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Despite its beginning in the 1850's and being first in Canada to purchase a tile drainage trencher, subsurface drainage of agricultural lands in Quebec is poorly documented, which the present paper will try to document from 1850 to 1970. In Quebec, Catholic priests and monks played an important role in educating rural communities by establishing French agricultural schools throughout the province. For the English rural communities, Macdonald College (Macdonald Campus of McGill University) played a major role especially in preparing plans, besides promoting the technology. The Quebec Ministry of Agriculture encouraged subsurface drainage early in 1912 but would prefer investing in land clearing and watercourse deepening to establish more farms, from the employment needs created by WWI, the great 1930 depression and WWII. This work mostly completed in the early 1960's, the Quebec Government would then initiate a major subsurface drainage program, allowing private enterprises to take over shortly after 1967. Although the Ministry changed names several times even after 1967, the term 'Ministry of Agriculture' will be used throughout this article. To compare trencher performance, a 15 m average spacing is presumed. This paper is limited to the main events and persons involved, without being able to cover them all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the association between depression, ultra-processed food consumption (UPFs), and the risk of developing diabetesspecific complications in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Baseline data came from the CARTaGENE study, a health survey of adults (40-69 years) in Quebec, Canada. The incidence of T2D complications was examined in N= 683 participants with T2D without complications at baseline by linking survey data with administrative health data. Food and drink consumption was assessed using the Canadian Diet History Questionnaire and categorized by NOVA classification. Participants were categorized into tertiles of UPFs consumption. Depression was defined as having elevated depressive symptoms based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 or the use of antidepressant medications. Cox regression models were used to estimate the associations between UPFs, depression, and T2D complications. Results: In total, 105 individuals developed diabetes-related complications over a 7-year period. Participants with high depressive symptoms and high UPFs consumption had the highest risk for diabetes complications (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.07, 95% CI: 0.91 - 4.70), compared to participants with low depressive symptoms and low UPFs consumption. Higher risks for diabetes complications were observed when high depressive symptoms and antidepressant use were combined with high UPFs consumption (aHR 2.59, 95% CI: 1.32 - 5.06). Conclusion: This study indicates that those with co-occurring depression and high UPFs consumption have a greater risk of diabetes complications. Early management and monitoring of both risk factors might be essential to prevent diabetes complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]