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This paper seeks to draw a research agenda for unveiling the underlying bottlenecks and possibilities for improving the agricultural total factor productivity in the European Union (EU). To this aim, the paper first surveys the key challenges for the modern agricultural economy. Then, the case of the EU is discussed by looking at the convergence in the partial productivity indicators (including the GHG emission) and growth efficiency that relate to the gap in the total factor productivity growth. The results suggest that the EU member states exhibited growth inefficiency (i.e., a gap in the total factor productivity growth) of 5–9% on average during 2004–2021. The paper also discusses the possibilities to utilize the production theory for assessing the pathways towards improvements in the productivity and sustainability of the EU agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While promoting manufacturing growth is imperative to boost economic growth, potential adverse consequences on natural resources and ecology have created sustainability-related concerns and challenges. In India, with the reform processes deepening further and the business environment becoming more market-oriented over the years, the adoption of appropriate measures for sustainable manufacturing growth under such conditions would require a deeper investigation of the underlying dynamics, particularly to address the impacts of external shocks. This is especially true when external shocks alter market dynamics and, hence, input is used significantly in the manufacturing sector. Given this backdrop, the present paper examines how the major external shocks to the Indian economy during in the post-reform era have altered the resource use patterns in selected manufacturing industries. The paper uses secondary data collected from the KLEMS database of the Reserve Bank of India for the period from 1980–81 to 2019–20 and applies descriptive statistics and econometric techniques to address the research objective. It is found that energy intensity, vertical integration, capital intensity, and rate of growth of total factor productivity decreased over the decades, whereas labour productivity experienced an increasing trend in most industries. However, the trends are mixed in the case of material intensity. Further, the regression results indicate significant effects of external shocks on resource use, factor productivity, and structural changes. There are also industry-specific differences in the nature and extent of such changes. Hence, a deeper investigation of the underlying factors and impacts at a disaggregate industry level is necessary to draw more robust insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furniture production is one of the activities that has the potential to generate income for educational institutions. The furniture production process is generally carried out by experienced students utilizing industry-standard facilities, namely the Wood Construction workshop along with its machinery equipment. Therefore, the implementation of Quality Control in the production process is necessary. This study aims to determine the impact of Quality Control implementation on improving the productivity and quality of furniture products. The method used is quantitative with 4 stages of Quality Control, including product design, process planning, Incoming Quality Control (IQC), and In-Process Quality Control (IPQC). Productivity measurement is divided into 3 parts: partial productivity, total factor productivity, and total productivity, which includes labor productivity, time, and production output. Meanwhile, product quality measurement is obtained from assessments by practitioners and product quality testing according to ISO 19682. Data is processed using the path analysis method with the help of a smart PLS application. The research results show that the productivity of production output is 87.5%, categorized as good, with labor productivity of 0.125 pieces/person/day and work hour productivity of 0.25 pieces/hour/day. Product quality based on production processes is categorized as good at 83%. Meanwhile, product quality testing, including visual aspects is good (82.3%), product stability (normal), strength (normal), durability (normal), stiffness (normal 34mm/m), and drop test (normal). Based on path analysis, it is known that quality control including product design, process planning, Incoming Quality Control (IQC), and In-Process Quality Control (IPQC) has an impact on improving the productivity and quality of furniture products. the quality control carried out to increase productivity and product quality can be said to be good with the validation of the final result of 0.188 including in the good category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper, the potential of mathematical optimization (MO) in enhancing innovation productivity is explored. Innovation is a process that converts new ideas and methods into products and services, MO can contribute to innovation management by improving productivity across all stages, from pre-innovation to post-innovation. This paper establishes a connection between MO and innovation productivity while demonstrating an application for a post-innovation phase problem of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Methodology: A framework for incorporating MO into the design problems of innovation processes is developed. Additionally, a MO model is developed for a case study concerning UAV border patrolling in Türkiye. Findings: Computational experiments demonstrate MO's effectiveness in optimizing UAV routes and strategies, enhancing operational efficiency, and innovation productivity. Optimal recommendations and trade-offs among different mission considerations are obtained in 18 minutes on average (with a median of 5 seconds) over 210 runs. Originality: A link is established between MO and innovation productivity. An operations research problem is introduced for UAV operations in border patrolling in Türkiye. The codebase and data are openly provided for readers to apply the model in their research.

We study the impact of bank credit on firm productivity. We exploit a matched firm‐bank database, covering all the credit relationships of Italian corporations, to measure idiosyncratic supply‐side shocks to credit availability and estimate a production model augmented with financial frictions. We find the effect of credit supply to be asymmetric: contractions harm TFP growth, halting productivity‐enhancing activities; positive credit supply shocks have limited effects. This points toward a role of financial stability in preserving productivity growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine how the Bangladeshi garment industry's sewing defect reduction and productivity enhancement are affected by the Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) and 5S (Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain) techniques. One of the main reasons for production delays and increased costs is sewing defects. By reducing defects, improving Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), and methodically using integrated PDCA concepts, the study aims to streamline and expand the production flowline while increasing throughput. To continuously evaluate and improve the sewing process, the 5S method is also employed. Tools like cause-effect diagrams and Pareto charts were used to identify the defect correctly. The OEE was used to evaluate the actual efficiency. The integration of 5S and PDCA as a lean methodology was utilized to minimize the defect rate and maximize quality to improve efficiency. For this purpose, data was collected from some renowned factories in Bangladesh. This mixed-integrated methodology is used in the study to integrate quantitative defect analysis with worker satisfaction along with efficiency surveys. The findings should offer valuable insights to the RMG industry in Bangladesh, as producers seek sustainable methods to increase productivity and enhance product quality while mitigating the impact of sewing errors on their production procedures. OEE was increased by almost 3-4% through this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I analyze the determinants that explained the growth in productivity of 30 producing companies in the Cuban iron and steel industry during the period 2016-2019. The study contributes to the empirical literature on the factors that explain the economic performance in the Cuban industry, specifically the iron and steel industry, for which there is scarce evidence. The results show that, during this period, this industry is characterized by a decrease in production (-9.1%), due to the decrease in the factors labor and materials and a small increase in Total Factor Productivity (1.3%) and physical capital (0.7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen (LHM) total factor productivity (TFP) indicator has sound theoretical properties, but its decomposition yields indeterminate components of technical change and scale efficiency change that can become infeasible. The current paper decomposes the approximating Bennet indicator, which results in determinate components of technical change, technical efficiency change, scale efficiency change and mix efficiency change that are always feasible. The application focuses on the German dairy-processing sector, an important postfarm supply chain actor. We compute 558 growth rates for the period 2011-2020. The results show that the LHMapproximating Bennet indicator decreases by on average 1.14% p.a., with substantial annual fluctuations. The underlying components of output- and input-oriented technical change also fluctuate substantially, and often conflict. Moreover, output- and input-oriented TFP efficiency change fluctuate moderately on average, which is mainly driven by scale efficiency change and mix efficiency change. The components of technical efficiency change remain relatively stable on average. Indeterminateness is a relevant problem when decomposing the original LHM indicator for the current sample: depending on the specification, the proportion of infeasibilities when decomposing the original LHM indicator ranges between 6.09% and 15.95%. Our proposed determinate decomposition is thus a valuable complement. [EconLit Citations: D24, D25, Q13]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this study, it is aimed to rank the factors affecting the innovation productivity of enterprises. Methodology: The Pythagorean Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, which gives successful results in modelling uncertainty and uses Pythagorean fuzzy sets, is used to rank the factors affecting innovation productivity according to their importance. Findings: In the application part of study firstly, the factors affecting the innovation productivity were determined and as a result of expert evaluations, the steps of the method were applied and the factors were ranked according to their importance. Finally, the most important factors were determined by performing a sensitivity analysis. When the results obtained from the study are examined, it has been determined that the factor of preparing the technology roadmap affects the innovation productivity the most, while the sector and market structure affect the innovation productivity the least among the determined factors. Originality: It is the first study in the literature in which the factors affecting innovation productivity are determined and ranked according to their importance.

Purpose: This study analyzes the impacts of R&D expenditures on economic growth in Türkiye. Methodology: In this study, we explore the impact of R&D expenditure on economic growth in Türkiye. Annual time series from 1990 to 2021 are considered for this research examination based on the data availability. R&D expenditure, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, gross fixed capital formation, labor force, and tertiary ratio variables are used for the analysis and obtained from the World Bank. Based on machine learning, analyses were conducted using the Kernel Regularized Least Square method. Findings: The empirical analysis using KRLS shows that higher spending on research and development leads to a significant boost in economic growth. Furthermore, labor force participation, school enrolment (tertiary) ratio, and gross fixed capital formation are all significantly and positively associated with economic growth in Türkiye. Originality: The contribution of the paper is twofold: (1) it provides new scientific evidence based on the machine learning econometric method, the Kernel Regularized Least Square (KRLS); (2) many papers in the literature have only examined the relationship between R&D expenditures and economic growth, without controlling for other variables. We have used possible control variables such as labor force participation rate, school enrolment (tertiary) ratio, and gross fixed capital formation, which are also linked to economic growth models.

The thrust of this paper is to unravel the role of perceived motivation and workers' productivity in educational sectors. By its objectives, It will show the importance of motivation to employees, It will reveal the strategies likely to motivate employees for better work results. To achieve the purpose of this study, one research question was posed, and one null hypothesis was generated. Survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of seven hundred and ninety-two (792) respondents out of eight thousand one hundred and twelve (8112) administrative staff being the population was randomly selected from this study. The selection was done through the stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to face validation. The reliability estimate of the instrument was established using the Cronbach-Alpha reliability method. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis was the statistical analysis techniques adopted in the study. The hypothesis was subjected to testing at 0.05 level of significance with relative degrees of freedom. The results of the findings revealed that, there is a positive relationship between medical services as motivational factor and workers' productivity. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that management of all educational sectors should ensure that they build a healthy public policy, zero bills, subsided medical services as motivational package for efficient and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated high rate of inflation and adult workers' productivity in Southern senatorial district of Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the stated objectives of the study, four research questions and four research hypotheses were formulated to direct the study. The survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 225 was drawn from the population of 2.250 workers using simple random sampling technique. An instrument titled: High rate of inflation and adult workers' productivity questionnaire (HRIAWPQ). The hypotheses were analyzed using pearson product moment correlation coefficient and tested at 0.05 level of significance and 223 degrees of freedom. It was discovered that rise of food items, rise of fuel price, rise in transportation and rise in manufacture goods significantly relate to workers' productivity. Insecurity in the work place, high inflation rate are powerful factors influencing workers' productivity and performance in their workplace. It was recommended among others that the government should reduce the cost of purchasing power of people by regulating market prices to cushion the effect of buying power of the Naira. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strive for economic sustainability in world economies, most especially Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) in recent time notably see also an unwelcome comeback of the Import-Substitution (IS) trade strategy whose efficacy established overtime has been mixed. Thus, a systematic/meta-narrative review of literature on the appropriateness of the IS trade strategy in absolute terms to world economies, more particularly LDCs in contemporary time and among policy-alternatives, bearing in mind its tenets as well as its implications was carried out. The PRISMA methodology adapted here alongside an exploration of over 100 relevant literature through salient themes aid to present a synopsis of lessons from emerging market economies, and clear-cut submissions in a bid to inform policy directions. Amidst others, this review findings identify resource deficiencies, some time-lag considerations as such that attest the limited applicability of the IS trade strategy in absolute terms, and also emphasize the notion that Developing Economies or LDCs still need give allowance for certain imports, such as capital-goods imports, into their domestic economy for industrial productivity growth. Consequently from the review presented, efforts by LDCs to accommodate Multinational enterprises (MNEs) and or attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to achieve technology transfer must be continually implemented. JEL Classifications: F00, F01 and F10 Keywords: Import-Substitution, Trade, Strategy, Imports, Industrialization, Less-Developed Countries (LDCs), Economic sustainability, INTRODUCTION The strive for economic sustainability in world economies, most especially Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) in these times, even so as such efforts relate to in part the realization of the [...]

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türk Hava Yolları (THY)'nın uluslararası havayolu endüstrisindeki göreceli finansal verimliliğini 2017-2021 yılları arasında değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Çalışmada 2017-2021 döneminde finansal verimlilikteki dalgalanmaların değerlendirilmesi amacıyla Malmquist Verimlilik Endeksi (MVE) yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada Teknik Etkinlik Değişim (TED) ve Teknolojik Etkinlik Değişim (TD) skorları belirlenerek Toplam Faktör Verimlilik Değişim (TFVD) değerleri elde edilmiş ve her bir Karar Verme Birimi (KVB) verimlilik açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: THY’nin, 2017-2021 dönemi boyunca MVE sıralamasında 11. sırada yer aldığı görülmektedir. THY, analiz süresi boyunca ortalama TED>1 puanı elde etmiş, teknik olarak verimli olmuş ve etkin üretim hattını yakalama gücünü artırmayı başarmıştır. Diğer yandan THY’nin, analiz dönemi içerisindeki Covid krizi sürecinde karar alma mekanizmasında uygun yönetsel faaliyetleri ortaya koyduğu ve kaynak israfının önüne geçmeyi başardığı belirlenmiştir. Özgünlük: Bu çalışmanın diğer çalışmalardan farkı THY’nin de aralarında bulunduğu Uluslararası Hava Taşımacılığı Birliği (International Air Transport Association-IATA) üyesi olan 19 havayolu şirketinin verimliliğini Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) tabanlı MVE ile belirlemesidir. Bu çalışmanın orijinal katkısı, THY’nin 19 küresel lider havayolu şirketleri içerisinde göreceli olarak finansal etkinliğini ölçmesidir.

We focus on the extent to which polycentric urban regions can substitute for the agglomeration economies provided by large cities. Building on an open‐source software tool that helps identifying polycentric developments in urban regions, we analyse the spatial structure (in terms of size, dispersion and polycentricity) of 94 regions across 34 European countries and link this to their level of total factor productivity. We find that both more polycentric regions and more dispersed regions are associated with lower productivity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantifies the effect of servicification on productivity using firm-level data from Indonesian manufacturing industries. The empirical strategy employed involves two procedures. The first stage is based on the estimation of productivity from the Cobb-Douglas production function using a semi-parametric method. The second stage involves regressing the derived productivity with servicification, which is proxied by the share of industrial service cost to total input and the share of service revenues to total output. The results show that servification is positively related to productivity. The study also finds evidence of the importance of firm heterogeneity, i.e., foreign ownership and participation in global value chains (GVCs) in boosting productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between environmental regulation and firm productivity has been widely debated but inconsistencies in findings across different studies. Using detailed firm-level micro-data from 2000 to 2007, this paper employs difference-in-difference combined with matching based on entropy balancing method to explore the effect of environmental regulation on firm total factor productivity (TFP) in pulp and paper industry in China. Our main findings are as following: Firstly, stricter environmental regulation, as represented by the Wastewater Discharge Standards for Pulp and Paper Industry in Shandong province, increases firm TFP significantly. Moreover, the coefficients of interest are robust to multiple robustness checks. Secondly, dynamic effects estimates reveal that when faced with this phase-in environmental regulation, firms take the foreseeably increasing strictness into account from the very beginning and prefer to take one-step adjustment to reach full compliance. Thirdly, potential mechanism analysis finds that the positive effect mainly comes from the improvement of resource allocation efficiency within firms. Fourthly, the heterogeneity test indicates that the effect of environmental regulation on firm TFP is heterogeneous across firms with different sizes, ages, ownerships, capital intensity, and export status. Finally, this paper provides convincing and insightful evidence that environmental regulation has the potential to achieve the dual goals of environmental sustainability and economic growth and is thus of broader significance for understanding the enforcement of environmental regulation in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uncovers an inverted U-shaped relationship between firm exit and total factor productivity (TFP) growth using Spanish data. At low levels of firm exit, Schumpeterian cleansing effects dominate and the effect of firm destruction on TFP is positive, but when exit rates are very high, this effect turns negative. In order to rationalize this finding, we build on Asturias et al. (Firm entry and exit and aggregate growth, Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017) and develop a model of firm dynamics with exit spillovers calibrated to match the nonlinearity found in the data. This reduced-form spillover captures amplification effects from very high destruction rates that might force viable firms to exit, for example, due to disruptions in the production network and a generalized contraction in credit supply. Armed with the calibrated model, we perform counterfactual scenarios depending on the severity of the shock to firm's outcomes. We find that when the shock is mild and firm destruction rates at impact are similar to those observed during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), TFP growth increases, and the recovery is faster. However, when the shock is severe and firm exit is well above that of the GFC, TFP growth decreases, since high-efficiency firms are forced out of the market, which makes the recovery much slower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital reallocation between firms is procyclical and leads to variations in measured aggregate productivity. In this paper, we ask how much of the cyclical variation in measured productivity is the consequence of capital reallocation. We build a heterogeneous‐firm model to study the effects of exogenous shocks to total factor productivity (TFP) and to the costs of reallocation. These shocks cause an endogenous cyclicality of measured aggregate productivity. Only a model driven by exogenous TFP shocks is able to generate both data‐consistent cyclical movements in reallocation and sizeable variations in measured aggregate productivity. We find that capital reallocation does not play a major role in amplifying aggregate productivity variations over the business cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The view that war benefits potential output has been influential in treatments of US mobilization for the Second World War, where it has been largely premised on the benefits of learning by doing in producing military durables. If the thesis that war benefits aggregate supply is correct, it is indeed within manufacturing that we should most likely see its effects. Total factor productivity within the sector in fact fell at a rate of −1.4 per cent per year between 1941 and 1948, −3.7 per cent a year between 1941 and 1944, and −5.1 per cent a year between 1941 and 1945. The emphasis on learning by doing has obscured the negative effects of the sudden, radical, and temporary changes in the product mix, the behavioural pathologies accompanying the transition to a shortage economy, and the resource shocks inflicted on the country by the Japanese and Germans. From a long‐run perspective, the war can be seen, ironically, as the beginning of the end of US world economic dominance in manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between common rationality (as a factor of convergence of employees and managers), collective decision-making (as one of the important methods of participation), and productivity (as an important indicator of organizational success). Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to investigate the strength of these relationships. After the distribution of 98 questionnaires among organizational experts we used Smart PLS 2.0 to analyze the data. The results show that the indirect relationship between common rationality and productivity through a mediating variable of collective decision-making is stronger than the direct effect of common rationality on productivity. It means that common rationality as a substantial asset for an organization could be used to improve productivity but if managers want to utilize this asset, they should apply it through another mediator which is collective decision-making. Collective decision-making could facilitate the relationship between common rationality and productivity by creating synergy among employees, reducing biases, increasing decision quality, and reaching the optimal decision. Plain Language Summary: One of the goals that managers and employees of organizations pursue is the issue of productivity because productivity leads to the success of the organization. The basic questions in this field are how to create purposeful participation in practice among the employees of an organization and lead them to participate in decision-making, how to provide the basis for employee participation in decision-making, and what indicators and methods should be used. This article examines the consequences of collective decision-making on productivity in an organization. Due to the high importance and practicality of the issue of collective decision-making and its effect on productivity, a conceptual model of research on this issue was designed and analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results show that common rationality affects productivity through the mediating variable of collective decision-making. Therefore, managers must pay enough attention to collective decision-making to increase productivity in the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the productivity change of the commercial banks in the CEE countries over the post-crisis period 2013–2018. The productivity change is measured by the Malmquist Productivity Index and its sub-components, applying two approaches—the asset-oriented and profit-oriented intermediation approaches. The analysis uses data from a balanced panel of 181 commercial banks in 11 CEE countries. We find that commercial banks' productivity, measured with the asset-oriented intermediation approach, decreased in most of the CEE countries over 2013–2018, with a decline ranging, on average, from 1% to 6.9%, driven mainly by a decline in technical efficiency. Nevertheless, estimates using the profit-intermediation approach point to productivity growth in commercial banks in all CEE countries, ranging, on average, from 0.5% to 6.3%. The empirical findings imply the need for the CEE commercial banks to further digital transformation and cost rationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the determinants of financial crises, previous research focused on developments closely related to financial markets. In contrast, this paper considers changes originating in the real economy as drivers of financial instability. To this end, I assemble a novel data set of long‐run measures of income inequality, productivity, and other macrofinancial indicators for advanced economies. I find that rising top income inequality and low productivity growth are robust predictors of crises, and their slow‐moving trend components largely explain these relations. Moreover, recessions that are preceded by such developments are deeper than recessions without such ex ante trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have proven that the use of waste in the production of clay ceramics is common for achieving the technical performance that is necessary for the application of these by-products. However, it is essential to analyze the feasibility of using these materials in terms of productivity and economic gains, in line with sustainability. The objective of this study is to determine the cost-benefit ratio of using rice husk ash in the production of clay ceramics. The methodological process consisted of a comparative analysis on an industrial scale between the formulation with up to 15% by volume of rice husk ash and the standard formulation previously used by the company. The economic aspects included the costs/consumption of raw materials, transport, and energy. The productivity throughout the process and technical characteristics of the final product were also evaluated. The costs of raw materials showed a financial gain of 7.0%, whereas the productivity analysis revealed that the greatest economic gain was in energy consumption during drying (13%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Uluslararası bir lojistik deponun verimliliğini artırmaya katkı sağlamak için depo dolaşım mesafesini kısaltacak yenilikçi ve etkin bir konumlandırma yönteminin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: 1.239.545 adet ham depo verisi uzman ekiplerin desteği ile analiz edilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Makine öğrenimi algoritmalarının depo konumlarının belirlenmesinde kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Dolaşım hızı ve anahtar değer hesaplamasına dayalı olarak alternatif bir konumlandırma çözümü geliştirilmiştir. Statik olarak beş farklı bölgeye ayrılan sahada uygulamalı testler yapılmıştır. Önerilen yöntemin etkinliği, bilinen konumlandırma yöntemleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Öğrenme algoritmalarının başarı oranları (%54-%64) uzman ekipler tarafından yeterli bulunmamıştır. Geliştirilen çözümde ürünleri doğru yere yerleştirme başarı oranı %90,93 olmuştur. Bir aylık gözlem sonucunda depo giriş çıkış işlemlerinde kat edilen mesafe yaklaşık 880 km kısalmış, depo doluluk oranı %54,07'den %55,68'e yükselmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar önerilen yöntemin etkinliğini göstermektedir. Özgünlük: Depo yerleşim yüzdeleri ve dolaşım mesafelerinde önemli kazanımlar elde edilmiştir. Bilinen diğer yöntemlere göre daha etkili ve yenilikçi bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Bölge sınırı olmayan dinamik, verimli ve başarılı yapısıyla farklı depolarda uygulanabilir özgünlüktedir. Gerçek depo verilerine ve uzman görüşlerine dayalı olarak oluşturulması literatüre eşsiz bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

This conceptual proposal is a state of the art in the field of strategic management of the company with the perspective of building an enlightening line of analysis for the efficient organization of Ecuadorian MSMEs and the region. This is a bibliographical research based on the criteria of Relational Capital, Collaborative Strategies and Risk Coverage. The conclusions reached reveal that these concepts allow business productivity to operate with high competitive criteria in the value chain and, from this perspective, they are a novel contribution to this field of business management and entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: İşletmelerde büyüme ve refahı tehlikeye atmadan üretim ve iş süreçlerinde oluşabilecek olumsuz etkileri azaltmak döngüsel ekonomi uygulamaları ile mümkün olmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı, verimlilik ve sürdürülebilirlik gereği döngüsel ekonominin uygulanabilmesi için gerekli işletme özelliklerini belirleyerek işletmelere önerilerde bulunmaktır. Yöntem: Araştırmada iki turlu Delfi anketi uygulanmıştır. İlk turda literatür taramasından elde edilen maddeler kullanılmış; ikinci turda ise bu maddelere ilave olarak katılımcılar tarafından eklenen yeni önermeler katılımcılara sunulmuştur. Anket grubu akademisyenler ile işletmelerde çevre konusunda çalışan uzmanlardan oluşmaktadır. Bulgular: Araştırma sonuçlarına göre uzmanlar, 11 madde dışında diğer maddeler üzerinde uzlaşmışlar ve 8 maddede ise mükemmel ölçüde uzlaşı sağlamışlardır. Mükemmel uzlaşı sağlanan maddeler şunlardır: Geri kazanımı kolaylaştıran ürünler tasarlanması, su kullanımının azaltılması, enerji kullanımının azaltılması, operasyonların neden olduğu çevresel etkilerin azaltılması, emisyon miktarının azaltılması, tehlikeli ürünlerin kullanımının azaltılması ya da bırakılması, üst yönetimin döngüsel ekonomiyi desteklemesi ve yerel yönetimlerle çevre konusunda iş birliği yapılmasıdır. Özgünlük: Türkiye'de döngüsel ekonomi kapsamında işletme özelliklerinin belirlendiği ilk çalışma olması bu araştırmanın literatüre katkısını ve özgün değerini ortaya koymaktadır.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Web of Science (WoS) veri tabanında 2021 yılı sonuna kadar yayınlanmış Sosyal Bilimler İndeksinde (SSCI) yer alan dergilerdeki döngüsel ekonomi ve verimlilik konularının birlikte ele alındığı makalelerin sistematik bir taramasının yapılması ve araştırma boşluklarının ortaya konmasıdır. Yöntem: Tarama ile elde edilen makalelerin VOSviewer Programı yardımıyla tanımlayıcı istatistikleri oluşturulmuş ve makaleler konu, amaç ve katkıları itibariyle detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Makalelerin yazarları, yazarların konuyu çalışma sıklığı ve atıf sayısı dikkate alındığında döngüsel ekonomi ve verimlilik ikilisinin sosyal bilimlerde yoğunlaşılan bir araştırma alanı olarak görülmediği bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Döngüsel ekonomi uygulamaları, döngüsel iş modellerinin ekonomik faydaları, kaynak verimliliği ve enerji verimliliği konularına yoğunlaşıldığı; döngüsel ekonomi uygulamalarında dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar ve oluşabilecek engeller, eko-yenilikler, tedarik zincirleri, endüstri 4.0 ve dijitalleşme gibi konuların sınırlı düzeyde araştırıldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Özgünlük: Sosyal bilimler kapsamında döngüsel ekonomi ve verimlilik konularını birlikte ele alan araştırmalarla ilgili bir literatür taraması bulunmamaktadır. Çalışmayla, döngüsel ekonomi ve verimlilik konularında yoğunlaşılan alanlar ve araştırma boşluklarının tespit edilmesi, özellikle hangi alt alanlarda yeni araştırmalar yapılabileceğinin vurgulanması yönüyle literatüre katkı sağlanması beklenmektedir.

Amaç: İşletmeler açısından önemli verimlilik fırsatları yaratan döngüsel ekonomi modeline geçişe yönelik, kurumlarda engel oluşturan örgütsel atalet kavramının boyutlarının öncelik sırasını belirleyerek hangi boyutun değişime daha fazla direnç oluşturduğunu tespit etmektir. Yöntem: Çalışmada Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) kullanılmıştır. Veriler, en az on yıldır aynı görevi yürüten, döngüsel modele tereddütle yaklaşan 5 ve döngüsel modele geçiş yapmak üzere olan 5 olmak üzere, toplam 10 işletmenin yöneticisi/lideri (uzman) yardımıyla toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Döngüsel ekonomiye geçişte en önemli atalet boyutunun psikolojik atalet (0,45) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuç değişime direncin odağında çalışanların olduğunu göstermektedir. Sezgisel atalet alt boyutunda ‘değişim için yeni kavramları incelemeyi ve öğrenmeyi denememe.’ (0,33); Eylem ataleti alt boyutunda ‘sorun çözme şeklini değiştirmek için öneri kabul etmeme.’ (0,33); Psikolojik atalet alt boyutunda ‘işletmedeki herhangi bir değişiklikte çalışanların tehdit altında hissetmesi.’ (0,40) ifadeleri öne çıkarken, genel sıralamada ‘çalışanların mevcut süreçleri sevmesi ve değiştirilmesini istememesi.’ (0,15) ilk sırada yer almıştır. Özgünlük: Elde edilen bulguların, örgütsel atalet hakkında teorik ve ampirik bilgi sunması beklenmektedir. Ayrıca işletmelerin kendi atalet yapılarını ve döngüsellik değerlerini sorgulamaları açısından bir bakış açısı sunarak, genel sürdürülebilirlik gündemlerini geliştirmek, bütünsel stratejiler ve çözümler oluşturmak için önemli ipuçları sağlanabilecektir. Bu yolla işletmelerin daha verimli bir iş sürecine kavuşmalarına katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir.

Background This study aims to analyze the health resource allocation efficiency in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2018 and provide other countries with China's experience. Methods We used the super efficiency slack based model (SBM) model and Malmquist index to analyze the super efficiency and inter-period efficiency of health resource allocation in 19 cities in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2018 and propose the input-output optimization scheme of health resource allocation in 2018. Finally, the Tobit model was used to estimate the influencing factors of health resource allocation efficiency. Results The total allocation of health resources in Sichuan Province was increasing in addition to the total number of visits from 2010 to 2018. The super efficiency SBM results identified that the sample's average score was between 0.651 and 3.244, with an average of 1.041, of which 15 cities had not reached data envelopment analysis effectiveness. According to the Malmquist index, the average total factor productivity index of Sichuan Province was 0.930, which showed an imbalance in resource input, and its fluctuation was mainly related to the technological progress index and scale efficiency. The efficiency score was affected by the average annual income of residents, population density and education level. Conclusions The amount of health resource allocation in Sichuan Province had shown an overall upward trend since 2010. However, resource allocation efficiency was not high, and there were problems such as significant regional differences, insufficient technological innovation capabilities and unscientific allocation of resource scale. To optimize the resource allocation structure, we suggest that the relevant departments pay attention to the impact of natural disasters, the average annual income of residents, population density and education level on efficiency to allocate health resources scientifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Within the two-tier bargaining system, the role of complementary collective bargaining is somewhat controversial. In this paper, the authors analyse collective agreements from a triple perspective: scanning the contents of firm-level complementary collective agreements (CCAs); identifying the factors that determine the probability of signing a CCA and analysing the relationship between the latter and firm performance with a focus on the role of different negotiated topics. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical procedure is based on 2 main linked sources: longitudinal balance sheet data and a cross-sectional dataset of a representative sample of Italian firms with at least 15 employees, including some retrospective information. The innovative dataset derives from integrating multiple sources. The main empirical approaches include Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations, multivariate regressions, as well as instrumental variable (IV) estimations to overcome simultaneity issues. Findings: With respect to the probability of signing a CCA, on the firms' side, the authors find a positive role of the degree of firm capitalisation and affiliation with an employers' association and a negative role of family firms compared to non-family firms; on the workers' side, a positive role of the workers' unionisation rate and a positive but differentiated weight of workers' union representations and industrial conflicts. With regard to firm performance, the authors' estimates suggest that signing a CCA is associated with an average increase of 3% in total factor productivity (TFP) and 7.8% in labour productivity. By investigating the contents of the complementarity agreements, the authors show that bargaining a wider range of topics implies advantages that are not homogenous, benefitting more efficient firms. Moreover, the authors find a specific positive and significant role for three main interacting issues: economic incentives, organisation and employment. Research limitations/implications: The cross-sectional structure of the data on bargaining practices prevents detecting causal relationships due to either potential common driver(s) of both the target variables (firm performance) and bargaining practices (simultaneity bias) and unobservable time-invariant firm-level characteristics (heterogeneity bias). Practical implications: According to the authors' results, policymakers should operate along four fiscal channels to spur the efficiency of firms, via CCA. First, tax incentives stimulate higher firm capitalisation, as this seems to be a CCA-favouring factor. Second, deduction in taxable income for union members, which should led to higher membership rates, hence raising the likelihood of obtaining a CCA. Third, incentives aimed at directly promoting the greater diffusion of CCAs as a source of improved performance. Fourth, fiscal tools aimed at favouring the negotiation of either specific contents or "bundles" of contents, which the authors' estimates show as an additional performance-enhancing tool of CCA practices. Originality/value: The conceptualisation of the contents of CCA as organisational investments and the whole probability function of signing a CCA are quite innovative. Moreover, the econometric strategy takes account of several potential sources of bias when estimating the relevant coefficients at each stage, which is currently not fully considered in the literature. Finally, this is the first study to shed light on both the diverse outcomes associated with different negotiated topics (in terms of quantity and quality) and the distinction between short and medium-long term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Amaç: Yapılan çalışmada, raylı ulaşım sistemlerinde kullanılan bakım yöntemlerini verimlilik açısından değerlendirebilmek için literatürdeki çalışmalar, raylı sistemler verimlilik hesaplama kriterleri incelenerek çok kriterli karar verme metotları (ÇKKV) ile önceliklendirme yapılması amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: Bakımın verimlilik üzerindeki etkisi belirlenmiş, uygulanan bakım metotları ve bakım metotlarının ulaşım verimliliğini etkilediği kriterler belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen kriterler ÇKKV metotları ile hesaplanmıştır.Bulgular: Çalışmamızda, bakımın arıza oluşumu ilişkisi nedeniyle verimliliği etkilediği ve verimliliği etkileyen 10 ayrı bakım kriteri olduğu, AHP uygulaması sonucunda, 10 kriter arasında %23,96 etki ağırlığı ile bakım maliyetinin en yüksek etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. PROMETHEE uygulamasında, tercih edilmesi gereken bakım yöntemleri olarak izleme yöntemi ile bakımın 0,8634 ortalama akım değeri ile ilk sıradaki yöntem olduğu, bu yöntemi aktif bakım (0,2437), periyodik bakım (0,1377), önleyici bakım (0,0685) ve fırsat bakım (0,0396) uygulamalarının takip ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Negatif yönlü ortalama akım değerine sahip operatör bakımı (-0,4353), yerinde bakım (-0,4549) ve düzeltici bakım (-0,4627) uygulamalarının tercih önceliği bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir.Özgünlük: Çalışmada PROMETHEE uygulamasının, raylı ulaşım sistemlerinde kullanılan bakım yöntemlerinin verimliliği üzerinde kullanılmadığı görülmüştür. Çalışmanın raylı ulaşım sistemlerinde verimliliği etkileyen diğer başlıklar üzerinde uygulanabileceği ve literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) tarafından oluşturulan ve “Üniversitelerin Alan Bazlı Yetkinlik Analizi” çalışması esas alınarak, Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi için anabilim dalı ve öğretim üyesi yetkinlik analizlerinin yapılması amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: Çalışma kapsamında, yayın, atıf ve projelere ilişkin veriler için 2018-2020 dönemi baz alınmıştır. Göstergelere ilişkin veriler, WOS ve Scopus veri tabanı, Incites ve SciVal vasıtasıyla temin edilmiştir. Ayrıca fakültedeki tüm öğretim üyelerinin faaliyetleri çalışma verilerine dâhil edilmiştir. Öğretim üyeleri ve anabilim dalları için göstergeler tanımlanarak Anabilim Dalı Hacim ve Kalite Göstergeleri ile Öğretim Üyesi Hacim ve Kalite Göstergeleri için kriterler oluşturulmuştur.Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda diş hekimliği fakültesi akademik yetkinlik grafikleri oluşturulmuştur. Düşük hacim ve düşük kaliteden, yüksek hacim ve yüksek kaliteye kadar olan anabilim dalları ve öğretim üyelerine ilişkin gruplar elde edilmiştir.Özgünlük: Bu çalışma ile bütün üniversitelerde kullanılabilecek basit ve efektif anabilim Dalı ve öğretim Üyesi Yetkinlik analiz yöntemi oluşturulmuştur.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı farklı vardiyalarda çalışmakta olan hemşirelerin verimlilik tutumlarının farklı vardiyalarda çalışma durumlarına ve diğer bağımsız değişkenlere göre değişip değişmediğini araştırmaktır.Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışmaya ABC Üniversitesi Hastanesinde çalışan toplam 176 hemşire dâhil edilmiştir. Tanımlayıcı bilgi formu ile Verimliliğe İlişkin Tutum Ölçeğini içeren veri toplama aracı gerekli izinler alındıktan sonra gece ve gündüz vardiyalarında çalışan hemşirelere ulaştırılmış ve çalışmaya katılmaya gönüllü olan hemşireler tarafından doldurulmuştur. Doldurulan anketler bilgisayar ortamına aktarıldıktan sonra tanımlayıcı istatistikler (yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma) ile parametrik (bağımsız gruplarda t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi) ve parametrik olmayan (Mann Whitney U Analizi ve Kruskall Wallis) karşılaştırma analizleri kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Sabit ve vardiyalı çalışma durumlarına göre Verimliliğe İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği’nin Mesleğe Bağlılık ve Ödüllendirme alt boyutlarında gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olduğu saptanmıştır (p

Purpose: Globally taken similar measures to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in the supply and demand schedules and increase in uncertainty. The shock of this pandemic has forced many firms to take new actions and make new business decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the heterogeneity of the production, employment and policy decisions taken by the firms against the pandemic across productivity distribution.Methdology: For this purpose, pandemic specific survey responses of a representative panel of 1207 Turkish manufacturing firms matched with pre-pandemic tendency survey responses and administrative data and cross sectional models are employed.Findings: Estimation results show that productive firms of the Turkish manufacturing sector have taken firmer stance against the devastating economic impact of the pandemic at the initial wave. They are more likely to continue the production and less likely to reduce the employment and to benefit from government supports.Originality: This study uses unique firm-level dataset that enable to investigate the effects of the pandemic and mitigation policies on firms using representative survey data for Turkish manufacturing sector. This will contribute to the existing narrow empirical literature on the impact of COVID-19 on manufacturing firms by providing new evidence on a large developing country, Türkiye, based on representative firm-level dataset.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada özelleştirme programına alınan Türkiye elektrik dağıtım şirketleri performansının etkinlik ve verimlilik açısından incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Yöntem: Veri zarflama analizi ve Malmquist Toplam Faktör Verimliliği İndeksi kullanılarak etkinlik ve verimlilik analizi yapılmıştır. Etkinlik ölçümünde, ölçeğe göre sabit getiriyi dikkate alan girdi odaklı CCR modeli ve ölçeğe göre değişen getiriyi dikkate alan girdi odaklı BCC modelleri denenmiştir. Malmquist Toplam Faktör Verimliliği İndeksi ile ilgili dönemde toplam faktör verimliliklerindeki değişme ve bu değişimin kaynakları açıklanmıştır. Bulgular: Verimlilik 2013 yılında en düşük, 2016 yılında ise en yüksek seviyeyedir. En büyük toplam faktör verimliliği artışı 2013-2014, düşüşü ise 2014-2015 döneminde gerçekleşmiştir. Sektörün bir bütün olarak toplam faktör verimliliği artışı yıllık ortalama %10,5’tir. Çalışma sonuçları, karar birimlerinin etkinsiz çalıştığını ve dağıtım şirketlerinin hizmet verdikleri bölgelerdeki refah düzeyi farklılıklarının etkinlik üzerinde belirgin bir etkisi bulunmadığını göstermektedir. Özgünlük: Çalışmada elektrik dağıtım şirketlerininn hem etkinlik hem de verimlikleri 2012-2018 dönemi için incelemiştir. Enerji sektörünün önemi sebebiyle bu konu araştırılmaya değer görülmüştür. Çalışma bu nedenlerle özgün nitelik taşımaktadır.

Transport policy boosts agricultural production and productivity in developing countries like Ethiopia. It increases timely mobility of agricultural inputs that result in a better information diffusion and technology transfer from points of origin to points of utilization and high level of adoption of modern agricultural inputs. This paper examines the effect of transport policy, road, and transport and communication infrastructures on agricultural productivity and production using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test for co-integration during the period of 1991 to 2018. The result indicates that the transport policy has a more significant effect on agricultural productivity and production as compared to the base scenario. The model results reveal the existence of significant and positive impact of transport policy, road, and transport and communication on agricultural production and productivity in the long run, but no such effect in the short-run. The results identify the existence of significant unidirectional causality running from agricultural production and productivity to road construction, and transport and communication development for all lagged years. There is no causality running from expansion of road construction to agricultural output growth with the one-three years time lagged. The long-run impact of infrastructure development on agricultural production and productivity is observed with the four and five years time lagged in this study. The long-run effects of road, and transport and communication on agricultural production and productivity can only be manifested with a time lag of four and five years. The government has some time buffer to put proper transport policies into action, and to invest into the road, transport and communication infrastructure in order to increase agricultural production and productivity. This is important findings that have imperative policy implications for government that transport policies could increase road accesses and connectivity to major road networks, movement of agricultural products and industrial raw materials from production/surplus areas to market places/deficit areas. Finally, implementation of transport policies along with agricultural policies could ensure a more significant effect on agricultural productivity and production since agricultural growth and infrastructural development reinforce each other as evidenced by the results of this study. JEL Classifications: C15, C32, L91, L98, Q11, R48 Keywords: Transport policy, Road, Transport and communication, Agricultural productivity and production, Ethiopia, INTRODUCTION Transport policy consists of three instruments such as infrastructure investments, price instruments, and regulations. Infrastructure investments involve constructing new transport infrastructures (i.e., roads, railways, airports, etc.), improving existing networks [...]

This paper investigated the performance of Malaysian power plants from the year 2015 to 2017 using Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index, which is based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This approach offers substantial advantages as compared to other existing methods as it can measure productivity changes over time for a variety of inputs and outputs. Moreover, it comprises two primary components: the technical efficiency change and the technological change indexes that provide clearer insight into the factors that are responsible for shifts in total factor productivity. This study uses a single input, installed generation capacity (MW), and two outputs, average thermal efficiency (%) and average equivalent availability factor (%). These output-input data included ten main power plants: TNB Natural Gas, SESB Natural Gas, SESB Diesel, SEB Natural Gas, SEB Coal, SEB Diesel, IPP Semenanjung Natural Gas, IPP Semenanjung Coal, IPP Sabah Natural Gas, and IPP Sabah Diesel. The results have two significant implications for fossil fuel power plants in Malaysia. First, technological change was the primary factor in boosting the TFP performance of the fossil fuel power plants in Malaysia. Meanwhile, the decline in TFP performance in Malaysian fossil fuel power plants may be attributed, in part, to a lack of innovation in technical components as the results found that the average technical efficiency changes in 2015 - 2016 were at 146% and then dropped significantly to 2% in 2016 - 2017. Second, the average scale efficiency changes rose dramatically from -53% to 3% providing a significant contribution to the improvement of technical efficiency changes. The fossil fuel power plants become efficient as the power plants' size increases. This indicates that the size of a power plant positively impacts the performance of the TFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to study the growth of productivity in the service sector in the former Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and their determinants. For this purpose, non-parametric frontier techniques were used to measure the variations in productivity and determine the explanatory factors of these changes in total factor productivity; the methodology of the Malmquist index with output orientation and its decomposition in technical change, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency was used for the period 2000–2019. The results obtained indicate that the productivity of services in the most recently incorporated countries grew by 1.3 per 100 on average per year compared to 1.6 per 100 in manufacturing. The most important driver of such growth was found to be improvement in technical change (frontier shift) rather than improvement in efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]