliations, regardless of experience level. Conclusion: This cross-sectional study reveals less experienced orthopaedic surgeons face higher risks of NSSIs, possibly due to inadequate education or awareness. More experienced practitioners encounter distinct risks, likely owing to long-term exposure and traditional practices. There is an immediate need to raise awareness of the potential risks of NSSIs, enhanced education, appropriate training, collaboration with the hospital risk management team and developing a culture of transparent reporting to mitigate these risks. The emphasis should be on reducing the incidence and fostering open reporting of NSSIs to protect clinicians and promote health safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to establish a mechanistic model of using inherent safety and health concepts to conduct industrial workplace risk reduction strategies during the project planning stage. Accordingly, a dedicated implementation tool termed inherently safer and healthier design model for industrial workplaces (ISHDM‐IW) is developed. First, the safety and health by design checklist is adapted to derive industrial workplace safety and health risk indicators. Then, the risk indicators are rated and weighted using the methods of risk matrix and precedence chart. Subsequently, the risk indicators are aggregated via fuzzy risk representation with the indicators' risk values and weights. Last, the inherent safety and health principles are used to do risk‐based baseline design optimization. The case study demonstrates the capabilities of the proposed ISHDM‐IW to upgrade the workplace design scheme from risk level II to risk level I, thus generating a more satisfactory workplace design alternative. The proposed ISHDM‐IW offers a novel design mechanism of inherent safety and health for industrial workplaces, which can be expected to ensure employees' safety, health, and well‐being with fundamentally better ergonomics of industrial work environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient safety (PS) is a core competency for registered nurses. However, there is a gap between the PS competence of nursing students and their clinical experience in PS. This study explored the effect of PS competence levels on the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) among nursing master's students in China. Methods: A sequential mixed methods design was used, with a purposive sample across seven colleges. A total of 327 graduate nursing students, aged 22 to 38, participated in the survey, and 15 participated in qualitative interviews. The Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS) assessed the students' competence levels in PS. The respondents also reported any AEs that they had been involved in over the past year. Results: A total of 78 AEs occurred in the past year, with 17.7% of the participants involved 1 to 3 AEs. The most common AEs were medication administration errors (30.77%) and improper use of medical equipment/supplies (28.20%). Students acquired more competencies from the clinical setting than from the classroom setting. Three competencies learned from classroom settings were associated with clinical AEs: low clinical safety skills [OR = 0.61], inappropriate identify, response to and disclosing AE and close calls [OR = 0.454], and low confidence in working in teams with other health professionals [OR = 2.168]. Qualitative data analysis revealed five themes: recognizing AEs, reducing harm by addressing immediate risks to patients and others involved, promoting safe medication and clinical practice, managing members' authority and team dynamics, and dealing with inter-professional conflict. Conclusions: The quantitative and qualitative data align, supporting the enhancement of students' PS competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Nurse protection is a multifaceted concept that has become increasingly relevant in recent years. Despite its importance in effectively managing pandemics, there is still a gap in knowledge about how nurses achieve protection in hospitals. Objective. To describe the process of seeking protection among nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods. A grounded theory approach from 2020 to 2022, employing purposive and theoretical sampling. Face‐to‐face and online interviews were conducted with 25 participants, resulting in 29 interviews. Data analysis was carried out using Corbin and Strauss's method (2015). Results. The analysis revealed that nurses encountered numerous obstacles related to patients, nurses themselves, organizations, and the passage of time during the COVID‐19 pandemic. These challenges were intertwined with three key concepts: transformations, inequalities, and emotional challenges, highlighting the multifaceted nature of nurses' protection concerns. In response, nurses employed a protective strategy bolstered by catalysts to address these challenges. This strategy encompassed both optimistic outlooks ("Bright horizon") and somber reflections ("Unpleasant reflection"). Ultimately, seeking protection in the heart of the storm emerged as the core concept, representing the multifaceted process through which nurses navigate and seek protection amidst the unique challenges posed by the pandemic. Conclusions. This study presents a comprehensive theory that explicitly explains the multifaceted process of seeking protection among hospital‐employed nurses during a pandemic. The theory captures the interconnectedness of challenges faced by nurses and the protective strategies they employ while acknowledging the nuanced balance between hopeful prospects and sobering reflections. Implications for Nursing Management. Policymakers, managers, and educators can utilize the findings to improve nursing management and support systems. By increasing awareness, addressing challenges, and providing robust support, they can enhance the well‐being and effectiveness of nurses during healthcare crises, ultimately improving patient care quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Global nursing shortages necessitate the identification of mitigatable factors that may reduce nursing absence and turnover. Fatigue has been shown to be associated with these issues. This study aimed to identify factors leading to development of or recovery from excessive fatigue in nurses as these can offer actionable avenues for protecting nurses against fatigue or supporting fatigue recovery. Methods: A longitudinal study among nurses randomly sampled from the Norwegian Nurse's Organization. The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire measured fatigue. Dichotomized scoring was used, with scores ≥ 4 considered excessive fatigue. The study included questions on shift work schedules, psychosocial work characteristics, sleep, body mass index, physical activity, caffeine, alcohol, mental health, etc. Two sets of logistic regression analysis were conducted (one for development of and one for recovery from excessive fatigue), evaluating how changes in work, lifestyle and health between baseline (2015) and follow-up (2018) affected first, odds of development of excessive fatigue and second, odds of recovery from excessive fatigue. Results: Among 1,311 included nurses, 21.6% maintained, 13.3% developed, and 18.0% recovered from excessive fatigue (2015–2018). Within work characteristics, increased psychological work demands were associated with development of excessive fatigue OR = 1.77 (CI = 1.11–2.82). Several work characteristics were associated with recovery from excessive fatigue, including decreased decision latitude (OR = 0.39; CI = 0.19–0.82) and increased coworker support (OR = 1.90; CI = 1.11–3.24). Shift work variables were not associated with fatigue outcomes. Amongst lifestyle factors, changes in sleep duration, obesity, and exercise were significant. Notably, developing inappropriate sleep duration (OR = 2.84; CI = 1.47–5.48) increased odds of developing excessive fatigue, while maintaining inappropriate sleep duration (< 6 h or > 8 h) (OR = 0.19; CI = 0.54–0.65) decreased odds of recovering. All assessed health conditions (depression, anxiety, insomnia, and shift work disorder) were related to development of (ORs 2.10–8.07) or recovery from (ORs 0.10–0.50) excessive fatigue. Depression, for example, increased odds of development of (OR = 8.07; CI = 2.35–27.66) and decreased odds of recovery (OR = 0.10; CI = 0.04–0.26) from excessive fatigue. Conclusions: Changes in lifestyle factors, health conditions, and psychosocial work factors were associated with development of and recovery from excessive fatigue. Sleep and psychosocial work factors played important roles. We found no relationship with shift work schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burnout is a state of emotional and physical depletion. Its occurrence among critical care nurses (CCNs) is a concept that has gained traction yet remains an issue with global consequences. Nurses are especially vulnerable to burnout due to the persistent stressors they are exposed to, which include the general work environment, biological factors, and emerging changes caused by COVID-19. This study aims to assess the severity of burnout among CCNs during the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated factors. A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire was used in this study to measure the estimated burnout rate among CCNs in Palestine and establish associations with potential factors. Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire was used for the task. The results showed out of the 173 participants, more than 35% reported severe overall burnout. Per burnout domains, it was found that around 70% of participants suffered from low personal accomplishment, while 59.5% had severe levels of depersonalization, and finally, more than 65% of critical nurses had severe emotional exhaustion. Out of the various variables tested, gender, age, type of hospital, PPE, and fear of transmission were found to be associated with overall burnout. CCNs in Palestine were found to be severely burned out and should be dealt with before getting out of hand. The research found variables related to burnout contributed to burnout. Recommendations for further studies and prioritization should be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As vehicles with high accident and casualty rates within the road transportation system, engineering vehicles have been receiving much attention and emphasis in terms of safety. Accurate analyses and evaluations of risk factors in vehicle operation are imperative for enhancing the management level of engineering vehicles. This study explores the differences between various types of drivers by analyzing the driving characteristics of professional drivers. The evaluation index system is developed and quantified by integrating factors related to engineering vehicle drivers, road environment, and industry management. Additionally, the risk assessment model is developed using the error backpropagation algorithm. The optimal model is determined by comparing the number of nodes in different hidden layers, the activation function, and regularization optimization. The prediction accuracy of this model's coefficient of determination is 0.912, indicating that the model has validity. This study is conducive to improving the safety level of engineering vehicle operation in order to reduce the rate of vehicle traffic accidents, the severity of accidents, and the consequences of losses. It also has practical application value in safeguarding social security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction operations, particularly concrete formwork, pose significant risks of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) to workers. Previous studies have examined the MSDs associated with conventional job-built formwork. In light of the growing popularity of modern ready-made formwork systems, and the claim that such systems reduce MSDs, it is imperative that researchers characterize the activities associated with the use of these systems and offer empirical insight into their relationship with MSDs. In response to this need, this study aims to assess and compare MSD risks related to different modern formwork systems. Specifically, the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), a method for full-body postural ergonomic risk assessment, was used to study the ergonomic hazards of form workers during the installation and removal of horizontal modular and prefabricated or engineered formwork systems. The findings indicate that most formwork tasks and activities subject workers to medium to high MSD risks, necessitating preventive actions or imminent preventive actions. Modular formwork systems may subject workers to fewer hazardous ergonomic working conditions compared with prefabricated or engineered formwork systems. The findings provide an improved understanding of formwork activities and the MSD risks associated with ready-made formwork system construction, and provide a valuable resource for formwork designers and constructors dedicated to improving worker health and safety in formwork construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Risky exposure of healthcare workers to blood and body fluids is one of the most critical global issues. This study aimed to determine the frequency, conditions, and interventions of risky contacts and provide guidance on infection control measures to enhance occupational safety. Methods: Healthcare workers' risky contact with blood and body fluids was investigated from January 2013 to December 2022. The contact tracking forms for blood and body fluid exposures in the Infection Control Committee (ICC) were retrospectively examined. Furthermore, the effects of the regulatory activities implemented by the ICC on the problems detected during the active surveillance of risky contacts and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic during the monitoring process were evaluated. Results: During the ten-year follow-up period, a total of 700 risky contacts were identified in 625 healthcare workers, with 643 (91.9%) resulting from needlestick and sharp injuries and 57 (8.1%) from skin and mucosal contact. Of the risky contacts, 262 (37.4%) occurred in internal medicine units, 171 (24.4%) in surgical units, and 112 (16%) in the emergency department, making these the most common locations for risky contacts. The most frequently reported occupational groups were, respectively, 267 (38%) interns, 185 (26%) nurses, and 173 (25%) cleaning staff. When evaluating how risky contacts occurred, it was determined that 215 (30.7%) occurred during invasive procedures, 108 (15.4%) while recapping the needle, and 528 (75%) resulted from needlestick injuries. It was determined that 13% of risky contacts applied to the ICC after 72 hours, and 79% used appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). The highest rate of PPE usage, at 93%, was observed in 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began. In 2013, it was observed that the most common risky contacts occurred during waste collection, and over the years, injuries during waste collection decreased with training. Although the source was unknown in 32% of risky contacts, a decrease in the rate of risky contacts with unknown sources was achieved over time. Out of 478 risky contacts with known sources, 71 (14.9%) occurred with patients infected with hepatitis B, 35 (7.3%) with hepatitis C, and seven (1.5%) with HIV. Ninety-six per cent of the nurses were exposed to risky contacts, 93% of interns, 87% of doctors, 56% of cleaning personnel, and 84% of other healthcare workers were immune to hepatitis B. After a one-year follow-up period with post-exposure prophylaxis, no healthcare worker developed hepatitis B or HIV infection, while one person was found to be anti-HCV positive. Conclusion: Needlestick-sharp object injuries remain a significant issue. All healthcare institutions must regularly monitor risky contacts with blood and bodily fluids, identify problems, develop targeted infection control measures, and plan periodic training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore occupational safety in pregnant Croatian healthcare workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To this end we composed an anonymous questionnaire that included pregnancy data, risk assessment and mitigation, and workplace intervention and distributed it to HCWs through social media of their groups and associations. The study includes a total of 173 respondents (71.1 % physicians, 19.7 % nurses, 9.2 % other HCWs) diagnosed with pregnancy in 2020 and 2021. Employers were notified about HCWs' pregnancy at the eighth (IQR 7.0–11.0) week of pregnancy, which delayed workplace risk assessment and mitigation beyond the first trimester. Only 19.6 % of the participants had the risk assessed and mitigated, mostly on their own initiative (76.5 %). After notifying employers about pregnancy, 37.0 % of participants opted for temporary work incapacity (TWI) due to "pregnancy complications" despite healthy pregnancy, 16.8 % were granted a pregnant worker's paid leave at the expense of the employer, while 5.8 % continued to work at the same workplace. Nurses used the TWI benefit more frequently than physicians (58.8 % vs 30.1 %, P=0.004). Our findings suggest that occupational safety of pregnant HCWs in Croatia lacks clear-cut and transparent strategies to protect pregnant HCWs, forcing them to misuse the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the levels of safety, health, and environmental risks in a building stone processing company (BSPC) have been identified using the integrated approach of the EFMEA (Environmental Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) and the William Fine method, along with the TOPSIS technique for prioritizing organizational safety layers, examining potential incidents, and enhancing organizational efficiency. To achieve this, data and risk assessment information were first collected and evaluated, and then, with the formation of an expert task force, brainstorming sessions were held to identify and analyze environmental risks in the production process using the EFMEA technique. Additionally, with the assistance of the William Fine method, safety and health risks in the production process were identified and examined. In the next step, the costs of corrective actions were calculated, and the results obtained from the tables of both EFMEA and William Fine techniques were combined, and decisions were made regarding risks with high and very high levels. Subsequently, using TOPSIS, protective layers were prioritized based on two criteria: cost and time. Following the risk assessment using the EFMEA method, four risks were classified as high-risk, nine risks as medium-risk, and two risks as low-risk. Subsequently, employing the William Fine technique, a total of 41 hazards were evaluated across five worksheets. 5% of the hazards were categorized as very high-risk, 19% as high-risk, 27% as medium-risk, and 49% of the evaluated hazards were classified as low-risk. Ultimately, the results obtained from the integration of the William Fine and EFMEA techniques categorized two risks as very high-risk, 12 risks as high-risk, 20 risks as medium-risk, and 22 risks as low-risk. Furthermore, working at heights was selected as one of the risks with high-risk, and protective layers and control measures were proposed and examined. The use of helmets, shoes, harnesses, and the establishment of a safety platform, considering both time and cost criteria, is the first priority for controlling risks in working at heights activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 50% of nuclear power plants (NPPs) worldwide have operated for over three decades, leading to a surge in decommissioning projects. This study addresses the gap in current guidelines by analyzing risks in nuclear decommissioning. Using the fuzzy-AHP technique, tasks within dismantling radioactive concrete structures are prioritized. Findings reveal structural and human-related risks across five main cutting tasks. Collision emerges as a significant concern, particularly during wire saw installation and concrete block hoisting hole creation. Subcategory risk priorities highlight variations in risk across tasks, with jamming, falling, and falling objects identified as top concerns during wire saw transportation. This study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive risk assessment in enhancing safety during decommissioning. It underscores the need to consider both physical risks and risks to personnel throughout the process. By prioritizing safety, stakeholders can ensure worker safety and operational efficiency while minimizing hazards. This research contributes to standardized safety protocols for nuclear decommissioning worldwide, aligning with sustainable energy practices. The outcomes offer practical insights for safety manual development and decision-making processes. This study represents progress in ensuring safety during nuclear decommissioning, paving the way for further refinement of safety protocols and guidelines tailored to decommissioning sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paramedics are increasingly being subjected to violence, creating the potential for significant physical and psychological harm. Where a patient has a history of violent behavior, hazard flags—applied either to the individual, their residential address, or phone number—can alert paramedics to the possibility of violence, potentially reducing the risk of injury. Leveraging a novel violence reporting process embedded in the electronic patient care record, we reviewed violence reports filed over a thirteen-month period since its inception in February 2021 to assess the effectiveness of hazard flagging as a potential risk mitigation strategy. Upon reviewing a report, paramedic supervisors can generate a hazard flag if recurrent violent behavior from the patient is anticipated. In all, 502 violence reports were filed, for which paramedic supervisors generated hazard flags in 20% of cases (n = 99). In general, cases were not flagged either because the incident occurred at a location not amenable to flagging or because the supervisors felt that a hazard flag was not warranted based on the details in the report. Hazard flagging was associated with an increased risk of violence during subsequent paramedic attendance (Odds Ratio [OR] 6.21, p < 0.001). Nevertheless, the process appears to reliably identify persons who may be violent towards paramedics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses have faced significant personal and professional stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic that have contributed to increased rates of burnout, intention to leave, and poorer work engagement. Resilience has been identified as a critical factor influencing job outcomes; however, the dynamics of this association have not yet been investigated within the context of the Thai workforce. The study objective was to determine the associations between resilience and job outcomes, including burnout, intention to leave, and work engagement among nurses working in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study gathered data from a sample of 394 registered nurses employed across 12 hospitals. The research instruments comprised the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Health Services Survey (MBI-HSS), a questionnaire assessing the intention to leave the job, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). To determine the associations among the measured variables, multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: One-third of nurses experienced emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and about half experienced reduced personal accomplishment; one-tenth of nurses intended to leave their job. Nurses who exhibited higher levels of resilience were found to have a significantly reduced likelihood of experiencing high emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a diminished sense of personal accomplishment. Conversely, these nurses were more likely to report higher levels of work engagement than their less resilience. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic offers important lessons learned about promoting the well-being of the nursing workforce and protecting against adverse job outcomes. While we identified resilience as a significant predictor of several nurse outcomes, other work environment factors should be considered. Government and hospital administrations should allocate resources for individual and organizational-level interventions to promote resilience among frontline nurses so that hospitals will be better prepared for the next public health emergency and patient and nurse outcomes can be optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implementing appropriate shift work schedules can help mitigate the risk of sleep impairment and reduce fatigue of healthcare workers, reducing occupational health and safety risks. In Australia, the organisation has a responsibility to make sure all reasonable measures are taken to reduce fatigue of staff. Therefore, it is important to assess what the current rostering processes is for staff responsible for creating the rosters for nurses. Aim: The aims of the project were to understand (1) who creates the rosters and what the process is, (2) what training and knowledge these staff have in establishing rostering schedules that optimise the sleep and wellbeing of staff, and (3) what the benefits and limitations are of current rostering practices. Methods: Findings were generated through semi-structured interviews, using cluster coding to form categories. Twenty four nurses responsible for rostering staff were interviewed from three different sites in Victoria (one metropolitan and two regional/rural hospitals). Data was analysed using selected grounded theory methods with thematic analysis. Results: The common themes that came out of the interviews were that rostering staff were under prepared, unaware of fatigue and safety guidelines and polices from governing bodies and had not received any education or training before taking on the role. The most common rostering style was self-rostering, where staff could submit preferences. However, there were concerns about staff fatigue but were divided as to who should be responsible, with many saying it was up to staff to preference shifts that they could cope with. The final theme was cultural barriers to change. Conclusion: While self-rostering resulted in staff having more freedom and flexibility, shift preferences may be influenced more so by a need to fit with lifestyle rather than to minimise fatigue and increase safety in the workplace. Greater consideration of the impact of shift work schedules on fatigue is required to ensure that the layers of clinical governance in health care organisations minimise the risk of occupation health and safety issues for employees delivering direct patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational illnesses and occupational injuries remain significant problems in contemporary countries. Especially in the fourth industrial revolution, with the changing technology and business model requirements, employees are at more risk because they have to be much faster and fulfill different functions. Due to present risks, dangerous working conditions, and inadequate measures, each year hundreds of thousands of people suffer from occupational illnesses or have occupational accidents. While occupational health and safety (OHS) practices protect employees, it is possible to increase productivity by ensuring that employees work in a safe and healthy work environment with the Lean Occupational Safety approach based on the "Zero Accident" principle. In this paper, a case study is presented by using a Lean-OHS model that it is an original model that incorporates continuous improvement by taking advantage of lean philosophy, tools and techniques while fulfilling the OHS principles. The research was carried out in a university's pharmacology and pharmaceuticals laboratory, and it improved working conditions and made the workplace safer by turning 18 of 20 threats into acceptable ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining health and safety is essential for workers' quality of life, and thus, this has become one of the main priorities for industrial enterprises. Electric welders want required safety precautions to be implemented during work in industries with safety risks, especially muscle injuries. This challenge needs to be addressed by the safety officer, who should suggest a way to decrease the risk for workers. However, traditional assessment based on human evaluation and the need for expertise and accuracy in risk assessment have produced muscle injuries. Thus, using artificial intelligence (AI) technology to mitigate risk assessment is cost-effective and accurate. This study proposed a risk assessment system for muscle injuries (RASMI) with AI technology to assess electric welder postures with rapid entire body assessment (REBA) standards to identify the cause of muscle injuries and to warn electric welders when their pose may be a risk. The findings showed that the system can effectively and precisely evaluate the risk assessment of electric welders' muscle injuries. Additional results showed that they perceive using AI technology to enhance wellness positively in terms of working with warnings for posture adjustment or behavior that can significantly affect an operator's long-term health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Steel erection is known as one of the most hazardous construction activities. From an occupational health and safety perspective, this process carries high risk. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a qualitative risk analysis of steel structure assembly and model it using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the construction site of a high-rise building steel structure was first visited to identify the main processes involved. Then, semi-structured and open-ended interviews were conducted with 33 workers partaking in this process. Data from the interviews and process identification were entered into FRAM Model Visualiser (FMV) software to investigate and model complex relationships and interactions between daily tasks. Results: Of the 19 major system component functions identified, four functions had potential instability and defects due to complex human, organizational, and technological function interactions. By intensifying the FRAM graphic model, risks may be imposed on the system if the interactions of these four functions are neglected. These include coordination with the experienced rigger, preparation of the tower crane, attachment of parts at the installation site, and execution of the rescue rope. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that conducting qualitative risk assessment and modeling the steel frame construction process using FRAM allows for an in-depth understanding of nonlinear conditions and dynamics resulting from escalating technical-social interactions. This approach enables a comprehensive analysis of system safety status.

Background: Delayed recognition of compartment syndrome can result in devastating consequences such as the need for amputation or even death. Nurses are at the frontline of patient care and they must have a high index of suspicion for compartment syndrome. Even though nurses' knowledge about the prevention of compartment syndrome is important, there are no studies in Ethiopia. Therefore this study aims to assess the knowledge and associated factors of nurses towards the prevention of post-traumatic compartment syndrome. Method: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 nurses from 26 April to 25 May 2023 at five Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. A stratified sampling technique was employed to recruit the required participants for the study. The data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. The descriptive statistics were presented in text and tables. Analytical analysis schemes including bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were computed considering P-value < 0.05 to identify statistically significant factors. Result: Nearly three- fifths (61.6%; 95% CI: 56.7 to 66.3) of nurses had adequate knowledge and significantly associated with being male (AOR: 1.615, 95% CI: 1.050–2.485), nurse use of guidelines (AOR: 2.079, 95% CI: 1.307–3.307), nurses they have been trained (AOR = 1.650; 95 CI: 1.063–2.562), and nurses' who had more than 15 years' (AOR: 4.207, 95 CI: 1.762–10.045) experience had good knowledge with respect to prevention of compartment syndrome than the counterparts. Conclusion: Even though nurses' knowledge regarding the prevention of post-traumatic compartment syndrome was found to be good, Diligent nursing assessment and monitoring of clinical signs should be critically performed. So, it is better to strengthen training, equip wards with standardized guidelines, and create a safe working environment should be routine activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU - OSHA) and the Roadmap on Carcinogens about 120,000 work - related cancer cases occur each year as a result exposure to carcinogens at the workplace in the EU, leading to approximately 80,000 fatalities annually. Occupational risk assessment is used as a criterion for occupational safety. At the cement manufacturing sector, it was revealed that the main hazard is exposure to carcinogen substances such as respirable crystalline SiO2. In the present work, two methods were used for risk assessment in a cement production enterprise: the classical Fine - Kinney method and Flexible risk assessment method developed by Reinhold and Tint. The results of the joint application of these two methods show the advantages and disadvantages of each of them and point to the need to combine more than one method to effectively cover aspects of risk assessment. It was made the evaluation of applied existing control measures, as well as new measures for better protection have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural firefighters are responsible for protecting properties and saving lives during emergency operations. Despite efforts to prepare firefighters for these hazardous occupational demands, the unfortunate reality is that the incidence of health morbidities is increasing within the fire service. Specifically, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mental health disorders are among the most documented morbidities in firefighters. Pubmed and Google Scholar search engines were used to identify peer-reviewed English language manuscripts that evaluated firefighters' occupational health threats, allostatic factors associated with their occurrence, and evidence-based strategies to mitigate their impact. This narrative review provides fire departments, practitioners, and researchers with evidence-based practices to enhance firefighters' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study examined the occupational health and safety (OHS) issues that impact environmental public health workforces across various health departments in the U.S. The objective was to generate an OHS risk profile for the workforce to inform future preventative strategies. Data for our study were collected via a cross-sectional online survey (N = 158) supplemented by a virtual focus group (N = 7) discussion to confirm and explore some of the themes and data items that emerged from the survey. Descriptive statistics were used to provide information about the variables in the data sets and to identify relationships between them. Nonparametric tests were used to determine statistical significance between two or more variables that were not normally distributed. Focus group data were analyzed thematically. Our study indicates that the environmental health (EH) workforce in the U.S. is exposed to a range of significant workplace hazards. Some of the OHS concerns identified in our study are similar to those observed in Australia and New Zealand. Biological and chemical exposures appear to be important hazards; however, further study is required to determine the nature and mechanism of these hazards within the EH workforce. Furthermore, our study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the health and safety of EH professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Due to water scarcity, wastewater is used in agriculture in peri-urban areas. Aims and Settings: We aimed to assess the hazards associated with wastewater farming and develop an incremental improvement plan for the sanitation system of wastewater use for agriculture using Sanitation Safety Planning (SSP) in Bangalore urban district, India. Methods: Interviews and observations were conducted among 100 farmers in the Mugalur Gram Panchayat area. Results: Direct ingestion and ingestion after contact with wastewater due to inadequate hand hygiene are the routes of contact with wastewater. The control measures followed in the community are the cultivation of crops, which do not have direct contact with wastewater, furrow and drip irrigation, and restricted irrigation. Methods to mitigate the hazards are the provision of interval between final irrigation and consumption,washing of produce with freshwater before transportation to market, and hygienic cooking. Conclusion: Occupational hazards and risks associated with wastewater farming can be mitigated through the adoption of locally acceptable preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occupational injuries (OI) are a - significant source of social and economic costs. They can cause prolonged absences from work, loss of limb, and worker disability, among other negative consequences. In light of this, the present study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with OI in trauma centers affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among patients admitted to the trauma ward of four teaching hospitals in Mashhad during 2019-2020. Patients' data was collected in a checklist and trauma severity was assessed based on injury severity score. The Epworth questionnaire was completed for patients. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20.0. Results: Out of a total of 13660 patients who were referred to the emergency department of four hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 683 (5.15%) individuals suffered occupational trauma and entered the study. The mean (±SD) age and work experience of the participants were 34 (±10) and 10 (±9) respectively. Most of the participants were in the age group of 20-40 years. the most common mechanism of trauma was falling (p=0.00) and the most injury frequency was among manual working (p=0.01). There was not a significant association between trauma severity and demographic characteristics. Those who had falling or electric accidents had more severe trauma compared to other injured patients. (p=0.00). Conclusion: In general, the most burden of occupational accidents and in fact, the most serious injuries were related to men and manual workers. Also, most of the injuries happened through falls and cuts. The results of this study showed the need for serious policies to reduce occupational injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), represent a very wide field of interdisciplinarity and multidisciplinarity in the following domains: technical, medical, military and security, because of the multiple of sources of elements of instability (risks, dangers, threats) to the workers, in order to discover the best optimal methods, actions of prevention and protection and ensuring the workplace's working in maximum safety conditions, without disturbing the industry and the national economy's wellbeing. The most effective way to protect the workesr health and safety is to remove the generators of risks, supplied that a methodology is available to identify how to treat these generators of risks. The assessment is carried out using the National Research and Development Institute of Occupational Safety - NRDIOS Bucharest method, in order to establish the risk/safety levels in a quantitative manner, based on a systemic analysis and on the assessment of risks of accidents and professional diseases. The role of OHS for power substation high voltage (critical power infrastructures) is to generate the national economy electricity, well-being, and safety work and health environment, workers and workplaces secured, and security of industrial and power process, in order to optimally operate the national economy and ensure energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoration works in historical buildings, which have gained importance in Türkiye in recent years, have unique risks in terms of occupational safety. Employees in this sector are exposed to many different risks during the restoration of historical building projects, and ensuring occupational safety is an important problem for the sector. In order to find a solution to this problem, a comprehensive examination of historical building projects was made in terms of occupational safety during the restoration process. Within the scope of the study every stage of the three different restoration projects was examined in terms of occupational safety. In line with this research, job safety analysis was performed by dividing the steps in the restoration projects into groups. The risks in the construction sites were determined and precautions were presented to eliminate or reduce these risks. As a result, the risks that may occur during the restoration phase of a historical building are shown in detail together with the prevention methods. It is expected that if the stakeholders of restoration projects integrate the information presented into their occupational health and safety systems, it will contribute to the improvement in the processes and there will be a decrease in the frequency of work accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toolbox Meeting (TBM) activities conducted before work at construction sites are representative activities with characteristics such as work sharing and improving safety awareness. However, there is a limitation to the conventional TBM approach as it proceeds only formally and is not systematic because it proceeds without the manager's prior preparation. Therefore, in this study, TBM was conducted using a mobile app by supplementing the limitation of conventional TBMs, and we examined whether mobile TBM is more effective in improving the safety awareness of construction site workers. A survey of 400 people was conducted at two sites implementing existing TBM or mobile TBM. This study included survey development, survey target selection, and statistical analysis. The analysis revealed three main results. First, mobile TBM was more efficient. Second, workers at mobile TBM application sites (M = 4.24) were more positive and satisfied with daily safety activities than those using existing TBMs (M = 3.95). Finally, the impact of TBM education and worker safety awareness was higher in sites using mobile TBM (M = 4.14) than those using existing TBM (M = 3.94). This study provides valuable evidence for construction site safety management decision-makers considering the adoption of smart safety management tools such as mobile TBMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Petroleum (BP) American Refinery accident, back in 2005, was one of the most severe explosions recorded in any industrial accident database. According to both the reconstruction and the interviews with the company, it was found that the causes of the accident where both technical, with the failure of a level controller, which was also badly designed for the isomerization unit, and human, with a very stressed and undersized personnel. In this work, a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) based on the Recursive Operability Analysis (ROA), as hazards and accidental scenarios identification tool, was performed on the unit (BP isomerization unit) involved in the accident. The analysis was carried out exploiting many different techniques, to provide a proper assessment. The quantification of all node-deviation-variables (necessary to establish the real behaviour of the system) was performed by implementing the BP plant in CoCo simulator. Basic events were identified using a simplified Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Then, the magnitude of fire and explosion was estimated basing on the simulation results provided by the ALOHA software. Finally, a Fault Tree Analysis for the BP isomerization unit was performed, quantifying the probability of occurrence of all the most credible scenarios. Probabilities, magnitudes, and risk indexes (function of the distance with respect to the source point) were also estimated. From the analysis, the importance of redundant measurements of the most crucial variables, such as liquid level, and the impact of human errors was highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidents involving accidental release of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can cause very serious damage to people and structures. Such as, for example, the derailment of a freight train carrying LPG, which occurred in Viareggio (Italy) on 29 June 2009 or the accident involving the fixed tank installed at the end user, which occurred in Gravedona (Italy) on 11 July 2019. The danger of LPG derives from its flammability and its tendency to form a dense cloud of vapour which is dispersed in atmosphere, even at a significant distance from the release, which if ignited can explode. In the present work, authors give indications for risk assessment of LPG release scenarios. The evaluation is obtained by combining the probability of the occurrence of the scenarios with the relative class of consequences of the dangerous phenomena (effects on the human target and effects on the environment target). The combination obtained through a risk matrix has the purpose of identifying the accident scenarios with the greatest impact. From matrix scenarios, we can deduce: - Phenomena with a low frequency and/or consequence that probably have no concrete effect on the damage; - Phenomena which will certainly lead to the development of real damage (these will have to be re-analysed in order to insert additional safety systems); -Phenomena of medium effect, which will probably have real effects on the damage and will be selected for further study. These scenarios for LPG depots, which fall under the activities at risk of major accident, are the basis of correct territorial planning and internal and external emergency planning; also consider the Italian Directive of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers - Civil Protection Department of 7 December 2022. (Guidelines for the preparation of the external emergency plan, guidelines for informing the population and guidelines for testing external emergency plans (Italian Official Gazette no. 31 of 7 February 2023)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since June 2003 new and modified plants in Europe must comply with the requirements of the European Directive ATEX 137, aimed at improving the safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres. Of all possible sources of ignition that must be considered under this legislation, the ATEX Directive draws explicit attention to one: Static Electricity. Static is a common cause of fires and explosions, as it is present in a very wide range of industries, in some cases an inevitable outcome of the process being carried out. In others, unless specific measures have been taken, it may occur as a result of secondary actions such as movement of equipment and personnel. This paper shall firstly summarize the main characteristics of static electricity (charge generation, charge accumulation, types and modes of static discharges, such as sparks and propagating brush discharges). The paper shall then illustrate the methodology of an electrostatic risk assessment in a combustible dust environment, and the criteria to be adopted when assessing the effectiveness of the ignition. Lastly, the paper shall discuss prevention measures to reduce the electrostatic risk, such as solutions for avoiding charge generation and indications about proper grounding and bonding of conductive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work environment of office workers has hazards. One of the hazards is nonergonomic conditions. Nonergonomic conditions increase musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) risk and interfere with work productivity. This research describes ergonomic risk levels and muscle complaints in office workers while working with computers. The population of this research was 32 office workers in one of Surabaya city government offices. Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) method to measure ergonomic risk and Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (CMDQ) method to measure muscle complaints. Most workers have a high risk of experiencing MSDs. Workers experience muscle complaints in the neck, right shoulder, left shoulder, upper back, and lower back. Intervention is needed in work facilities and office ergonomics socialization to workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to examine risk levels for Vaporizing Foil Actuator Welding (VFAW) prototype manufacturing and applications. A risk analysis was carried out by using the L-type matrix method to detect hazards and risks in newly developing VFAW applications. 60 risks were identified for VFAW, 37 of which were high and 23 were moderate. To reduce the risk and occupational accidents to the lowest possible level; a measuring instrument that can continuously monitor current and voltage values, a remote detonation system and a discharge mechanism have been added to the prototype system. Thanks to the measures taken the situations that may result in serious accidents, fire, explosion, loss of limb, and even death that may occur during the experiment have been brought under control and VFAW applications have been made safer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is vital to assess workplace pushing and pulling (PP) activities to manage musculoskeletal injuries among employees. However, there is still no clearly-suited risk assessment method. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of risk assessment methods for PP activities at the workplace. Thus, the review employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Two primary journal databases were searched, namely Scopus and Science Direct. Furthermore, to ensure the robustness of the study, the searches were expended via handpicking, snowball identification, and consultation with ergonomics experts. Atlas.ti version 8 software was used to analyse the identified articles thematically. The search resulted in nine articles eligible for the systematic analysis. From the articles, six assessment methods used force measurement as the main indicators, while three assessment methods used the weight of the load as measurement indicators. The assessment tools did not cover all the risk factors for PP activities. Besides, there was a lack of evidence showing the assessment tools or methods' reliability, validity, and usability. This systematic review highlighted the advantages and limitations of existing assessment methods, and no one method fits all. The findings showed that the assessment methods for PP activities still needed a force measurement and did not cover all the significant risk factors associated with PP. In addition, no clarifications were presented regarding the assessment methods' reliability, validity, and applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing safety risks in construction is an ongoing priority, and integrating safety considerations into construction scheduling is a crucial aspect of this effort. A notable challenge is the safety risk posed by concurrent tasks, which has received limited attention in prior research. This study aims to address this research gap by introducing a novel Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based model that assesses the increased hazardousness resulting from overlapping construction activities. Historically, research has predominantly focused on individual task safety, with less emphasis on the risks associated with overlapping activities. Our innovative approach introduces the concept of a 'source–target' match, which evaluates the degree of hazardousness escalation when activities overlap. Drawing on data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) fatal accident reports, we extracted 11 hazardous and 9 susceptibility attributes to build a source–target match table. This table reveals the characteristics of activities that generate hazardous conflicts when overlapping. The key contribution of this research is the assessment, prioritization, and visualization of risk levels in a BIM environment. This framework empowers safety managers to proactively address safety risks resulting from overlapping construction activities, ultimately reducing accidents in the construction industry. By shedding light on this overlooked aspect of construction safety, our research highlights the importance of integrating safety considerations into construction scheduling and provides a practical tool for mitigating risks, enhancing workplace safety, and ultimately improving project outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk assessment in manufacturing, construction or service systems are very important tools for ensuring occupational health and safety. Many risk assessment approaches have been proposed in the literature, each with its advantages and disadvantages. In the literature, the authors attempt to develop methods to overcome some of these disadvantages. Different risk priority orders can be obtained for the same failure types with the developed and traditional approaches, and the results may be inconsistent. Hence, different methods produce inconsistent risk ranking outcomes for the same risk assessment problem. This causes confusion for decision-makers when deciding the most-risky failure modes. In this study, the application of the Technique of Precise Order Preference (TPOP) for risk assessment in the field of occupational health and safety (OHS) is conducted to fill the gap in the literature concerning the problem in question and to solve the ranking inconsistency problem related to occupational health and safety. The results of this study show that the advantages obtained from different methods can be combined and a favorable risk priority order can be acquired for decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to explore the relationship between nurses' occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Design: Meta‐analysis. Methods: Data were retrieved from studies published before April 2022 in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, the Web of Science, Embase databases, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), China Science and Technology Journal databases (VIP) and Wan Fang databases (WF). Stata MP (Version 17.0) was used to conduct this meta‐analysis. Results: The current evidence shows that occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents increases nurses' risk of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital abnormalities. It is necessary to pay attention to occupational exposures caused by antineoplastic agents, especially for female nurses of reproductive age. Managers should take timely and effective countermeasures to ensure their occupational safety and reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the basic stages of mining operations is development work. During them there can occur the events that affect the process of development work as well as the safety of workers. This article conducts a process risk assessment using the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method to identify events that disrupt the development work process, along with the causes of the occurrence of these events. The study covered the process of development work i.e. the execution of the M-2 roadway in seam 502/1 realized at a depth of about 550 m with an assumed length of about 500 m. As a result of the study, those risks for which countermeasures should be applied were identified, and measures were proposed to minimize the risks involved. As part of the research, an FMEA evaluation form was created to assess process risks in the execution of similar work. The highest process risk was identified for the drivage of the excavation with a road header, and is related to the possibility of frequent failure of hydraulic systems. Similar process risk results were obtained for the risk associated with improper execution of mining with explosives and the need to perform additional blasting work in the excavated roadway. The results can contribute to reducing the time of coal face stoppage during development work, and thus improve the process of them and reduce the costs incurred during this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desire of an industrial facility to successfully and stably develop economically confronts it with the problems of the apparatus being formed and its activities. The concept of occupational risk analysis in occupational safety practice is a scientific and methodological approach to risk management. This study aims to assess the degree of occupational risk for miners engaged in underground mining of polymetallic ore, considering the class of harmfulness of work. The analysis involves selecting risk factors that require attention and conducting both qualitative and quantitative approaches to identify and evaluate potential consequences and select appropriate measures to mitigate risks. The study determines the replaceable noise loads using mathematical calculations and characterizes the vibration load by an equivalent value or dose. The results of the hygienic assessment of the working conditions at the Orken-Atasu underground mine showed that the work activities of miners take place under conditions of exposure to intense noise and general and local vibration exceeding the MPL. Drillers, fixers, and machinists of drilling units experienced the highest vibration loads. The total dose of the daily vibration load varied from 1197.6-3855.6 Pa2 · h, exceeding the permissible levels for a relative dose from 1.3 to 8 times. The study highlights the importance of a scientific and methodological approach to risk management in the mining industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For risk communication, it is important to understand the difference between "hazard" and "risk". Definitions can be found in Codex Alimentarius and the European Union (EU) General Food Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002. The use of these terms as synonyms or their interchange is a recurrent issue in the area of food safety, despite awareness-raising messages sent by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and other interested entities. A quick screening of the EU's food regulations revealed several inconsistencies. Hence, it was considered necessary to further investigate if regulations could act as a source for this problem. A software tool was developed to support the detection and listing of inconsistent translations of "hazard" and "risk" in certain EU food regulations. Subsequently, native-speaking experts working in food safety from each EU country were asked to provide their individual scientific opinion on the prepared list. All data were statistically analysed after applying numerical scores (1–5) describing different levels of consistency. Results showed that the most common problem was the interchange of "hazard" with "risk" and vice versa. This lack of consistency can create confusion that can further translate into misjudgments at food risk assessment and communication levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fluoroscopic imaging is universally employed by orthopedic surgeons in the operating room. Nonetheless, intraoperative radiation exposure has an appreciable risk for patients and operating room personnel. Mindful practice of limiting fluoroscopic shots by the operating surgeon can be a useful tool for minimizing dose-dependent radiation. Methods: Ten consecutive patients (20 limbs) undergoing bilateral femoral lengthening osteoplasty with insertion of an intramedullary lengthening nail at the study institution were selected. Intraoperative imaging from one group (control) consisting of five patients (10 limbs) who underwent the standard procedure was retrospectively reviewed. The second group (image conscious) consisted of five patients (10 limbs) who underwent the procedure while a conscious effort was made to reduce the number of extraneous fluoroscopic images. Fluoroscopic images were logged for quantity and time stamps. One-tailed Student's t-test was used to compare the control group to the image-conscious group with a statistical significance level set to P < 0.05. Results: The number of fluoroscopic images acquired in the image-conscious group (61.2 ± 11.1) compared to the control group (112.6 ± 20.6) showed a statistically significant decrease (P = 0.006). The amount of radiation dosage absorbed in the image-conscious group (6.82 mGy ± 1.8) compared to the control group (9.89 mGy ± 2.7) was also statistically significant (P = 0.037). The average total operative time per limb in the control group was 103 min (±15) versus 106 min (±12) in the image-conscious group (P = 0.399). There was no significant difference between the groups for age, body mass index, nail diameter, or nail length. There were no intraoperative complications or need for revision surgery in either group. Discussion: Image-conscious fluoroscopy leads to a 45.7% reduction in radiation dosage with a statistically significant decrease in the number of images taken, absorbed dosage, and fluoroscopic imaging time in a standardized procedure without increasing operating room time or perioperative complications. Conclusion: Orthopedic surgeons have the potential to minimize the adverse effects of radiation exposure in the operating room by being mindful about avoiding excessive fluoroscopy shots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian fishing industry developed by 1.4% in 2020, compared to the previous year, as shown by the existence of around 773 seafood factories. Such growth caused the emergence of different working conditions due to the use of complex machines. In 2019, the industrialization process generated an immense potential for accidents on occupational health as the mishaps increased from 60 to 270 cases. For this reason, this study aimed to identify the value and level of risk, using HIRARC (Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control) following AS/NZS 4360:2004 standards. The study was conducted at the fish meatball company located in East Java, for six months. The results showed that the company could manage the occupational health and safety, as indicated by the reduction of the levels of risk from acceptable (33.4%), priority 3 (14.3%), priority 2 risk (38.1%), priority 1 risk (9.5%), and very high risk (4.8%) to acceptable (76%) and priority 3 (24%). The risk assessment matrix had shifted from yellow (moderate) to green (low). Some recommendations implemented in the workplace included creating a safety organization, organizing training sessions among employees, fostering a safety culture, applying ergonomic principles, and controlling work hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]