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Artificial intelligence (AI) and automation are newly impacting the governance of international students, a temporary resident category significant for both direct economic contributions and the formation of a "pool" of potential future immigrants in many immigrant-dependent countries. This paper focuses on tensions within Canada's education-migration ("edugration") system as new technologies intersect with migration regimes, which in turn relate to broader issues of security, administrative burdens, migration governance, and border imperialism. Using an Accidental Ethnography (AccE) approach drawing from practitioner-based legal research, we discuss three themes: (1) "bots at the gate" and the guise of AI's objectivity; (2) a murky international edu-tech industry; and (3) the administrative burdens of digitalized application systems. We suggest that researchers, particularly in education, can benefit from the insights of immigration practitioners who often become aware of potential trends before those less embedded in the everyday negotiation of migration governance.

Through a project supported by Canada's Social Development Partnerships Program, a team of leading National Disability Organizations, universities, and industry partners are piloting a prototype Hosted Transcription Service that uses speech recognition to automatically create multimedia transcripts that can be used by students for study purposes. This paper focuses on the accessibility and educational impacts of receiving complete and accurate lecture transcripts for students with disabilities.

Podcasting is an innovative, asynchronous communication tool. A pilot study was conducted to assess the utility of podcasting as an educational tool for undergraduate medical students. A paper-and-pencil questionnaire was developed and distributed to the 40 first-year students enrolled in the francophone stream of the medical curriculum at the University of Ottawa, Canada. A majority of participants endorsed the utility of the podcasting of a key-feature focused review of anatomy lecture material. The short length of the podcast, clarity of the content, and guidance with self-paced learning were among the positive aspects noted. The combination of the auditory podcasts and visual PowerPoint slides permitted the students to process information simultaneously using two different modalities. This maximized their use of working memory and facilitated learning. The investigators plan to continue their evaluation of this project by conducting a focus group study in the future. [Funding for this work was provided by the Consortium National de Formation en Sante and University of Ottawa's Bureau des Affaires Francophones and Centre for University Teaching.]

Rapid growth of residential construction in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada has led to an increased demand for lot grading (LG) inspectors. The traditional inspection process has contributed to inspection delays, backlog, and decreased customer satisfaction. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to study, evaluate, and optimize the existing LG approval process. Data from past years were collected and analyzed to establish a baseline performance level. Flowcharts were developed to visualize the process and a survey was conducted to determine potential areas of improvement from the perspectives of different shareholders. Lean thinking principles were applied to identify and reduce the nonvalue added activities and improve performance. The final phase of the research involved the simulation of the process to evaluate the impact of the implementation of various recommendations. Based on the simulation results, final recommendations were made and later implemented with the help from the city’s Information technology department. These modifications to the existing process produced significant gains in quality and productivity, as predicted by the simulation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of automation and emerging technologies on federal, provincial, and local economies have direct implications for labour markets across the country and require a policy response. Taking into account the impacts of the global COVID-19 pandemic on economies and workforces across the country, this paper reviews the policy choices available to various levels of Canadian governments and businesses in response to the challenges posed by automation. It concludes that reskilling workers, closing economic gaps between rural and urban areas, and preparing for widespread automation are just some of the ways that policymakers, business leaders, and local employers can prepare for, and address, the effects of emerging technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As seniors represent a growing proportion of the driving population, research about how automated vehicles can help improve older driver safety and mobility is highly relevant. This paper examines the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of older drivers towards limited self-driving vehicles (LSDVs), and how these variables can influence the likelihood that they will rely on this technology., Method: The study includes data from a previous national survey (N = 2662) about automated vehicle technology, with new analyses to test hypothetical models using structural equation modeling. Results of the first model were confirmed and built upon with a second more complex model that incorporated the construct "behavioral adaptation." Focus groups with older drivers were also conducted (N = 38) to help reveal nuances in older drivers' knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors regarding this technology., Results: Survey results demonstrated that feelings of safety and knowledge about LSDVs are positively related to perceived ease of use and adoption of the technology. The positive association between safety and perceived ease of use was further highlighted when comparing responses of older drivers to those of younger age groups, as older drivers were significantly less likely to agree that LSDVs were easy to use and were significantly less agreeable about feeling safe using them. Focus groups results confirmed that safety and knowledge of LSDVs are essential to the likelihood of adopting this technology, and revealed a high receptivity among older drivers to educational strategies and tools to increase their knowledge of LSDVs. Implications for educational strategies and safety benefits for older drivers are discussed. Practical applications: Results provide insight into strategies to encourage the early adoption of automated vehicles by older drivers and facilitate a safer transition towards automated vehicles that is lead by a cohort of safety-conscious drivers., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and National Safety Council. All rights reserved.)

Despite the growing popularity of automatic milking systems (AMS), or milking robots, in Canada, little documentation is available on how Canadian dairy producers experience the transition to this milking technology. The objective of this national study was to document the experiences of Canadian dairy producers during the transition to, and use of, AMS. This paper reports on producers' experiences with cow training, challenges during the transition and their solutions, and effect of the AMS on quality of life. The AMS producers (n = 217) were surveyed from 8 Canadian provinces. Overall, producers experienced a positive transition to AMS. Producers perceived that AMS improved profitability, quality of their lives and their cows' lives, and had met expectations, despite experiencing some challenges during transition such as learning to use the technology and data, cow training, demanding first few days, and changing health management. Less than half of the AMS producers (42%) trained cows or heifers to use the AMS before the first milking with the robot. Producers who implemented training before first milking reported that it took an average of 1 wk to train a cow or heifer to use the AMS. Producers reported it took a median of 30 d for an entire herd to adapt to the AMS, whether or not cow training took place. On average, 2% of a herd was culled for not adapting, or not voluntarily milking, when otherwise physically and behaviorally normal. With AMS, producers suggested they gained more time flexibility, found work to be less stressful and physically demanding, found employee management easier, and had improved herd health and management. The vast majority (86%) of producers would recommend others to transition to AMS., (Copyright © 2018 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This paper develops a comprehensive methodology to optimize the planning of acquiring motor carriers in transportation companies. A conceptual framework describing the nature of the asset acquisition planning problem is posited, followed by the detailed development of a network flows–based optimization model. A study is undertaken at a Canadian transportation company that examines current acquisition planning for heavy trucking equipment. This is followed by a discussion of findings, managerial implications and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Pathology is the property of Canadian Association of Pathologists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information about two books related to economics published in Canada. The book "Canadian-American Planning: The Seventh Annual Conference on Canadian-American Relations, 1965," includes fifteen papers presented at the conference. They are arranged in seven sections dealing with the possibilities and limitations of joint planning; business planning; labour; new areas of co-operation; automation; technical change, including electric power and minerals; and the human price of planning. The book "Canada's First Bank: A History of the Bank of Montreal," vol. 1, by M. Denison focuses on the history of the Bank of Montreal.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper uses data from a survey of Canadian establishments to consider the effects of computer-based process technological change on wage bargaining power. The analysis finds that union wage differentials for blue-collar workers as a whole were lower among firms that had introduced process computerization than among those that had not. The relationship between technological change and the union wage premium differed, however, for skilled and unskilled labour. The union wage effect was lower for skilled workers and higher for general manual occupations in the sub-sample where process computerization had occurred. Explanations for these observed relationships appear to involve both economic and institutional components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the estimates of a complete production function focusing on the neutrality of technical progress and implications of factor substitution and income distribution in Canada. Description and analyses of the result for total manufacturing in 1926 to 1939 and 1946 to 1961; Assumptions on the nature of the production function; Industries that showed a positive rate of automation.

The Meteorological Service of Canada held a series of three Forecasters Forum meetings between 2003 and 2005 to seek input from the meteorological community on the best ways to implement a restructuring strategy and to develop a common vision related to the provision of weather forecasts. The meeting provided significant insight into a number of topics related to operational forecasting in Canada and have added to the larger discussion on these issues in the international meteorological community. During the course of the three forums, several themes emerged as overarching concerns. Foremost among them was the future role of the human forecaster. Most forum participants believed that human forecasters should be the "heart of weather prediction," with an increased emphasis on the analysis/ diagnosis/prognosis paradigm, and recommended developing the sophisticated tools required to facilitate that role. Using results from the forums, it is suggested here that the primary role of the future forecaster should be to develop and maintain a sequence of plan-view composite depictions evolving through time to best represent the current and future states of the atmosphere. This would be accomplished using an area-based, object-oriented analysis/forecast system, with a toolbox of numerical weather prediction guidance and carefully designed artificial intelligence assistants. The forecaster's work would be focused on high-impact weather events, mainly in the short term but also in the longer term when necessary. Products would be automatically generated from the weather object database, allowing the forecast team to focus on "hands on" meteorology and maintaining shared situational awareness at all times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A software based tool has been developed (Optem) to allow automatize the recommendations of the Canadian Multiple Sclerosis Working Group for optimizing MS treatment in order to avoid subjective interpretation. Methods: Treatment Optimization Recommendations (TORs) were applied to our database of patients treated with IFN β1a IM. Patient data were assessed during year 1 for disease activity, and patients were assigned to 2 groups according to TOR: "change treatment" (CH) and "no change treatment" (NCH). These assessments were then compared to observed clinical outcomes for disease activity over the following years. Results: We have data on 55 patients. The "change treatment" status was assigned to 22 patients, and "no change treatment" to 33 patients. The estimated sensitivity and specificity according to last visit status were 73.9% and 84.4%. During the following years, the Relapse Rate was always higher in the "change treatment" group than in the "no change treatment" group (5 y; CH: 0.7, NCH: 0.07; p < 0.001, 12 m -- last visit; CH: 0.536, NCH: 0.34). We obtained the same results with the EDSS (4 y; CH: 3.53, NCH: 2.55, annual progression rate in 12 m -- last visit; CH: 0.29, NCH: 0.13). Conclusion: Applying TOR at the first year of therapy allowed accurate prediction of continued disease activity in relapses and disability progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]