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By analysing the childcaring experiences of female skilled workers from South Korea (hereafter, Korea) in Germany, this paper maintains that the challenges in labour market participation for highly skilled women, and especially those with children, should be understood in the context of their encounters with similar and different care and employment regimes between their home and host countries. On the theoretical level, this research confirms the argument that the migration of highly skilled workers should be contextualized not from a neoclassical perspective in which the maximization of economic profits takes priority, but from an institutional point of view in which social and cultural norms, practices, and policies in both the home and host societies are taken into consideration. Specifically, through a series of in-depth interviews conducted with skilled female migrants from Korea, this paper highlights the significance of taking the function of similar and different caring and employment regimes into account in explaining the challenges faced by highly skilled migrant women in labour market participation. On the empirical level, this paper sheds light on the migration experiences of skilled women from Asia as well as the (dis)integration processes of newcomers from third-national countries in Germany, with a focus on female migrants from Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have examined adolescent sexual behaviors by family immigration status, but most of these failed to account for heterogeneity within youths’ multicultural backgrounds. To fill this gap in the literature, this paper draws data from the 2011 to 2022 rounds of the Korean Youth’s Risk Behavior Survey (N  =  769,160) and compares the likelihood of sexual intercourse across four groups of adolescents. Results from logistic regression indicate that the odds of having sexual contact increased 2.8 times for youths with a non-Korean father and Korean mother, compared with those from families with two Korean parents. When both father and mother are foreign-born, the odds of being sexually active increased 4.7 times. In both cases, the discrepancies might be primarily associated with the foreign fathers’ lack of socioeconomic resources. Therefore, the father’s role deserves more examination, and sex education in schools should be tailored to reflect multicultural adolescents’ needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A direct quotation is commonly expected to be an exact replication of a statement by its source, but studies have shown otherwise. When it is translated from another language, there is even greater room for manipulation or distortion of the original message. This paper explores how news organizations apply translation-mediated framing to direct quotations in order to suit their ideological positions. It focuses on identifying and exploring strategies employed by two sets of ideologically opposed newspapers in South Korea. Through an analysis of translated direct quotations taken from US President Donald Trump's remarks at a press conference following a summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, the study identified three types of ideological strategies: framing through topic selection, lexical framing, and narrative framing. It also found that they were used in congruity with the institutional ideology of the newspapers, which resulted in subtle departures in meaning and connotation from the original message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This conceptual paper aims to explore under what conditions multinational companies (MNCs) are more likely to internationalize through externalization modes. Design/methodology/approach: This paper complements previous studies by proposing three industry-specific factors that affect MNCs' decision for externalization. It then applies this framework to the case of Korean MNCs' strategic choice when entering the Chinese film market which is highly regulated by the government, to illustrate how such a framework works in practice. Findings: This paper suggests that MNCs are more likely to choose externalization entry modes under the three industry conditions: when the business grows fast, when there are best practices of industry standard and when the business requires multi-competence. It also shows that the three conditions explain well the growing Korea–China co-productions in the Chinese film market. Practical implications: This paper provides useful implications for the government's regulatory effectiveness. The protectionist policies of the host government are valid only in an industry where the three conditions are met, as they increase the possibility of domestic firms' participation by encouraging foreign MNCs to shift their entry mode from sole venture toward alliances with domestic firms. Originality/value: This paper enriches the entry-mode research by indicating that MNCs' externalization decisions need to consider these industry-specific factors. In addition, it also contributes to the understanding on why some countries maintain their high attractiveness for foreign MNCs, whereas other countries do not, given the similar level of restrictive government regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Streptococcus pneumoniae has been one of the most common bacterial causes of disease in humans, its impact has been blunted by the broad use of vaccines. Since 2018, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in Korea decreased with effective pneumococcal vaccines but is on the rise again recently. In this paper I will review the epidemiology, risk factors, and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine in Korean adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic fungi occupy inner plant tissues, which results in various interactions between the fungus and host. Studies on endophytic fungi have been conducted in Korea for over 30 years. This paper summarizes the published results of those studies. The endophytic fungi of approximately 132 plant species in Korea have been studied since the 1990s, resulting in over 118 publications. The host plants featured in these studies comprised 3 species of mosses, 34 species of woody plants, and 95 species of herbaceous plants. At the family level, the most studied plants were members of the Poaceae family, covering 18 species. Regionally, these studies were conducted throughout Korea, but over half of the studies were conducted in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gangwon-do, and Chungcheongnam-do. Relatively few studies have been conducted in a metropolis such as Seoul. We confirmed 5 phyla, 16 classes, 49 orders, 135 families, 305 genera, and 855 taxa of endophytic fungi, excluding Incertae sedis, whose relationship with others are unknown. Most of the endophytic fungi belonged to Ascomycota (93.2%), and a few belonged to Basidiomycota (3.6%). Since the diversity of endophytic fungi differs depending on the host plant, plant tissue, and distribution region, future studies should be conducted on multiple host plants and in various regions. Future studies on endophytic fungi are expected to broaden, including genomics and taxonomic and ecological studies of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rogoff predicted that the U.S. dollar will depreciate and that exchange rate volatility will return. The coronavirus crisis has also roiled the world economy. This paper investigates the exposure of French and Korean firm stock returns to exchange rate appreciations and the pandemic. Both France and Korea are major exporters, but Korea has managed the crisis better than France. The results indicate that Korean firms have come through the pandemic better than French firms. The findings also indicate that the Korean economy is less exposed to appreciations than the French economy. This paper concludes with suggestions to increase firms' resilience to these shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to shed light on the environmental impacts of energy decisions in South Korea by analyzing the correlation between energy consumption patterns and environmental indicators such as carbon dioxide emissions. In 2021, global CO2 emissions increased by 6%—to the highest ever level of 36.3 billion tons—according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). This increase in CO2 emissions is a big problem for all countries around the world. The aim of this article is an analyze the impact of fossil fuels, renewable energy, and nuclear energy on South Korea's environment based on the STIRPAT (stochastic impact by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model. Exploring the intricate nexus between economic and energy indicators and environmental outcomes, this study employs the STIRPAT model to analyze the influence of GDP, population dynamics, fossil fuels, renewable energy, and nuclear energy on South Korea's environment. The yearly data from 1972 to 2021 are analyzed in this paper using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The reliability of this study is also examined by employing FMOLS (fully modified ordinary least squares) and CCR (canonical cointegrating regression) estimators. This study confirms the findings of previous research by showing that the rising South Korea GDP and population can lead to higher CO2 emissions and that a strategy switching to renewable energy can cut down on CO2 emissions in Korea, as it exhibits a coefficient of −0.085 *. The robustness results of FMOLS and CCR's findings support baseline ARDL findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although adult immunization is different from children’s, vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) for adults are significant in that they are more severe and cause more deaths than VPDs for children. Additionally, the emergence of new vaccines and an increase in the elderly population are increasing demands for policy support for adult vaccination. Accordingly, in this paper, I will look at the characteristics of adult immunization, policies that have been implemented in Korea, and considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of the news-based policy uncertainty measure, a few studies have looked at its impact on trade flows by using panel models and aggregate trade data. In this paper we consider the short-run and long-run response of 61 2-digit U.S. exporting industries to Korea and 49 2-digit Korean exporting industries to the U.S. to policy uncertainty measures of the U.S. and Korea. We find that both measures have short-run effects on exports of almost one-third of industries in either direction. In the long run, however, while nine U.S. exporting industries (with a trade share of 9%) are negatively affected by the Korean uncertainty measure, only five industries (with 6% export share) are affected by the U.S. uncertainty measure. As for the Korean exporting industries, we find that three industries with a 31% export share are affected positively by the Korean uncertainty measure and six industries with a 7% export share are affected positively by the U.S. uncertainty measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluctuation of vegetable prices in recent years underscores the need to identify contributing factors and develop effective policies. In order to examine the factors affecting the fluctuation of vegetable prices, this paper uses a structural model constructed by demand, supply, import, and export functions to decompose price variance, and also performs a numerical simulation to generalize the results. We studied the Korean vegetable market, and selected cabbage, radish, dried red pepper, garlic, and onion as research objects. The results indicates that variability of domestic production is the primary factor that influences price fluctuations in the Korean vegetable market. In contrast, our analysis revealed that demand, import, and export had a limited impact on price fluctuations in the Korean vegetable market, except for dried red pepper and onion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the most common causes of acute respiratory tract infections in young children and the elderly. Infants and young children aged <2 years and the elderly are at particular risk of severe infections requiring hospitalization. This narrative review summarizes the epidemiology of RSV infection in Korea, with a particular focus on infants and the elderly, where possible, and highlights the need for effective vaccinations against RSV. Relevant papers were identified from a search of PubMed up to December 2021. RSV infection is associated with a significant burden of illness in infants and the elderly worldwide and accounts for a substantial number of hospital admissions due to severe lower respiratory tract infections in both of these age groups in Korea. Vaccination has the potential to reduce the burden of acute RSV-associated disease and long-term consequences such as asthma. Increased understanding of the immune response to RSV, including mucosal immunity, and the innate and adaptive immune responses is needed. Technological advances in vaccine platforms could provide better approaches for achieving a safe and effective vaccine-induced immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus pandemic has fundamentally shifted the way human beings interact, both as individuals and groups, in the face of such a widespread outbreak. This paper seeks to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on intergroup emotions and attitudes within an intractable intergroup conflict, specifically, through the lens of the Korean conflict. Using a two-wave, cross-sectional design, this study was able to track the profound psychological changes in intergroup emotions and attitudes both prior to the pandemic and during its onslaught. Results of these two wave representative samples show that South Korean citizens demonstrated higher levels of fear of their neighbors in North Korea after the outbreak of COVID-19 than before. In turn, this led to increased societal support of hostile government policies towards North Koreans. Conversely, the same participants exhibited higher levels of empathy towards North Koreans during the pandemic, which led to a higher willingness to collaborate with their outgroup. This dual effect on intergroup emotions within intractable conflicts brings forth new avenues from which societies may be able to restrain the destructive influence of the COVID-19 threat on intergroup relations — as well as harvesting its constructive potential for reconciling warring intergroup relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the taxonomy of three East Asian Nola Leach, 1815 taxa, N. costimacula Staudinger, 1887, N. japonibia (Strand, 1920) and N. innocua Butler, 1880. We describe a new species N. galliphaga sp. nov. from Japan and South Korea and synonymize N. japonibia syn. nov. with N. costimacula. Type specimens, additional adults, and their genitalia are illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In predicting energy consumption, classic econometric and statistical models are used to forecast energy consumption. These models may have limitations in an increasingly fast-changing energy market, which requires big data analysis of energy consumption patterns and relevant variables using complex mathematical tools. In current literature, there are minimal comparison studies reviewing machine learning algorithms to predict energy consumption in Korea. To bridge this gap, this paper compared three different machine learning algorithms, namely the Random Forest (RF) model, XGBoost (XGB) model, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. These algorithms were applied in Period 1 (prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic) and Period 2 (after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic). Period 1 was characterized by an upward trend in energy consumption, while Period 2 showed a reduction in energy consumption. LSTM performed best in its prediction power specifically in Period 1, and RF outperformed the other models in Period 2. Findings, therefore, suggested the applicability of machine learning to forecast energy consumption and also demonstrated that traditional econometric approaches may outperform machine learning when there is less unknown irregularity in the time series, but machine learning can work better with unexpected irregular time series data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to encourage physicians to work in medically-underserved areas, it is imperative to provide financial incentives and appropriate supportive systems. This paper reviews the concept of medically-underserved areas in Korea is well-established with reasonable criteria and that the budget and the policy direction of the manpower support are effective. Current Concepts: Some recommendations may be needed to expand the supportive policy for medically-underserved areas. First, the selection criteria for medically-underserved areas should be revised and the evaluation index improved. Second, it is imperative to secure consistency in the legal system by containing overall contents on the definition, criteria, designation procedure, and support matters of medically-underserved areas through the revision of the Public Health and Medical Service Act. This consistency may designate and support medically-underserved areas according to the subject and type through health care resources distribution and condition at the national level. Third, an integrated regional medical service plan should be prepared through the construction of an inter-medical institution cooperation system, effort, and cooperation among parties having diverse interests. Fourth, the incentive system should be improved to secure medical personnel in medically-underserved areas. Fifth, the introduction of untact medical services and related governmental support to the area having insufficient medical personnel is needed. Discussion and Conclusion: The Korean government should seek new supportive measures and models for physicians to continue working in medically-underserved areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explain why the Korean electoral reform to a partial compensatory electoral system failed to produce a fairer representation in the 2020 National Assembly election. It focuses on the collective split-voting strategy with which major parties can manipulate an electoral loophole inherent in an MMP system to rationally maximize their number of seats in the Assembly. During the campaign the two major political parties, the Democratic Party and United Future Party, launched their clone parties and mobilized supporters to collectively cast a split-ticket voting. And this made the two votes independently counted and led to over-representation of the major parties at least in the PR tier. As a result, the collective split-voting strategy converted the seat allocation process under a partial MMP system into an MMM-like system. With hypothetical simulations and the scrutiny of actual electoral outcomes, this paper explains how the collective split-voting strategy worked in the election and shows it may undermine the legitimacy of a newly adopted electoral system in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper is a critical review of the descriptive phenomenological methodology in Korean nursing research. We propose constructive suggestions for the improvement of descriptive phenomenological methodology in light of Husserl's phenomenological approaches. Methods: Using the keywords of 'phenomenology' 'experience' and 'nursing' we identify and analyze 64 Korean empirical phenomenological studies (selected from 282 studies) published in 14 Korean nursing journals from 2005 to 2018. The PubMed and the Korea Citation Index were used to identify the studies. Results: Our analysis shows that all the reviewed articles used Giorgi's or Colaizzi's scientific phenomenological methodology without critical attention to Husserl's philosophical phenomenological principles. Conclusion: The use of scientific phenomenology in nursing research, which originated in North America, has become a global phenomenon, and Korean phenomenological nursing research has faithfully followed this scholarly trend. This paper argues that greater integration of Husserlian phenomenological principles into scientific phenomenological methodology in nursing research, such as participant-centered bracketing and eidetic reduction, is needed to ensure that scientific phenomenology lives up to its promise as a research methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will present how the preservice elementary teacher education institutions have changed, what has become the qualification of teachers, and what is the hiring system. The development process of elementary teacher education institutions in Korea can be classified into four stages. The earliest national training for elementary school teachers started after World War II and continued both during and after the Korean War. From 1951 until 1961, elementary school teachers were required to have completed secondary school. However, from 1962 through to 1980, teachers needed to have completed high school and then be trained in two-year colleges. Finally, starting in 1982, elementary teachers began being trained in four-year universities. From this time, graduate schools began to be founded in national universities to focus on education and to both prepare preservice elementary school teachers to promote inservice teacher professionalism. Currently, there are 13 elementary teacher education institutions in Korea. This paper provides an overview about how science education courses are taught in these institutions and explains the pathways to becoming an elementary school teacher in Korea. Based on this historical review of the elementary teacher education system in Korea, I discuss future directions for continued research and development in primary education, especially in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the services global value chain activities in Korea using the TiVA (Trade in Value-Added) database and firm-level data. The results indicate that Korea's services sector has been expanding gradually, with its value-added share increasing from nearly 50 per cent during the 1990s to 60 per cent in the 2010s. Another major finding is the noticeable rise in the employment share of the services sector over the last few years. Furthermore, firm-level analysis shows that Korean firms with service affiliates in foreign countries perform much better in terms of productivity and employment as compared to those without such affiliates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets up a new Keynesian model with external habit to explore the role of each shock over business cycles in Korea. The estimated model via maximum likelihood shows that the productivity shock plays a pivotal role in explaining the output variations before and after the financial crisis since mid-1970s. It also shows that the model with external habit is more successful in explaining the business cycles in Korea after the Asian financial crisis than the model without habit. The monetary policy shock which dominates by accounting for more than 70 percent of the unconditional variance of the inflation rate before the financial crisis is less important in the inflation rate fluctuations after the financial crisis. This partly reflects the regime change of the monetary policy to the inflation targeting rule after the financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to integrate stakeholder and international business (IB) theories to explore the relationship between the international diversification of emerging-market multinational corporations (EMNCs) and corporate social performance (CSP) in their home markets. While the IB literature generally assumes a positive effect from international diversification on CSP as a result of global learning, the study aims at investigating the complicated effects in the link to the stakeholder theory. Design/methodology/approach: This paper used combined sources of public survey data (corporate social responsibility (CSR) of the Korean firms) and archival data (foreign direct investment and corporate data). A truncated regression is used for statistical model. Findings: International diversification helps MNCs to enhance CSP in their home countries. Thus, EMNCs can develop CSR capabilities at the global level, thereby benefiting domestic stakeholders. Also, significant investment in domestic research and development (R&D) and advertising negatively moderates the relationship between international diversification and domestic CSP. In this regard, expanding R&D and advertising facilitates global competitiveness. Moreover, as international diversification increases, EMNCs may redirect resources and re-orient CSR policies toward foreign stakeholders. Consequently, the relationship between international diversification and domestic CSP weaken. Practical implications: Acceleration in international diversification may weaken domestic CSP, which arises from transformation into the global enterprises. Originality/value: The study highlights the difficulties of EMNCs in serving domestic stakeholders effectively when their businesses are increasingly internationalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India and the Republic of Korea (ROK) are on the path to forging deeper economic cooperation. Both countries signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership in 2009, which was in effect in 2010, and agreed to reduce and/or eliminate tariffs on goods. In this paper, we examine the sectors—both merchandise goods and services—where India and the ROK have a comparative advantage. We analyze the tariffs and non-tariff measures in the context of India–ROK trade and the gains from trade that can result from a reduction in tariff barriers. Our results suggest that India has a comparative advantage in services and the ROK in merchandise goods. Therefore, future negotiations must focus on India offering market access to the ROK's merchandise goods and the ROK providing access to India's services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has a longstanding reputation in the film industry, whereas South Korean films have only recently achieved notable success globally. Despite their significant positions in the global film market, there are very few studies that compare and analyze the competitive advantage of the two countries in the film industry. This paper adopts the ABCD model as a complementary framework to the two mainstream theories of strategic management (i.e., industry-based view and resource-based view) to analyze and compare the competitiveness of the industrial success of emerging countries. For the empirical test, this paper uses natural language processing methods to operationalize the theoretical model. After collecting text data from news articles in English related to the Korean and Indian film industries, this study analyzes how many keywords with regards to the 8 sub-factors of the ABCD model are mentioned in the articles using the document similarity measurement. The results reveal the different but complementary areas of strengths. India has higher competitiveness in the factor of Agility while Korea has higher competitiveness in Convergence. This study also highlights the areas for further development and potential partnership between the two countries by leveraging each other's strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, Korea and Japan have increasingly exhibited different strategic priorities in trade in face of China's rising global economic prowess and worsening USChina trade conflict. Japan's trade policy decisions have worked to reinforce its economic and security ties with the US as a means to counter China. Japan has used both bilateral and multilateral means to secure its ties with the US against China. In contrast, Korea's trade policy positions have been one of 'strategic ambiguity'. Korea has been more conciliatory towards China, reluctant to take actions that would counter China's interest. Korea has mainly resorted to bilateral channels to maintain favorable relations with both China and the US. Korea's reluctance to clearly ally with the US against China has been observed across different administrations with opposing political orientations. This paper examines Korea and Japan's diverging strategic priorities in trade through the 2017 World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference; the 2017 US imposition of Section 232 on steel; the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Korea-US FTA renegotiation and the Korea-China FTA Phase Two Negotiation; and the 2019 Japan-US Trade Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qiu Jun of Ming China, with the aim of "rendering the Zhuzi jiali both accessible and practicable for ordinary folks," compiled the Jiali yijie. Among the annotations of Jiali in the Ming dynasty, Jiali yijie gained the widest popularity and greatest influence, and was regarded as a new classic, on par with the Jiali itself. In the 16th century, Jiali yijie was also introduced to Joseon Korea, where it was regarded as "an important supplement to the Zhuzi jiali" by Korean scholars, attaining a high level of popularity. This paper draws on 23 versions of the Jiali yijie from the Ming dynasty and 33 from the Qing. Historically, the Jiali yijie was introduced to the Joseon dynasty from China by Kim Anguk in 1518. Through the comparison of these four Joseon print versions and their Chinese counterparts, we are led to the conclusion that it was the Yingtian prefecture's print, dated the twelfth year of the Zhengde Era, that Kim Anguk brought back to Joseon from Ming China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a method of effectively visualizing particulate matter data based on a 3D spatial grid system to overcome the limitations of 2D spatial information. The metropolitan area in Korea was set as the demonstration site for the regional scope, whereas the Gangnam Station area in Seoul, South Korea, was set for the local scope. The particulate matter data were collected from the Korean Air Quality Forecasting System (KAQFS), public data, and private corporations. The 3D data were created by applying the GRS80 coordinate transformation and GIS spatial interpolation according to the data attribute. Moreover, the grid size was determined according to the spatial scope, and the data were structuralized for a library application. For the empirical analysis, the 3D particulate matter data were visualized by building an open-source-based 3D Geospatial Grid Library. The results demonstrated that the 3D spatial distribution of particulate matter data for each time series can be visualized, which can be used as scientific evidence for establishing policies related to particulate matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, gender equality has been considered one of the fundamental principles and a significant crosscutting issue in international development. However, beyond applying 'gender equality' as a policy buzzword, there has been a lack of critical reviews on how generally 'gender equality in education' is understood and constructed in Korea's development programs and projects. In this regard, this paper explores the use of vocabularies and semantic meanings of gender equality in the Korean Government's Academic Cooperation Program and its 52 projects. By applying mixed contents analysis as a method, the research resulted in several findings: first, the policy papers recently highlighted Korea's directions on gender mainstreaming and gender-sensitive approaches in international development. Second, 'integrating women and girls' into education institutions was emphasized in various projects; third, the term women rather than gender were used in the texts, highlighting their position as a 'marginalized group.' Lastly, there was a lack of evidence of projects dealing with changing gender-based power relations. The constructed gendered relations and powers were identified throughout projects, usually acting as barriers to project activities. However, they were only identified, not challenged, by the program. In conclusion, whilst Korean international development and educational development discourse actively embrace Women in Development (WID) and Gender and Development (GAD) in their programs, it is time to consider the issue of gender equality from different standpoints, such as identity, rights, and capabilities and a more active engagement with Korea's domestic issues in gender discourse and practices is also needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines how time availability, relative monetary contribution, and gender ideology are related to a couple's contribution to domestic work in South Korea, using data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families. OLS regressions with fixed effects indicate that couples' hours worked were significantly associated with their own and their spouse's time spent on domestic work. The wife's relative wage was another essential determinant in the division of domestic work between wife and husband. Although the wife's gender ideology was not a significant factor for her domestic work time, a husband whose wife had more gender‐equitable attitudes was more likely to devote time to domestic work. Going beyond earlier studies, we also present new evidence for gender display: the wife's relative wage had a curvilinear relationship with the couple's time spent on domestic work. The broader implications of the main findings are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine residents' perceptions of adult and continuing education (ACE) in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do and Incheon in South Korea, by conducting a needs assessment of university degree programs for adults. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses Borich's educational needs formula and Hershkowitz's criticality function on the data obtained from a survey of 1,500 residents of the three regions to determine their priorities for degree programs. Findings: The results show that the top priorities for degree programs in Seoul are computer information and communication and therapeutic health. In Gyeonggi-do, the top priorities are computer information and communication, language and literature and business and economics. In Incheon, participants prefer computer information and communication, agriculture, forestry and fisheries and therapeutic health, in that order. Originality/value: This study examines Koreans' perceptions of ACE and conducts a needs assessment to determine their priorities for university degree programs in metropolitan areas in Korea. It provides practical information for policymakers and universities who design and implement ACE programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION We measured the short-term clinical and economic impacts of the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) smoking cessation program, which subsidizes the cost of pharmacotherapy and medical consultations, by comparing the changes in prevalence and healthcare costs of smoking-related diseases among cessation service users, non-users, and never smokers. METHODS Smokers who used the cessation service from 2015 to 2017 were included (n=779315). We used claims data from the NHIS, a mandatory, single-payer insurance covering the entire Korean population, to determine the number of patients with selected diseases, their healthcare utilization, and medical costs, and compared these amounts in the one year before and after enrollment. For further comparison, we also estimated disease prevalence and medical costs in matched controls by age, sex, income, and residential area, including never smokers and smokers who never used the cessation program. RESULTS Across all 15 selected diseases, the number of patients, days spent in the hospital, and medical costs for 1 year were consistently higher after service enrollment than before. This pattern was observed for both men and women. Notably, decreased prevalence and medical costs for pneumonia were observed among individuals aged <50 years. Healthcare utilization for any kind of disease for 1 year was 97.7%, 91.1%, and 88.8% among cessation service users, never smokers, and smokers who did not use the cessation service, respectively. The disease-specific prevalence was also highest and increased more in the cessation service users compared with the control groups. CONCLUSIONS Cessation service users were more likely to seek healthcare. Increased healthcare utilization in the first year after cessation service use may have resulted from smoking-related conditions that led individuals to attempt smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Seoul Pride Parades of 2016 and 2017 to understand how Pride organizers and participants negotiate nationalism, developmentalism, and global human rights discourses to reconstruct citizenship and queerness in Korea. In particular, I focus on how self-affirmations of LGBTQ inadvertently intersect with, collude with, and traverse international liberal politics and Korean developmentalism in LGBTQ Koreans' interactions with Euro-American embassies, antigay protesters, and the Korean government. Euro-American embassies have engaged with Korean LGBTQ movements by participating in recent celebrations of Seoul Pride. By contrast, antigay protesters have interrupted the parades by arguing that homosexuality ruins national development. For its part, the government has been reluctant to support LGBTQ rights. In this context, by relying on "proud of myself as LGBTQ" and using the embassies' support, organizers not only oppose heteronormative nationalism but also produce what I call queer developmental citizenship. Through this form of citizenship, LGBTQ Koreans seek to cultivate the self and others to catch up with and align with Euro-American citizenship models, but they are less critical of liberal politics and developmental hierarchies between Korea and Western countries. I also consider how LGBTQ Koreans can nevertheless disrupt liberal developmental hierarchies by creating social relationalities and coalitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With recent aging demographic trends, the needs for enhancing geo-spatial analysis capabilities and monitoring the status of accessibilities of its citizens with healthcare services have increased. The accessibility to healthcare is determined not only by geographic distances to service locations, but also includes travel time, available modes of transportation, and departure time. Having access to the latest and accurate information regarding the healthcare accessibility allows the municipal government to plan for improvements, including expansion of healthcare infrastructure, effective labor distribution, alternative healthcare options for the regions with low accessibilities, and redesigning the public transportation routes and schedules. This paper proposes a new method named, Seoul Enhanced 2-Step Floating Catchment Area (SE2SFCA), which is customized for the city of Seoul, where population density is higher and the average distance between healthcare-service locations tends to be shorter than the typical North American or European cities. The proposed method of SE2SFCA is found to be realistic and effective in determining the weak accessibility regions. It resolves the over-estimation issues of the past, arising from the assignment of high healthcare accessibility for the regions with large hospitals and high density of population and hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of age in the elderly population on electoral politics in a rapidly aging Korean society by using the results of a survey conducted after the 21st general elections. In particular, we empirically analyze the perception of senior voters on policy salience as well as on the expansion of government spending on senior welfare programs as part of a debate on silver democracy, which forecasts a senior-dominated representative democracy as the impact of senior citizens on elections increases concomitant with their growing numbers. Our results demonstrate that voter age is not an important factor affecting policy preference, and that support for the expansion of government spending on welfare policies for the elderly does not exhibit a statistically significant correlation with age. Yet, according to a cluster analysis of senior voters, four clusters we identified could be clearly divided along the income and ideology dimensions. Finally, this paper provides five possible explanations for why age seems to have no impact on voters' reaction to the expansion of government spending on welfare programs or senior welfare policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I investigate the formation and phonological alternations of Korean monosyllabic hypocoristics that are used without a vocative marker. Korean monosyllabic hypocoristics are the result of truncation and merging. The study showed that the inclination to keep the second syllable is more pronounced in truncated forms. The most common type of merging is 'onset of 1st syllable + rhyme of 2nd syllable'. This illustrates the symmetrical base anchoring template, in which the template's edges are anchored to the base's right and left edges. The phonological alternations that Korean monosyllabic hypocoristics go through include tensification of obstruents, stopping of plain fricative or affricate, nasal velarization, nasal insertion, vowel rounding, vowel simplification, and palatal glide insertion before a vowel. Consonantal alternations over vocalic alternations seem to be preferred. All of the segmental alternations are present in the Aegyo speech register. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea's technological advancement especially in the area of Internet infrastructure and the usage of social media is widely recognized. These technological tools have been instrumental in mobilizing citizen protests around various political issues in recent years. Yet, our understanding is limited whether digital opportunities consisting of the Internet and social media have enhanced or maintained the existing patterns of democratic participation and representation in contemporary Korea. To explore this question, this paper begins with an overview of the rapid expansion of information technology in Korea as well as recent protest cases (2002-2012) where Internet and social media have played a crucial role in mobilizing citizens and influencing democratic politics. The paper develops the concept of "digital participation" and uses survey evidence to analyze the varying degrees of digital participation across different socioeconomic groups with a special focus on gender and social classes. Finally, the paper ends by problematizing the gendered and classed dimensions in digital engagement that resemble the predicaments of conventional political participation and discusses the implications for democratic representation in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new isopods, Amakusanthura intermedia sp. nov., Apanthura laevipedata sp. nov., Idarcturus trispinosus sp. nov., and Neastacilla paralongipectus sp. nov., are reported from the sublittoral zones in Korean waters. Amakusanthura intermedia sp. nov. differs from its congeners by the following features: the uropodal exopod is sinuous distally and with pointed apex; the maxillipedal endite is present and reaching to the distal end of fused palp articles I and II; and the propodal palm of pereopod I is stepped. Apanthura laevipedata sp. nov. can be distinguishable from its related species by the following characteristics: the eye is lacking; the propodal palm of pereopod I is not stepped; and the uropodal exopod is not sinuous. Idarcturus trispinosus sp. nov. is diagnosed by the following features: the cephalon has three dorsal spines and a pair of lateral spines; pereonite IV has two pairs of small dorsolateral spines, four pairs of dorsal spines, and one posterior spine; and the pleotelson has three pairs of wings laterally. Neastacilla paralongipectus sp. nov. can be distinguished by the following characteristics: the body is smooth and lacking dorsal spines or tubercles; pereonite IV is approximately 5.4× longer than pereonites II and III together; and the pleotelson has two pairs of lateral wings. In this paper, detailed descriptions and illustrations of the four species are presented. A key to the genera of the family Arcturidae and keys to the species of the four genera are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the early social consequences of the largest oil spill in Korea from December 2007 up to May 2008. The focus is on the social impact of the oil spill and its social implications in three major areas of oil spill response: (1) clean-up operations, (2) compensation, and (3) ecological impact. The paper highlights both the positive and negative consequences of the spill and the significance of the early social assessment to understand subsequent responses and adaptation in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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South Korea made a democratic transition and adopted new electoral systems on the presidential and National Assembly election in 1987. The paper provides an overview of the studies on Korean voter behavior in the last thirty years. We begin our discussion with the works on two salient electoral cleavages and their changes: region and ideology. Then we discuss the generation and gender as two increasingly important explanatory variables on vote choice. Next, we canvass the works that focus on party identification, issue voting, political psychology of Korean voters. We conclude with a brief discussion on the agenda for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines WWII forced labour memory politics in Germany and Japan by drawing from Barkan's concept of amending historical injustices. After lengthy negotiations, germany reached in 2000 a milestone agreement compensating victims individually, while in Japan, settlements, consolation payments and apologies have been overshadowed by a revival of revisionist historical narratives and victim denial. It is argued that the official recognition of forced labour as historical injustice made a mutually acceptable outcome possible in Germany and helped to shape a genuine historical memory in victim nations. In Japan, by contrast, an alliance of politicians, bureaucrats and academics has been reconsecrating revisionism as official position. The revisionist inability to recognize victims and admit mistakes has implications for South Korea as the rift between right-wing pro-revisionists and left-wing nationalists divides the country and prevents the formation of a shared collective memory. unintended consequences have dimmed prospects for a settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of an entry mode is one of the most critical decisions for firms expanding abroad. There are a variety of foreign market entry modes such as exporting, licensing, and foreign direct investment. While many firms use only one single mode, others frequently employ multiple different combined modes for a foreign entry simultaneously. Mode combination can be an effective way to achieve better performance in foreign operation because the different modes in a combination package complement each other. The topic of mode combination, however, has not yet been extensively studied theoretically and empirically. In this paper, we propose six hypotheses to examine factors affecting firms' choice between a single mode and a combined mode and test them on questionnaire survey data regarding Korean manufacturing firms' recent entry into Uzbekistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, seven new species of the family Photidae from Korean waters are described and illustrated in detail. Among them, Exiliphotis petila sp. nov. is a monotype of the newly reported Exiliphotis gen. nov., which is characterized by slenderer and more elongate pereopods 5-7 than those of other genera of the family Photidae. The genus Latigammaropsis is reported for the first time from Korean waters based on the description of Latigammaropsis careocavata sp. nov., which is differentiated from other Gammaropsis group by having weakly sexual dimorphic gnathopods 2, those have simple palmar margins in both sexes. Three new species of Photis are also described: Photis bronca sp. nov., Photis posterolobus sp. nov., and Photis longicarpus sp. nov. The formerly misidentified Photis longicaudata from Japan and China as well as the Korean material could be classified as a new species, P. bronca sp. nov. For that, the syntypes of P. longicaudata were re-examined, and lectotype and paralectotypes were newly designated in this study. Photis bronca sp. nov. is characterized by quadrate tooth on the palmar margin medially on gnathopod 2 in both sexes. Photis posterolobus sp. nov. shows a pointed posterior lobe on the ischium and a well-developed process of the propodus on male gnathopod 2. Photis longicarpus sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species of the genus by very elongate carpus of male gnathopod 1. Two new species belonging to the genus Podoceropsis are also reported: Podoceropsis insinuomanus sp. nov. has a strongly bisinuous palmar margin on male gnathopod 2, and Podoceropsis pseudoclavapes sp. nov. differs from the closely related species of Podoceropsis clavapes by different shape of the palmar margin and shorter dactylus of male gnathopod 2. Additionally, a key to the Korean species of Photidae is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research began by acknowledging that conventional analysis on the foreign exchange exposure could not adequately reflect firms' risk management strategies, which firms take actions against uncertainties raised by foreign exchange. In order to conceptualize uncertainty aroused by foreign exchange, the purpose of this paper is to develop an index that could measure corporate profits' sensitivity to foreign exchange uncertainty and examine its possibility of utilization. Design/methodology/approach: As an alternative to foreign exchange exposure, the present research derived the foreign exchange volatility exposure and analyzed the determinants of foreign currency-denominated debt in terms of foreign exchange volatility exposure. The foreign exchange volatility exposure draws from partially differentiating a firm's operating profits to the exchange rate volatility. Findings: The major findings are as follows. First, before the Asian financial crisis, South Korean enterprises had similar responses to the exchange volatility exposure as compared with the exchange exposure on procuring foreign-denominated debt. Second, since the global financial crisis (GFC), not only have Korean firms' response mechanisms to both exposures changed, but also the significance of exchange volatility exposure has been further emphasized. Furthermore, Korean companies have dealt with exchange uncertainties by decreasing foreign-denominated debt as their foreign exchange volatility exposure increased after GFC. In contrast, the influence of conventional exchange exposure on foreign-denominated debt has diminished. Research limitations/implications: Future research should focus on several points. First, additional research could extend to foreign investors who have divergent perception and consideration in regard to foreign exchange risk management. Second, research on decision making and motivation in foreign currency choice should be conducted in order to deepen academic understanding. Third, research that refines the variables added in the current research should be conducted. Finally, as a way to manage foreign exchange volatility exposure, further investigation based on this study is possible. Practical implications: The results of this study have several important theoretical and empirical implications for companies' foreign exchange risk management strategy. First, through foreign exchange volatility exposure, which can usefully take over the role of the existing foreign exchange exposure, the authors can confirm market uncertainty as being relevant to the foreign exchange risk management strategy. Second, through the financial influence that the foreign exchange volatility exposure has on the foreign currency-denominated debt, the authors can observe the Korean firms' paradigm shifts in their foreign exchange risk management strategies. Originality/value: This research confirms the importance of foreign exchange volatility exposure in the research works dealing with firms' exchange risk management, also the possible influence of foreign exchange volatility exposure in the future might be increased as uncertainty is raised from foreign exchange escalating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea is ranked as 4th among 34 nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development with 102 deaths in road accidents per one million population. This paper aims to investigate the factors associated with road accidents in South Korea. The rainfall data of the Korea Meteorological Administration and road accidents data of Traffic Accident Analysis System of Korea Road Traffic Authority is analyzed for this purpose. In this connection, multivariate regression analysis and ratio analysis with the descriptive analysis are performed to uncover the catastrophic factors involved. In turn, the results reveal that traffic volume is the leading factor in road accidents. The limited road extension of 1.47% compared to the 4.14% per annum growth of the vehicles is resulting in road accidents at such a large scale. The increasing proportion of passenger cars accelerate road accidents as well. 56% of accidents occur by the infringement of safety driving violations. The drivers with higher driving experience tend to have a higher accident ratio. The collected data is analyzed in terms of gender, driver experience, type of violations and accidents as well as the associated time of the accidents when they happen. The results indicate that 36.29% and 53.01% of accidents happen by male drivers in the day and night time, respectively. 29.15% of crashes happen due to safety infringement and violations of 41 to 60 years old drivers. The results demonstrate that population density is associated with the accidents frequency and lower density results in an increased number of accidents. The necessity of the state-of-the-art regulations to govern the urban road traffic is beyond dispute, and it becomes even more crucial for citizens’ relief since in our daily lives road accidents are getting more diverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of sociolinguistic consumption distinguishes between the direct consumption of languages as denotational codes and the indirect consumption of linguistic repertoires that result from engaging in various activities. Since consumption as identity construction means gaining membership into a community of like-minded others, this raises the question of what the presence of these others might mean for the indirect consumption of linguistic repertoires as well as whether initial interest in one activity might lead to interest in yet other activities in a kind of chain consumption, thus further expanding the linguistic repertoire. This paper shows that K-pop presents us with just such scenarios. It makes the following three points. One, experienced consumers of K-pop provide translations and glossaries of key terms for newer K-pop fans, serving as language brokers. Two, interest in K-pop can lead to interest in other aspects of Korean culture, indicating the need to recognize that consumption can foster an anthropological stance. Finally, the indirect consumption of linguistic repertoires can, in turn, lead to the direct consumption of denotational codes, with implications for the roles of identity and investment in language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper describes case studies of debris flow and related events in the Republic of Korea and their causes before considering the actions that are desirable in terms of management and mitigation. The paper also considers the obstacles to progress, and, in particular, discusses issues surrounding the governance of land and infrastructure. Experience of other events that occurred in the recent past, including those that have occurred in rural and urban environments is drawn upon. It is concluded that many landslides can be attributed to poor understanding of geomorphological, geological and geotechnical issue and that the causes of debris flows can frequently be attributed to anthropogenic factors. The needs for improved regulations for slope construction and maintenance in mountainous areas of Korea, and for an integrated slope management system are presented. Highlights • 1728 landslide fatalities in the Republic of Korea for the period 1970–2017. • Property damage due to landslides is valued at US$500 M to US$1000 M per annum. • Different owners of source/initiation area and elements at risk (infrastructure, buildings). • Specific mitigation measures recommended in the context of land ownership. • New system of landslide governance system recommended for the Republic of Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using panel data, this paper investigates how foreign ownership affects the financial reporting quality of firms listed on the Korean Stock Exchange (KSE), one of the highest foreign-investor capital markets in the world during the period from 2000 to 2005. Existing studies suggest that foreign ownership may either increase or decrease the quality of financial reporting, suggesting that foreign ownership is explained using two conflicting hypotheses: The active-monitoring hypothesis and the transient hypothesis. In emerging markets, where family ownership is predominant, conservatism is an important measure of financial reporting quality because conservatism decreases opportunistic management behaviours and mitigates information asymmetries. This paper tests conservatism as a proxy for financial reporting quality using three piecewise accrual models, proposed by Ball and Shivakumar (Journal of Accounting Research, 44, 207-256 (2006)); the cash flow model, the Dechow and Dichev model, and the Jones model. This research finds that foreign ownership is positively associated with conservatism in all three models. This result supports the active-monitoring hypothesis of foreign ownership, indicating that foreign ownership mitigates managerial opportunism, thereby increasing the quality of financial reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to a recent call by researchers that we need to move beyond both advocacy of and technical arguments about the value of accrual accounting to more fully recognise the institutional forces, key change agents and the local political fields. We draw on elements of institutional theory and the practice theory of Pierre Bourdieu to explore the 'problematic' aspects of institutional forces, key organisational change agents and the local political field associated with the adoption of accrual accounting in the South Korean public sector. We found that accrual accounting was driven by many factors including a local financial scandal, the advocacy of a civil society group and the ambitions and the ideology of key actors. The contribution of this paper is that it shows how the practices of accounting cannot be separated from their political and personal context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Korea has experienced an increase in the number of international marriages and multicultural families, and the treatment of these families has become an important social policy issue for the Korean government. Adopting a social exclusion perspective and employing comprehensive micro-level datasets, this study examined the exclusion of multicultural families in Korea and compared them with ethnic Korean families. Largely based on indicators developed in the EU, this paper examined the extent of social exclusion across six dimensions: income, employment, housing, education, health and social networks. Comparison of social exclusion showed that multicultural families tend to experience a higher level of social exclusion in general than Korean families do. A multivariate analysis using a zero-inflated Poisson regression model revealed that females, elderly marriage migrants and those with lower social status were exposed to particularly higher risks of exclusion, whereas those who spoke fluent Korean or possessed fertile social networks were less likely to face social exclusion. This paper’s findings underscore the need to provide a wider and more demand-oriented social policy to support immigrants and also emphasises the role of Korean language proficiency and social networks in integrating multicultural families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]