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The Campinas region of Brazil was studied to determine if the introduction of industrial plants in rural areas influenced the life of the rural population. The purpose of this study was to obtain an insight into the manner by which the industrialization influence is functioning in the Campinas rural area. The region and its rural population were described in terms of the following topics: the level of social contacts, mass communication, educational aspirations, agricultural development, home appliances, sanitation level, pollution in the surroundings, the rural middle class, and change in the rural worker's social values. Major conclusions were that industrialization tends to increase social contacts, that the presence of means of communication denotes a higher level of industrialization impact on the traditional rural society, that exposure to industrialization creates changes in the class structure and in housing, and that the arguments surveyed were not sufficient to show change of the rural man's social values under the impact of industrialization. (PS)

The application of migration and plant location theories to Jackson County, West Virginia, formerly a rural agricultural county and now the location of an aluminum reduction plant, is described in this paper. Data collected from a representative sample of households in Jackson County--a 5% area probability sample in rural Jackson County, a 10% area probability sample of Ripley, and a 10% list-cluster sample of Ravenswood--are examined in terms of 50 selected variables. The variables are analyzed and presented in tabular form along with a statistical representation of the data. One of the major findings of this study is that with rural industrialization which is likely to be an ingredient in the effort to develop rural communities, there will be obtained a different social-psychological mix resulting from migration. (PS)

Conducted in the hilly region of Israel in 1969, the purpose of this study was to examine the tendency to choose an industrial occupation among the sons of farmers through 3 viewpoints--the influence of the educational process and atmosphere; the social connotations, the status and prestige, of particular occupations; and the personal knowledge about an occupation and how a person obtained the information. The need for this research arose because of employment problems in areas where the economy is based on agriculture. The 95 participants (aged 20-22) were selected from 14 villages, made up of 40 to 50 families, located close to industrial enterprises. Questionnaires with closed and semi-open questions were administered in personal interviews, and interviews were conducted with plant managers, labor managers, and workers. The study determined that the measure of information which a person had on a chosen field influenced his attitude towards that occupation. A person with a limited knowledge about an occupation tended to display a negative approach towards the occupation. By contrast, the greater the knowledge about the occupation, the more positive the attitude. Persons receiving direct information from the plant or from a relative had a positive approach in contrast to an individual who received indirect information. Generally, the individuals interviewed displayed limited knowledge about the occupations, and this fact possibly explains why few people reach industrial work. (FF)

Recent emphasis on industrial and urban development is described as a factor contributing to the greatly accelerated flight from the land. The concept of rural redevelopment is examined along with educational policy changes needed for rural redevelopment. The author's stated opinion is that rural redevelopment in the United States and other industrial countries should involve (1) the creation of a viable economic base, (2) institution building to provide adequate community facilities and services, and (3) providing more adequate bases for personal growth. Educational policy changes needed for rural redevelopment are described in terms of the economic base, institution building in rural communities, adult education programs, structural changes in developing human resources needed in the public schools, changes in tax policies, changes in personnel policies, organizational changes, curriculum changes, and educational policies affecting personal development. The author suggests a parity with suburbia rather than a neo-agrarian policy. (PS)

The need for a comprehensive plan--an overall pattern of development--for rural counties is discussed in this paper. The planning is done by a representative body with the authority to make detailed studies, to draft and recommend long-range comprehensive plans and specific plans, and to suggest measures to implement the plans. The 3 steps for preparing a comprehensive plan are (1) deciding on overall goals; (2) gathering facts about what the county has now, its resources, potentials, and problems; and (3) making a comprehensive plan that shows how the county can use what it has to achieve its goals. To put the plan into effect requires adoption of the plan by the county governing body, an action program directed by the county government, cooperation of private developers, and public support. Several suggestions are made in the paper to assist the individual who is interested in starting a comprehensive plan in his own county. (PS)

One reason given for the failure of the large-scale efforts in the decade 1955-1965 to increase significantly the rate of economic and technological growth in the "developing" countries of the world has been insufficient utilization of existing information essential to this development. Motivated by this belief and the opinion that this non-usage of existing intellectual resources is due to the lack of adequate documentation services, both in the developing countries and in the subject area of development information, the Symposium on Documentation Planning in Developing Countries convened to study this problem. Papers were presented on the following topics: "The Role of the Institutions of Developing Countries in the Planning, Organization and Development of Documentation";"National Library and National Bibliography"; "Library Development in Nigeria"; "Documentation Centres at Scientific Institutions in Developing Countries"; "Agriculture, Research and Development Institutes, Associations"; "Policy Planning for Technical Information in Industry"; "Training of Documentalists in Developing Countries"; "The Problems of Documentation in Developing Countries"; "The Role of the State and of the Government Agencies in Developing Countries"; and "The Role of a National Information Clearinghouse for Development Aid". On the basis of the papers presented and ensuing discussions twelve recommendations were made. (JN)

The shortrun (1962-1966) economic impact of a tissue paper mill in Pickens, Mississippi, a town of under 1,000 in a depressed rural area with a predominance of poor Negroes, was analyzed. The tissue mill began in a building formerly occupied by a North Carolina furniture manufacturer. Initial financing came from the Area Redevelopment Administration, local and State organizations, and private industry. Failure of the operation was attributed to lack of skilled employees, frequent breakdowns of secondhand machinery, variability in the quality of wet pulp, and an inadequately developed market. After foreclosure by the Small Business Administration, the plant was leased to another company to produce carbonizing paper. Finding solutions to Picken's problems and those of other depressed areas will require continuing systematic efforts at Federal, State, and local levels. (Author/PS)

One of several studies initiated by the Economic Research Service to provide research approaches in the problem areas of rural poverty and economic development, this study examines (1) rural activities within the context of national activities, (2) regional growth theories, (3) growth forecasting, (4) developmental programing, (5) determining a proper development region, and (6) policies and strategies pertaining to economic development. The data are intended for use in achieving the objective of regional development--that is, maintaining an employment base which will support the population of a region at a level of dignity and prosperity consistent with the affluence of the United States. (BD)

A collection of administrative documents from the African Adult Education Association includes the following: recommendations on training for adult education in Africa (prepared January 1969); resolutions of the Association's conference on continuing literacy, held in Kampala, Uganda in January 1968; the fiscal regulations in force for 1969/70; and the constitution of the Association, as amended by the general meeting held in Khartoum, Sudan, January 1969. The recommendations on training make note of pressures which underline the importance of adult education. These are: increase in population; agriculture; industrialization; urbanization; national independence; the status of women; and community development. (mf)

Explanatory statements by acting executive director of the National Council on Indian Opportunity noted (1) that the council was formed to involve Indian people in Federal policy and the program-formulation process and (2) that principal functions of the NCIO were to encourage full use of Federal programs to benefit Indians, to encourage interagency coordination and cooperation, to appraise impact and progress of Federal programs, and to suggest ways to improve such programs. At the January 1970 meeting, Vice-president Agnew discussed the relationship and responsibilities of the Federal Government to the Indian people, cited problems to be focused upon, and directed each Cabinet member present to respond to recommendations made by the 6 Indian council members. Indian members of the NCIO presented recommendations on administration, education, health, welfare, urban environment, economic development, legal rights, agriculture, housing, and the Blue Lake religious sanctuary. The concluding statement by an Indian council member noted that the foremost need of all Indian people is a steady income-producing job, and methods were recommended for securing industries which would provide employment. (AN)

In this publication, the authors review the historical development of South Dakota communities in the perspective of community change as it occurred in the United States resulting from several important societal factors during the period from 1940-1960. The authors emphasize that, while societal influences continue to operate, forcing adjustment at the local level, additional factors are stimulating further adjustment. Communities continue to grow and decline, depending upon how they are able to adjust to factors such as commercialization in agriculture, diminishing local control, and rural migration. Tables are appended which include population data for each incorporated place in South Dakota. (Author/LS)

TODAY, ONLY 1 OUT OF EVERY 8 PEOPLE IS A FARM DWELLER, AND THIS RATIO DECREASES BY 4 PERCENT ANNUALLY. AS A RESULT, THE STUDENT DISTRIBUTION HAS BECOME EXTREMELY SKEWED IN THE DIRECTION OF THE URBAN SCHOOL, WHILE RURAL SCHOOLS HAVE BEEN FORCED TO CURTAIL NEEDED SERVICES. CONSEQUENTLY, THE RURAL STUDENT LAGS ABOUT 2 YEARS BEHIND THE URBAN STUDENT IN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT. RURAL FAMILIES OF TODAY, ALTHOUGH LESS NUMEROUS, HAVE APPROACHED THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STANDARDS OF URBAN FAMILIES. SEVERAL PATTERNS APPEAR TO BE EMERGING IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF RURAL LIFE. THREE OCCUPATIONAL CLUSTERS ARE IN EVIDENCE TODAY--(1) THE BUSINESS-LIKE FARMER WHO APPROACHES FARMING AS AN INDUSTRY, (2) THE LOW INCOME FARMER WHO IS FOUND ON THE POORER LAND AND WHO IS MOST IN NEED OF ASSISTANCE, AND (3) THE PEOPLE WHO WORK IN THE CITY AND SIMPLY LIVE IN RURAL AREAS, WHO APPROACH AGRICULTURE FROM A STRICTLY AVOCATIONAL STANDPOINT. THE TRADE CENTER COMMUNITY HAS REPLACED THE STEREOTYPED RURAL NEIGHBORHOOD. ANOTHER EMERGENT PATTERN HAS BEEN WITH RESPECT TO RURAL PERSONALITY. TRADITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDEPENDENCE, SELF-RELIANCE, AND THE CONVICTION OF THE SECONDARY ROLE OF EDUCATION HAVE BEEN DISPLACED BY THE STRONG MOTIVATION TO GAIN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POSITION. THIS SPEECH WAS DELIVERED AT THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF RURAL EDUCATION, NEA LOUISVILLE, OCTOBER 7-8, 1960). (DA)

APPROXIMATELY FIVE MILLION PERSONS OF MEXICAN ANCESTRY RESIDE IN THE STATES OF CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, TEXAS, AND COLORADO. A LARGE NUMBER HAVE ALSO MADE HOMES IN THE GREATER CHICAGO AREA AND IN OTHER INDUSTRIAL CENTERS. MEXICAN AMERICANS HAVE PLAYED A VITAL ROLE IN THE INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, ARTISTIC, INTELLECTUAL, AND POLITICAL LIFE OF THE SOUTHWEST. FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS MEXICO HAS BEEN A CENTER FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURAL FACTORS AND THE MEXICAN AMERICAN PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES HAVE SERVED AS A CULTURAL BRIDGE FOR THE DIFFUSION NORTHWARD. THE MEXICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY IS DESCRIBED AS BEING PROUD OF ITS MEXICAN BACKGROUND AND IS EXPERIENCING DIFFICULTY IN ACCULTURATION. MEXICAN AMERICAN YOUTH OFTEN MAKE VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCHOOLS BY BRINGING A VARIED BACKGROUND OF EXPERIENCES AND SKILLS, BILINGUALISM, CULTURAL FACTORS, HOMEMAKING SKILLS, AND PRACTICAL WORK EXPERIENCE. SIXTEEN SUGGESTIONS ARE PRESENTED TO TEACHERS AND ADMINISTRATORS THAT WOULD HELP PROVIDE TRANSFER OF TRAINING FOR ALL STUDENTS INTO A MIXED ANGLO MEXICAN CULTURE. THE PUBLICATION CONCLUDES WITH A LISTING OF SUPPLEMENTARY AUDIOVISUAL AIDS AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS WHICH ARE AVAILABLE FOR CLASSROOM USE AT BOTH THE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL. (JS)

THERE ARE FEW AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES THAT OFFER SUCH ABUNDANT OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH AND STUDY AS DOES THE SOUTHWEST. THIS POTENTIAL IS NOT USED DUE TO A LACK OF RESEARCH FUNDING AND A LACK OF INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM WHICH ENCOURAGES RESEARCH. THE PROGRESS OF THE REGION IS HANDICAPPED BY THE LACK OF NEEDED INFORMATION AND DATA. THE HISTORY OF THE SOUTHWEST'S THREE MAJOR CULTURAL GROUPS, ANGLO-AMERICAN, MEXICAN-AMERICAN AND INDIAN, HAS SHOWN MAJOR CONFLICTS AND HOSTILITIES. MODERN PLANNERS HAVE NOT RECOGNIZED THESE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. COMPETITION BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION FOR LIMITED AND DIMINISHING WATER SUPPLIES AND LACK OF CITY PLANNING ON URBAN PROBLEMS OF ZONING, SLUM FORMATION, STREET PLANNING, EDUCATIONAL NEEDS, AND LACK OF IMPORTANT CULTURAL FACILITIES ARE CITED. THE AUTHOR FEELS THAT THE SOUTHWEST IS A NATURAL SOCIAL LABORATORY IN WHICH THE PROCESSES OF URBANIZATION, ACCULTURATION, ACCOMMODATION, RACE AND CULTURE CONFLICTS, STRATIFICATION, AND SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE CAN BE EXPLORED. (SF)

DATA FOR THIS PAPER WERE OBTAINED FROM EXAMINATION OF AVAILABLE LITERATURE AND FROM FIELD WORK IN SAN MIGUEL AND MORA COUNTIES OF NORTHERN NEW MEXICO. THE EXTENDED PATRIARCHAL FAMILY WAS THE PRIMARY SOCIAL SYSTEM AMONG THE SPANISH AMERICANS, OFTEN CONSISTING OF MEMBERS OF THREE OR FOUR GENERATIONS HEADED BY THE GRANDFATHER. THIS FAMILY COOPERATED AS A SINGLE, TIGHTLY KNIT, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL UNIT. DOMINANCE AND AUTHORITY WERE RELATED TO SEX AND AGE -THE MALES WERE DOMINANT OVER FEMALES AND THE OLDER MEMBERS HAD AUTHORITY OVER THE YOUNGER FAMILY MEMBERS. THE PRESSURES OF URBANIZATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND LAND LOSSES HAVE BROKEN THIS TRADITIONAL FAMILY PATTERN IN ALL BUT THE MOST REMOTE VILLAGES. THE ADJUSTMENT OF THE LOWER-CLASS SPANISH AMERICAN FAMILY TO URBAN LIVING DEPENDS UPON THE HUSBAND'S SALARY. IF IT IS NOT ADEQUATE, THE WIFE MUST SEEK EMPLOYMENT, THUS STRENGTHENING HER ROLE AND DIMINISHING THE HUSBAND'S ROLE. THE MORE EDUCATED AND ACCULTURATED SPANISH AMERICAN FAMILIES TEND TO EMULATE THE NUCLEAR FAMILY MODEL OF THE ANGLO AMERICAN. (SF)

THE SPANISH AMERICANS IN NEW MEXICO ARE UNDERGOING GREAT SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE. THEIR VILLAGE CULTURE, FORMED IN ISOLATION NEAR IRRIGATED LAND WHICH HAD REMAINED REMARKABLY STABLE FOR SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS, IS BREAKING DOWN. THE SPANISH AMERICANS ARE LEAVING THEIR VILLAGES AND MIGRATING TO INDUSTRIAL CENTERS. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THIS ARE--(1) LOSS OF MILLIONS OF ACRES THROUGH LAW SUITS, TAX SALES, AND PRECISE LAND REGISTRATION, (2) DECLINE OF THE SHEEP INDUSTRY, THE TRADITIONAL LIVESTOCK OF THE SPANISH AMERICANS, AND (3) EXPANDING PURCHASE OF LAND BY OUTSIDE INTERESTS FOR SUMMER RANGE AND INCOME TAX WRITE-OFF. THE AUTHOR CALLS FOR STUDIES OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN IN THE PROCESS OF CHANGE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION. (SF)