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Observations of proton density fluctuations of the solar wind at 1 au have shown the presence of a decade-long transition region of the density spectrum above sub-ion scales, characterized by a flattening of the spectral slope. We use the proton density fluctuations data collected by the BMSW instrument on-board the Spektr-R satellite in order to delimit the plasma parameters under which the transition region can be observed. Under similar plasma conditions to those in observations, we carry out 3D compressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and Hall-MHD numerical simulations and find that Hall physics is necessary to generate the transition region. The analysis of the kω power spectrum in the Hall-MHD simulation indicates that the flattening of the density spectrum is associated with fluctuations having frequencies smaller than the ion cyclotron frequency.

We use more than 10years of the Martian topside ionospheric data measured by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding radar sounder on board the Mars Express spacecraft to der ...

International audience; Very low frequency wave intensity measurements provided by the French low‐altitude DEMETER spacecraft are studied using the principal component analysis (PCA). We focus on both the physical interpretation of the first two principal components and their application to real physical problems. Variations of the first principal component (PC1) coefficients due to the geomagnetic activity and seasonal/longitudinal changes are studied. It is shown that their distribution corresponds to the wave intensity dependences obtained in previous studies. Moreover, the variations of PC1 coefficients around interplanetary shock arrivals are analyzed. The study is performed for fast forward (FF), fast reverse, slow forward, and slow reverse shocks separately. It shows that the most significant effect on the wave intensity is displayed in the FF case. Furthermore, it turns out that the wave intensity variations depend on the wave intensity detected before the shock arrival. Finally, the shock strength and interplanetary magnetic field orientation are also important. The performed analysis shows that PCA can be successfully applied to characterize large data sets of spacecraft measurements by limited sets of numbers—principal component coefficients (typically first one or two are enough), which still maintain a sufficient amount of information.

International audience; Electromagnetic waves observed in the inner magnetosphere at frequencies between about 0.5 and 4 kHz sometimes exhibit a quasiperiodic (QP) time modulation of the wave intensity with modulation periods from tens of seconds up to a few minutes. Such waves are typically termed QP emissions and their origin is still not fully understood. We use a large set of more than 2,000 of these events identified in the low-altitude DEMETER spacecraft data to check for energetic electron flux variations matching the individual QP wave elements. Altogether, 7 such events are identified and their detailed analysis is performed. Energetic electron fluxes are found to be modulated primarily at energies lower than about 250 keV. While the waves may propagate unducted across L-shells, the energetic particles follow magnetic field lines from the interaction region down to the observation point. This is used to estimate the locations of anticipated generation regions to L-shells between about 4 and 6, and the respective source radial dimensions to about 0.6-1.2 Earth radii. The frequencies of the events are confined below half of the equatorial electron gyrofrequency in the determined source regions. Finally, it is shown that individual QP elements exhibit a fine inner structure corresponding to the wave bouncing between the hemispheres.

International audience; NWC is an extremely powerful very low frequency (19.8 kHz) transmitter located in the north‐west Australia. Although the transmitter typically operates continuously, it was off during the second half of 2007. This allows for a direct comparison of an ionospheric situation at the times when the transmitter is on with the times when the transmitter is off. We use electromagnetic wave and plasma measurements performed by the Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) spacecraft at an altitude of about 660 km. Given that the transmitter signal is significantly attenuated in lower ionospheric layers during the daytime and, moreover, the dayside ionosphere is controlled primarily by the solar radiation, concealing possible transmitter‐related effects, we focus exclusively on the nightside. We show that although the NWC transmitter signal does not significantly change the mean plasma density and only slightly increases the electron temperature, it causes significant perturbations of both these quantities at distances up to about 200 km. The wave intensity is considerably enhanced in the same spatial region close to the transmitter in a large range of frequencies above about 14 kHz. Finally, clear signatures of transmitter induced electron precipitation are detected to the east of the transmitter at somewhat larger L‐shells, consistent with a gyroresonance condition.

International audience; Quasiperiodic emissions are magnetospheric whistler mode waves at frequencies between about 0.5 and 4 kHz which exhibit a nearly periodic time modulation of the wave intensity. We use large data sets of events observed by the Van Allen Probes in the equatorial region at larger radial distances and by the low-altitude DEMETER spacecraft. While Van Allen Probes observe the events at all local times and longitudes, DEMETER observations are limited nearly exclusively to the daytime and significantly less frequent at the longitudes of the South Atlantic Anomaly. Further, while the events observed by Van Allen Probes are smoothly distributed over seasons with only mild maxima in spring/autumn, DEMETER occurrence rate has a single pronounced minimum in July. The apparent inconsistency is explained by considering a nondipolar Earth's magnetic field and significant background wave intensities which in these cases prevent the quasiperiodic events from being identified in DEMETER data.

International audience; Various solar wind ion species move with different speeds and theoretical considerations as well as limited observations in a region close to the Sun show that heavy solar wind ions tend to flow faster than protons, at least in less-aged fast solar wind streams. The solar wind flow carries the frozen-in interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and this situation evokes three related questions: (I) what is the proper solar wind speed, (II) is this speed equal to the speed of the dominant component, whatever that may be, and (III) what is the speed of the magnetic field? We show that simple theoretical considerations based on the MHD approximation as well as on the dynamics of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields suggest that the IMF velocity of motion (de Hoffmann-Teller (HT) velocity) would be deliberated as the velocity appropriate for solar wind studies. Our analysis based on the Wind, Helios, ACE, and SOHO observations of differential streaming of solar wind populations shows that their energy is conserved in the HT frame. On the other hand, the noise and temporal resolution of the data do not allow us to decide whether the total momentum is also conserved in this frame.

We investigate the influence of lightning‐generated whistlers on the overall intensity of electromagnetic waves measured by the Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions spacecraft (2004–2010, quasi Sun‐synchronous polar orbit with an altitude of about 700 km) at frequencies below 18 kHz. Whistler occurrence rate evaluated using an onboard neural network designed for automated whistler detection is used to distinguish periods of high and low whistler occurrence rates. It is shown that especially during the night and particularly in the frequency‐geomagnetic latitude intervals with a low average wave intensity, contribution of lightning‐generated whistlers to the overall wave intensity is significant. At frequencies below 1 kHz, where all six electromagnetic wave components were measured during specific intervals, the study is accompanied by analysis of wave propagation directions. When we limit the analysis only to fractional‐hop whistlers, which propagate away from the Earth, we find a reasonable agreement with results obtained from the whole data set. This also confirms the validity of the whistler occurrence rate analysis at higher frequencies.

Magnetic fields in the inner magnetosphere can be obtained as vector sums of the Earth’s own internal magnetic field and magnetic fields stemming from currents flowing in the space plasma. While the Earth’s internal magnetic field is accurately described by the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model, the characterization of the external magnetic fields is significantly more complicated, as they are highly variable and dependent on the actual level of the geomagnetic activity. Tsyganenko family magnetic field models (T89, T96, T01, TA15B, TA15N), parameterized by the geomagnetic activity level and solar wind parameters, are often used by the involved community to describe these fields. In the present paper, we use a large dataset (2001–2018) of magnetospheric magnetic field measurements obtained by the four Cluster spacecraft to assess the accuracy of these models. We show that, while the newer models (T01, TA15B, TA15N) perform significantly better than the old ones (T89, T96), there remain some systematic deviations, in particular at larger latitudes. Moreover, we compare the locations of the min-B equator determined using the four-point Cluster spacecraft measurements with the locations determined using the magnetic field models. We demonstrate that, despite the newer models being comparatively slightly more accurate, an uncertainty of about one degree in the latitude of the min-B equator remains.

Quasiperiodic (QP) electromagnetic emissions are whistler mode waves at typical frequencies of a few kHz characterized by a periodic time modulation of their intensity. The DEMETER spacecraft observed events where the QP emissions exhibit a sudden change in the wave vector and Poynting vector directions. The change happens in a short interval of latitudes. We explain this behavior by ionospheric reflection and present a ray tracing simulation which matches resulting wave vector directions. We also attempt to locate the source region of these emissions and conclude that they are most probably generated at the inner boundary of the plasmapause which also acts as a guide during the propagation of the QP emissions.

International audience; The terrestrial bow shock provides us with a unique opportunity to extensively investigate properties of collisionless shocks using in situ measurements under a wide range of upstream conditions. Here we report a statistical study of 529 terrestrial bow shock crossings observed between years 2001 and 2013 by the four Cluster spacecraft. By applying a simple timing method to multipoint measurements, we are able to investigate their characteristic spatiotemporal features. We have found a significant correlation between the speed of the bow shock motion and the solar wind speed. We have also compared obtained speeds with time derivatives of locations predicted by a three-dimensional bow shock model. Finally, we provide a list of bow shock crossings for possible further investigation by the scientific community. Plain Language Summary The Sun is continuously emitting a stream of charged particles-called the solar wind-from its upper atmosphere. The terrestrial magnetosphere forms the obstacle to its flow. Due to supersonic speed of the solar wind, the bow shock is created ahead of the magnetosphere. This abrupt transition region between supersonic and subsonic flows has been frequently observed by the four Cluster spacecraft. Using a timing analysis, we have retrieved speed and directions of the bow shock motion for a large number of crossings. We have correlated the bow shock speed with the solar wind speed and predictions of the bow shock locations by the empirical model. A better understanding of the bow shock kinematics may bring new insights to wave-particle interactions with applications in laboratory plasmas.

International audience; Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves in the inner magnetosphere sometimes exhibit either frequency or time modulation. These phenomena are called, respectively, magnetospheric line radiation (MLR) and quasiperiodic (QP) emissions. Data from Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) spacecraft were used to analyze their properties, such as MLR frequency spacing, QP modulation period, and QP intensity as functions of geomagnetic activity and solar wind parameters. Altogether, 1152 MLR events and 2172 QP emissions were analyzed. It is shown that the influence of the analyzed parameters on QP emissions is different for QP events with modulation periods shorter/longer than 20 s. While the properties of QP events with long modulation periods are significantly related to the geomagnetic activity and solar wind parameters, no such dependences are observed for events with short modulation periods. This suggests that there might be two types of QP emissions generated by two different mechanisms. It is further shown that there seems to be no relation between the properties of QP and MLR events observed at the same times. Finally, the event properties do not seem to be related to the whistler occurrence rate.

International audience; Electromagnetic waves generated by lightning propagate into the plasmasphere as dispersed whistlers. They can therefore influence the overall wave intensity in space which, in turn, is important for dynamics of the Van Allen radiation belts. We analyze spacecraft measurements in low‐Earth orbit as well as in high altitude equatorial region, together with a ground‐based estimate of lightning activity. We accumulate wave intensities when the spacecraft are magnetically connected to thunderstorms and compare them with measurements obtained when thunderstorms are absent. We show that strong lightning activity substantially affects the wave intensity in a wide range of L‐shells and altitudes. The effect is observed mainly between 500 Hz and 4 kHz, but its frequency range strongly varies with L‐shell, extending up to 12 kHz for L lower than 3. The effect is stronger in the afternoon, evening, and night sectors, consistent with more lightning and easier wave propagation through the ionosphere.We analyze contribution of thunderstorms to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation at audible frequencies observed at altitudes between 600 and 32,000 km, where these waves can influence the Van Allen radiation belts. We use the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) to obtain information about lightning locations and times. Based on that, a lightning activity level is assigned to individual electromagnetic wave measurements of two spacecraft missions: the Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) and the Van Allen Probes. Subsequently, we compare median wave intensities obtained at the times of high and low lightning activity. Their ratio reveals that the radio waves originating in strong lightning storms can significantly overpower all other natural waves in a wide range of frequencies and L‐shells. The strength of this effect substantially depends on the local time. Specifically, it is the best pronounced in the afternoon/evening/night sector and nearly absent in the morning/noon sector. This agrees with the local time dependence of both, lightning occurrence and the wave attenuation in the ionosphere. The observed lightning contribution mainly occurs at frequencies over 500 Hz and with a bandwidth decreasing from 12 to 4 kHz for L between 1.5 and 5

International audience; Equatorial noise emissions are electromagnetic waves routinely observed in the equatorial region of the inner magnetosphere at frequencies between the proton cyclotron frequency and the lower hybrid frequency. Their observations are, however, typically limited to radial distances larger than about 2RE. We use the data measured by the low-altitude DEMETER spacecraft (altitude of about 700 km) to confirm that during periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity, these emissions penetrate down to low radial distances and eventually become a dominant wave emission close to the proton cyclotron frequency in the equatorial region. Wave data obtained during six intense geomagnetic storms (Dst

We present results of a detailed analysis of two electromagnetic wave events observed in the inner magnetosphere at frequencies of a few kilohertz, which exhibit a quasiperiodic (QP) time modulation of the wave intensity. The events were observed by the Cluster and Van Allen Probes spacecraft, and in one event also by the THEMIS E spacecraft. The spacecraft were significantly separated in magnetic local time, demonstrating a huge azimuthal extent of the events. Geomagnetic conditions at the times of the observations were very quiet, and the events occured inside the plasmashere. The modulation period observed by the Van Allen Probes and THEMIS E spacecraft (duskside) was in both events about twice larger than the modulation period observed by the Cluster spacecraft (dawnside). Moreover, individual QP elements occur by about 15 s earlier on THEMIS E than on Van Allen Probes, which might be related to a finite propagation speed of a modulating ULF wave.

Equatorial noise (often phenomenologically described as magnetosonic waves in the literature) is a natural electromagnetic emission, which is generated by instability of ion distributions and which can interact with electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts. We use multicomponent electromagnetic measurements of the DEMETER spacecraft to investigate if equatorial noise propagates inward down to the Earth. Analysis of a selected event recorded under disturbed geomagnetic conditions shows that equatorial noise can be observed at an altitude of 700 km, while propagating radially downward as a superposition of spectral lines from different distant sources observed at frequencies both below and above the local proton cyclotron frequency. Changes in the local ion composition encountered by the waves during their inward propagation disconnect the identified wave mode from the low-frequency magnetosonic mode. The local ion composition also induces a cutoff which prevents the waves from propagating down to the ground.

We use electron density profiles measured by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding instrument on board the Mars Express spacecraft to investigate the effects of possible controlling parameters unconsidered in the empirical model of Nemec et al. (2011, hereafter N11). Specifically, we focus on the effects of crustal magnetic fields and F-10.7 proxy of the solar ionizing flux at higher altitudes. It is shown that while peak electron densities are nearly unaffected by crustal magnetic fields, electron densities at higher altitudes are significantly increased in areas of stronger magnetic fields. The magnetic field inclination appears to have only a marginal effect. Moreover, while the N11 empirical model accounted for the variable solar ionizing flux at low altitudes, the high-altitude diffusive region was parameterized only by the solar zenith angle and the altitude. It is shown that this can lead to considerable inaccuracies. A simple correction of the N11 model, which takes into account both the crustal magnetic field magnitude and the effect of F-10.7 at higher altitudes, is suggested.

The main aim of publication is to compare the information systems of the institutes of Czech Geological Survey and German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources from a point of view of information which is needed for civil engineering purposes. The information systems are a base of the modern society. Thanks to them we are able to apply older exploratory works in order to evaluate currently solved projects. An information system becomes a strategic tool to evaluate exploratory works but also for land-use planning. The Czech Geological Survey information systems consists of the database of Borehole Explorations, the Final Reports Archives and the Inventory of Landslides. These three databases are fundamental for civil engineering purposes. The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources information system contains similar databases. It deals with the database of boreholes and the archives of scientific reports and publications. An Inventory of landslides is not available in the German Geological Survey information system even if these questions are discussed within Geohazards. As for the basic map documents which are available online, both the institutes include a geological map, a map of soils, a geophysical map and a map of underground waters or a hydrogeological map and a map of sources or raw materials information system. On the top of that, there is an engineering geological map available in Germany.

International audience; Frequency-time spectrograms measured by the Detection of ElectroMagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) spacecraft (2004-2010, altitude about 700 km) at frequencies below 20 kHz sometimes contain lightning-generated whistlers whose intensity is significantly reduced at specific frequencies. The frequencies of the reduced intensity vary smoothly over the event duration, forming apparent curves in frequency-time spectrograms. Events at frequencies higher than the Earth-ionosphere waveguide cutoff frequency were explained by the interference of the first few waveguide modes of lightning-generated spherics propagating therein (Záhlava et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021607. Here we present an analysis of events observed at frequencies lower than about 1 kHz. Altogether, we analyze 263 events identified at the times when DEMETER operated in the burst mode. The vast majority of the events (95%) took place during the nighttime, and they occurred more frequently during spring/autumn than during winter/summer. We present an overview of event properties. Moreover, measurements of all six electromagnetic field components performed by DEMETER allow us to perform a detailed wave analysis. It is shown that the emissions propagate with high wave normal angles inclined toward the Earth. We suggest that the events might be due to the wave propagation in the ionospheric waveguide formed around the refractive index maximum at the altitude of about 105 km.

Equatorial noise (EN) emissions are electromagnetic waves observed routinely in the equatorial region of the inner magnetosphere. Although they are typically continuous in time, they sometimes exhibit a quasiperiodic (QP) time modulation of the wave intensity, with modulation periods on the order of minutes. We perform a detailed analysis of 118 EN events with the QP modulation. The events are observed preferentially outside the plasmasphere. We determine the times and frequencies of individual QP elements forming the events. Apart from the event modulation period, this allows us to characterize the intensity and the frequency drift of individual QP wave elements. It is shown that the element intensity peaks at the magnetic equator. The modulation period within a single event is usually quite stable, with variations lower than 25% of the median value in the vast majority of cases. The events with shorter modulation periods are typically more intense, and they tend to have larger frequency drifts. These relations resemble the relations formerly revealed for extra low frequency/very low frequency quasiperiodic emissions, suggesting that the origin of the QP modulation of the wave intensity of EN and ELF/VLF emissions might be similar.

International audience; Model studies of the ionosphere of Mars under daytime conditions reveal that for solar zenith angles (SZAs) of 0°-40°, the shapes and magnitudes of the electron density profiles Ne(h) change by only small amounts. This suggests that mid-day observations made by MAVEN instruments along slanted orbit segments can be used to represent vertical profiles. The total electron content (TEC), defined as the height integral of Ne(h), is a measure of the cold plasma reservoir of the martian ionosphere. During MAVEN's Deep-Dip-#2 campaign of April 2015, observations of total ion density by NGIMS and electron density by LPW from periapse (~130 km) to 400 km were used to form topside—validated by independent diagnostics and models. Orbit-by-orbit changes in topside TEC were then used to assess the magnitudes of plasma escape associated with both large and small changes in the topside slope of Ne(h)—called an “ionopause episode.” The TEC changes due to these episodes, generalized to a global change, resulted in an escape flux of ~3 - 6 x 1024 ions/sec, an escape rate consistent with prior observation by Phobos-2, Mars Express, and MAVEN's own in-situ studies.

International audience; Electromagnetic wave data measured by the low-altitude DEMETER spacecraft sometimes exhibit intense emissions at discrete, harmonically spaced frequencies. We present a comprehensive analysis of this type of phenomenon, and we demonstrate that it is caused by very low frequency (VLF) transmitters in Europe. All available data were investigated for a possible presence of the events. Altogether, 87 events were identified, occurring exclusively during the nighttime. The occurrence of the events does not show any clear relation to the AE and Dst geomagnetic activity indices. The events are clearly localized, occurring either close to Great Britain or in the vicinity of its geomagnetically conjugated region. The frequency spectra of the events typically consist of up to 4 spectral peaks at multiples of about 1.3 kHz. Additional weaker spectral peaks at frequencies of about 1.9 kHz and 3.2 kHz are occasionally present. The events observed in the northern hemisphere tend to have larger frequency bandwidths than the events observed in the southern hemisphere. The occurrence of these events is correlated with the simultaneous detection of signals from VLF transmitters. A bicoherence analysis is employed to demonstrate that wave-wave coupling takes place. Finally, it is shown that the occurrence of the events is associated with a significantly increased precipitation of energetic electrons in a wide range of energies.

We study the polarization properties of the velocity fluctuations in solar wind turbulence using high-resolution data from the Spektr-R spacecraft. The ratio of perpendicular to parallel velocity fluctuations in the inertial range is smaller than the equivalent ratio for magnetic fluctuations, but gradually increases throughout this range. In the kinetic range, there is a large decrease in the ratio, similar to the magnetic fluctuations. We compare the measurements to numerical solutions for a combination of kinetic Alfven waves and slow waves, finding that both the slow increase and sharp decrease in the ratio are consistent with a majority population of Alfven waves and minority population of slow waves in critical balance. Furthermore, the beta-dependence of this scale-dependent ratio can be successfully captured in the model when incorporating a beta-dependent Alfven to slow wave ratio similar to that observed in the solar wind.

We present the first direct comparison of Martian ionospheric electron densities measured by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) topside radar sounder on board the Mars Express spacecraft and by the Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW) instrument on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) spacecraft. As low electron densities are not measured by MARSIS due to the low power radiated at low sounding frequencies, MARSIS electron density profiles between the local electron density and the first data point from the ionospheric sounding (≈104 cm−3) rely on an empirical electron density profile shape. We use the LPW electron density measurements to improve this empirical description, and thereby the MARSIS derived electron density profiles. We further analyze four coincident events, where the two instruments were measuring within a five degree solar zenith angle (SZA) interval within one hour. The differences between the electron densities measured by the MARSIS and LPW instruments are found to be within a factor of two in 90% of measurements. Taking into account the measurement precision and different locations and times of the measurements, these differences are within the estimated uncertainties.

[1] Equatorial noise (EN) emissions are electromagnetic waves at frequencies between the proton cyclotron frequency and the lower hybrid frequency routinely observed within a few degrees of the geomagnetic equator at radial distances from about 2 to 6 RE. They propagate in the extraordinary (fast magnetosonic) mode nearly perpendicularly to the ambient magnetic field. We conduct a systematic analysis of azimuthal directions of wave propagation, using all available Cluster data from 2001 to 2010. Altogether, combined measurements of the Wide-Band Data and Spectrum Analyzer of the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations instruments allowed us to determine azimuthal angle of wave propagation for more than 100 EN events. It is found that the observed propagation pattern is mostly related to the plasmapause location. While principally isotropic azimuthal directions of EN propagation were detected inside the plasmasphere, wave propagation in the plasma trough was predominantly found directed to the West or East, perpendicular to the radial direction. The observed propagation pattern can be explained using a simple propagation analysis, assuming that the emissions are generated close to the plasmapause.

[1] We use VLF electromagnetic wave data measured by the DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) satellite at an altitude of about 700 km to check for the presence of statistically significant changes of natural wave intensity (due to signals from lightning) related to preseismic activity. All the relevant data acquired by DEMETER during almost 6.5 years of the mission have been analyzed using a robust two-step data-processing schema. This enables us to compare data from the vicinity of about 8400 earthquakes with an unperturbed background distribution based on data collected during the whole DEMETER mission and to evaluate the statistical significance of the observed effects. We confirm previously reported results of a small but statistically significant decrease of the wave intensity (by ∼2 dB) at frequencies of about 1.7 kHz. The effect is observed for a few hours before the times of the main shocks; it occurs during the night. The effect is stronger between March and August, at higher latitudes and for the positions of hypocenters below the sea. We suggest an explanation based on changed properties of the lower boundary of the ionosphere, which leads to a decrease of the intensity of lightning-generated whistlers observed at the spacecraft altitude. This effect might result from a lowering of the ionosphere associated with an increase in the electrical conductivity of the lower troposphere due to an additional ionization of air molecules at the Earth's surface prior to earthquakes.

[1] Quasiperiodic (QP) emissions are electromagnetic waves at frequencies of about 0.5–4 kHz characterized by a periodic time modulation of the wave intensity, with a typical modulation period on the order of minutes. We present results of a survey of QP emissions observed by the Wide-Band Data (WBD) instruments on board the Cluster spacecraft. All WBD data measured in the appropriate frequency range during the first 10 years of operation (2001–2010) at radial distances lower than 10 R E were visually inspected for the presence of QP emissions, resulting in 21 positively identified events. These are systematically analyzed, and their frequency ranges and modulation periods are determined. Moreover, a detailed wave analysis has been done for the events that were strong enough to be seen in low-resolution Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations-Spectrum Analyzer data. Wave vectors are found to be nearly field-aligned in the equatorial region, but they become oblique at larger geomagnetic latitudes. This is consistent with a hypothesis of unducted propagation. ULF magnetic field pulsations were detected at the same time as QP emissions in 4 out of the 21 events. They were polarized in the plane perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, and their frequencies roughly corresponded to the modulation period of the QP events. Citation: Němec , F., O. Santolik, J. S. Pickett, M. Parrot, and N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin (2013), Quasiperiodic emissions observed by the Cluster spacecraft and their association with ULF magnetic pulsations

Quasi-periodic (QP) emissions are electromagnetic emissions at frequencies of about 0.5-4 kHz that are characterized by a periodic time modulation of the wave intensity. Typical periods of this modulation are on the order of minutes. We present a case study of a large-scale long-lasting QP event observed simultaneously on board the DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) and the Cluster spacecraft. The measurements by the Wide-Band Data instrument on board the Cluster spacecraft enabled us to obtain high-resolution frequency-time spectrograms of the event close to the equatorial region over a large range of radial distances, while the measurements by the STAFF-SA instrument allowed us to perform a detailed wave analysis. Conjugate observations by the DEMETER spacecraft have been used to estimate the spatial and temporal extent of the emissions. The analyzed QP event lasted as long as 5 h and it spanned over the L-shells from about 1.5 to 5.5. Simultaneous observations of the same event by DEMETER and Cluster show that the same QP modulation of the wave intensity is observed at the same time at very different locations in the inner magnetosphere. ULF magnetic field fluctuations with a period roughly comparable to, but somewhat larger than the period of the QP modulation were detected by the fluxgate magnetometers instrument on board the Cluster spacecraft near the equatorial region, suggesting these are likely to be related to the QP generation. Results of a detailed wave analysis show that the QP emissions detected by Cluster propagate unducted, with oblique wave normal angles at higher geomagnetic latitudes.

International audience; Quasiperiodic (QP) emissions are electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of about 0.5–4 kHz observed in the inner magnetosphere that exhibit a periodic time modulation of the wave intensity, with modulation periods from a few seconds up to 10 min. We present results of a detailed wave analysis of nearly 200 events measured by the low-altitude Detection of ElectroMagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) spacecraft. Upper frequency range of studied emissions was limited to 1 kHz due to the sampling rate of the analyzed data. It is found that QP emissions propagate nearly field aligned at larger geomagnetic latitudes; they become more oblique at midlatitudes and eventually perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field at the geomagnetic equator and thus perpendicular to the Earth's surface, allowing their downward propagation through the ionosphere. The observed propagation pattern is consistent with the source of emissions located in the equatorial region at larger radial distances.

International audience; We present a detailed analysis of a long-lasting quasiperiodic (QP) event observed simultaneously by the low-altitude DEMETER spacecraft and on the ground by the instrumentation of the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, Finland. The event was observed on 26 February 2008. It lasted for several hours, and it was detected both in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The time intervals when the event was observed on board the satellite and/or on the ground provide us with an estimate of the event dimensions. When the event is detected simultaneously by the satellite and on the ground, the observed frequency-time structure is generally the same. However, the ratio of detected intensities varies significantly as a function of the spacecraft latitude, indicating the wave guiding along the plasmapause. Moreover, there is a delay as large as about 13 s between the times when individual QP elements are detected by the spacecraft and on the ground. This appears to be related to the azimuthal separation of the instruments, and it is highly relevant to the identification of a possible source mechanism. We suggest that it is due to an azimuthally propagating ULF wave which periodically modulates the azimuthally extended source region. Finally, we find that at the times when the intensity of the QP event suddenly increases, there is a distinct increase of the amplitude of Alfvénic ULF pulsations measured on the ground at high latitudes. This might indicate that the source region is located at L shells larger than about 7.1.

International audience; This paper gives an overview of different sets of new Magnetospheric Line Radiation (MLR) observed by the satellite DEMETER. Different types of emissions have been observed: emissions called Power Line Harmonic Radiation (PLHR) with frequency lines exactly separated by 50/100 or 60/120 Hz, emissions with frequency lines not exactly separated by 50/100 or 60/120 Hz and drifting in frequency (MLR). By comparison with past observations one can say that some MLR events are due to man-made PLHR which may suffer a non-linear gyro-resonant interaction at the magnetic equator. It is also shown that periodic emissions are very often associated with the MLR. In this case the origin of these waves is natural. The lines are produced by the periodicity and the frequency band limits of the individual elements which causes the appearance of lines on the spectrograms. Finally the paper shows that MLR can trigger emissions

International audience; Equatorial noise (EN) emissions are electromagnetic wave events at frequencies between the proton cyclotron frequency and the lower hybrid frequency observed in the equatorial region of the inner magnetosphere. They propagate nearly perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, and they exhibit a harmonic line structure characteristic of the proton cyclotron frequency in the source region. However, they were generally believed to be continuous in time. We investigate more than 2000 EN events observed by the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations and Wide-Band Data Plasma Wave investigation instruments on board the Cluster spacecraft, and we show that this is not always the case. A clear quasiperiodic (QP) time modulation of the wave intensity is present in more than 5% of events. We perform a systematic analysis of these EN events with QP modulation of the wave intensity. Such events occur usually in the noon-to-dawn magnetic local time sector. Their occurrence seems to be related to the increased geomagnetic activity, and it is associated with the time intervals of enhanced solar wind flow speeds. The modulation period of these events is on the order of minutes. Compressional ULF magnetic field pulsations with periods about double the modulation periods of EN wave intensity and magnitudes on the order of a few tenths of nanotesla were identified in about 46% of events. We suggest that these compressional magnetic field pulsations might be responsible for the observed QP modulation of EN wave intensity, in analogy to formerly reported VLF whistler mode QP events.

International audience; We report results of a systematic analysis of equatorial noise (EN) emissions which are also known as fast magnetosonic waves. EN occurs in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator at frequencies between the local proton cyclotron frequency and the lower hybrid frequency. Our analysis is based on the data collected by the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations-Spectrum Analyzer instruments on board the four Cluster spacecraft. The data set covers the period from January 2001 to December 2010. We have developed selection criteria for the visual identification of these emissions, and we have compiled a list of more than 2000 events identified during the analyzed time period. The evolution of the Cluster orbit enables us to investigate a large range of McIlwain's parameter from about L˜1.1 to L˜10. We demonstrate that EN can occur at almost all analyzed L shells. However, the occurrence rate is very low (

International audience; Frequency-time spectrograms of electromagnetic waves observed in the inner magnetosphere in the frequency range of about 1–8 kHz are sometimes formed by several nearly horizontal and almost equidistant intense lines. Such events are called magnetospheric line radiation (MLR). We use a list of 1230 MLR events identified in all the data measured by the low-altitude satellite Detection of ElectroMagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) during the duration of the mission (2004–2010). We compare the occurrence of MLR events with solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices using a superposed epoch analysis. It is found that MLR events occur more often after periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity, being statistically related to specific solar wind parameters. Moreover, the length of the analyzed time interval allows us to investigate the influence of the solar cycle and the season of the year. The events occur more often during the northern winter and spring than during the northern summer. As for the spatial distribution of the events, they occur less frequently at geomagnetic longitudes of the South Atlantic Anomaly. We analyze energy spectra of electrons precipitating in this area at the times of MLR events, and we derive energy-latitude plots of electron flux variations related to the MLR occurrence. Finally, we perform a detailed wave analysis of two MLR events for which high-resolution multicomponent data are available. The events are right-handed and nearly circularly polarized, propagating at oblique wave normal angles from larger radial distances and larger geomagnetic latitudes.

International audience; Equatorial noise (EN) emissions are electromagnetic waves observed in the equatorial region of the inner magnetosphere at frequencies between the proton cyclotron frequency and the lower hybrid frequency. We present the analysis of 2229 EN events identified in the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations (STAFF) experiment data of the Cluster spacecraft during the years 2001-2010. EN emissions are distinguished using the polarization analysis, and their intensity is determined based on the evaluation of the Poynting flux rather than on the evaluation of only the electric/magnetic field intensity. The intensity of EN events is analyzed as a function of the frequency, the position of the spacecraft inside/outside the plasmasphere, magnetic local time, and the geomagnetic activity. The emissions have higher frequencies and are more intense in the plasma trough than in the plasmasphere. EN events observed in the plasma trough are most intense close to the local noon, while EN events observed in the plasmasphere are nearly independent on magnetic local time (MLT). The intensity of EN events is enhanced during disturbed periods, both inside the plasmasphere and in the plasma trough. Observations of the same events by several Cluster spacecraft allow us to estimate their spatiotemporal variability. EN emissions observed in the plasmasphere do not change on the analyzed spatial scales (DeltaMLTE), but they change significantly on time scales of about an hour. The same appears to be the case also for EN events observed in the plasma trough, although the plasma trough dependencies are less clear.

The influence of man-made activity on the ionosphere may be very important. The effects induced by the Power Line Harmonic Radiation (PLHR) may change the natural wave activity and/or the ionospheric plasma components. One goal of the ionospheric satellite DEMETER launched in June 2004 is to study the ionospheric perturbations which could be related to this anthropogenic activity. As the first step, the paper presents Tram Lines (TL) which have been observed on board DEMETER with frequency intervals close to 50 Hz or 16 Hz 2/3 (the current frequency of the railways). When it is observable the frequency drift of these TL is very slow. It is shown that these events occur during periods of strong or moderate magnetic activity. A wave propagation analysis indicates that the TL observed below the low cutoff frequency of the hiss which is simultaneously present are coming from a region below the satellite. The conclusion is that these TL observed by DEMETER are produced by PLHR or radiation of railways lines.

[1] We use a comprehensive analysis of 6-component ELF wave data from the DEMETER satellite to study proton whistlers, placing emphasis on low-latitude events originating from lightning strokes in the hemisphere opposite to the hemisphere of observation. In this case, the formation of proton whistlers does not involve mode conversion caused by a strong mode coupling at a crossover frequency, although a polarization reversal remains an important element in formation of the phenomenon. DEMETER measurements of the six electromagnetic field components in the frequency band below 1000 Hz make it possible to determine not only the dynamic spectrum, but also the wave polarization, the wave normal angle, and the normalized parallel component of the Poynting vector. This permits us to address fine features of proton whistlers, in particular, we show that the deviation of the upper cutoff frequency from the equatorial cyclotron frequency is related to the Doppler shift. Experimental study of proton whistlers is supplemented by an investigation of ion cyclotron wave propagation in a multicomponent magnetoplasma and by numerical modeling of spectrograms, both in the frame of geometrical optics.

[1] We present a case study of a magnetospheric line radiation (MLR) event observed simultaneously by Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 during a perigee passage at a radial distance of about 4 R E and, at the same time, by the low-orbiting DEMETER satellite. This unique constellation enables us to analyze spatiotemporal variability of the phenomenon. Although the Cluster spacecraft are separated by as much as 0.7 L-shells, the observed wave pattern is the same on both. The analysis of B to E ratios indicates a quasiparallel propagation, which suggests that the waves cross the geo-magnetic equator over a significant range of L-shells, at least 3.9–4.6. Simultaneous observations by the DEMETER satellite separated by about 1.8 hours in MLT from the Cluster spacecraft indicate a significant azimuthal extent of the source. The obtained results show that during the MLR event the same wave pattern is observed over a significant portion of the inner magnetosphere. Citation: Němec, F., O. Santolik, M. Parrot, and J. S. Pickett (2012), Magnetospheric line radiation event observed simultaneously on board Cluster 1, Cluster 2 and DEMETER spacecraft, Geophys.

[1] Magnetospheric line radiation (MLR) events are electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of about 1–8 kHz observed in the inner magnetosphere that, when presented in a form of frequency-time spectrograms, consist of several nearly parallel and almost equidistant intense lines. Although many observations of these events have been reported using ground-based instruments and a survey of a large data set based on low-altitude satellite data has been published recently, their origin remains unclear. We use low-altitude satellite observations of MLR events to study their detailed properties, namely, the frequency spacing of individual lines and their frequency drift. Since the satellite, unlike ground observatories, is moving, it allows us to analyze the properties of the events as a function of the position, especially L-shell. We show that neither the frequency spacing of the events nor their frequency drift varies significantly with the L-shell where the event is observed. Moreover, the frequency drift is generally positive. The individual lines forming the events cannot be explained as harmonics of the base frequency equal to the frequency spacing. We suggest that a possible generation mechanism might be an interaction between a wave of a carrier frequency and an additional wave with the frequency equal to the observed frequency spacing. We cannot exclude that it comes from human activity (power lines), but a magnetospheric origin is more likely. We suggest that the emissions might be guided by the plasmasphere inner boundary before they deviate to lower L-shells at altitudes of a few thousands of kilometers. Citation: Němec, F., M. Parrot, and O. Santolik (2012), Detailed properties of magnetospheric line radiation events observed by the DEMETER spacecraft

The DEMETER satellite was the first satellite specifically dedicated to the recording of electromagnetic phenomena connected with seismic activity. Almost 6.5 years of measurements provide good opportunities to analyze a unique dataset with global Earth coverage. We present the results of a statistical study of the intensity of very low frequency electromagnetic waves recorded in the upper ionosphere. Robust two-step data processing has been used. The expected unperturbed distribution of the power spectral densities of electromagnetic emissions was calculated first. Then, the power spectral densities measured in the vicinities of earthquakes are compared with the unperturbed distribution and are examined for the presence of uncommon effects related to seismic activity. The statistical significance of the observed effects is evaluated. We confirm the previously reported results of a very small, but statistically significant, decrease in wave intensities a few hours before times of main shocks using this much larger dataset. The wave intensity decrease at a frequency of about 1.7 kHz is observed only during the night and only for shallow earthquakes. This can potentially be explained by increases in the cut-off frequency of the Earth ionosphere waveguide caused by imminent earthquakes.

[1] We analyze the influence of Power Line Harmonic Radiation (PLHR) events on the overall VLF wave activity as observed by the low-altitude (about 700 km) DEMETER spacecraft. We take advantage of a unique set of 148 PLHR events identified in the Burst mode data, where a waveform of one electric and one magnetic field component is measured. It is shown that the occurrence rate of PLHR events over the industrialized areas is quite large (more than about 8%). However, among all the identified events, we have found only two cases of possibly PLHR-triggered emissions. There is no evidence that the total power spectral density of electromagnetic waves over industrialized regions and geomagnetically conjugate regions is larger than what would be expected without man-made influence. Finally, we have analyzed the presence of the weekend effect (i.e., a different behavior during the weekends as compared to the weekdays due to the lower power consumption), demonstrating that no such phenomenon seems to be present in the analyzed data set.

[1] We present results of a survey of VLF electromagnetic waves observed by the DEMETER spacecraft (altitude about 700 km, launched in June 2004, and still operating). The median value of the power spectral density of electric field fluctuations in the frequency range 1–10 kHz is evaluated as a function of the position of the spacecraft, frequency, magnetic local time, and season of the year. It is shown that there are significant seasonal differences between the satellite observed wave intensities throughout the year and it is demonstrated that these are due to the lightning activity changes of the Earth. The frequency spectrum at frequencies 0–20 kHz of electromagnetic emissions caused by the lightning activity is investigated as a function of geomagnetic latitude. It is shown that the effect of the lightning activity is most pronounced at frequencies larger than about 2 kHz, forming a continuous band of emissions and being the strongest during the nighttime because of the better coupling efficiency of electromagnetic waves through the ionosphere. Citation: Němec, F., O. Santolik, M. Parrot, and C. J. Rodger (2010), Relationship between median intensities of electromagnetic emissions in the VLF range and lightning activity

[1] Magnetospheric line radiation (MLR) events are electromagnetic waves in the frequency range between about 1 and 8 kHz that, when presented as a frequency-time spectrogram, take the form of nearly parallel and clearly defined lines, which sometimes drift slightly in frequency. They have been observed both by satellites and ground-based instruments, but their origin is still unclear. We present a survey of these MLR waves observed by the DEMETER spacecraft (at an altitude of about 700 km). Three years of VLF Survey mode data were manually searched for MLR events, creating the largest event satellite database of about 650 events, which was then used to investigate the wave properties and geographical occurrence. Finally, the most favorable geomagnetic conditions (Kp and Dst indices) for the occurrence of MLR events have been found. It is shown that MLR events occur mostly at L > 2 (upper limit is given by a limitation of the spacecraft), they occur primarily inside the plasmasphere, and there is a lower number of events occurring over the Atlantic Ocean than elsewhere on the globe. The MLR events occur more often during the day and usually during, or after, periods of higher magnetic activity. Their frequencies usually lay between about 2 and 6 kHz, with the total frequency bandwidth of an observation being below 2 kHz in the majority of cases. Moreover, it is shown that the longitudinal dimensions of the MLR events can be as large as 100° and they can last for up to a few hours. Finally, we discuss a possibility that MLR events may be triggered by power line harmonic radiation (PLHR) and we report an event supporting this hypothesis.

[1] We present results of a systematic survey of power line harmonic radiation events observed by the low-altitude DEMETER spacecraft. Altogether, 88 events (45 with frequency spacing 50/100 Hz and 43 with frequency spacing 60/120 Hz) have been found by an automatic identification procedure and confirmed by visual inspection. Frequency-Time intervals of individual lines forming the events have been found by an automated procedure, and the corresponding frequency-time spectrograms have been fitted by a 2d-Gaussian model. It is shown that the mean time duration of the lines forming the events is 20 seconds, with median being 12 seconds (this corresponds to the spatial dimensions of 156/90 km, respectively). The full width at half maximum of the frequency range of the lines is less than 3 Hz in the majority of cases. Moreover, the lines with larger bandwidth and the lines with the largest intensities often occur off exact multiples of base power system frequency. This can be explained either by wave-particle interactions that take place and modify the radiated electromagnetic wave or by the improperly operating radiating power system. Full-wave calculation of the efficiency of coupling of electromagnetic waves through the ionosphere has been done to show that it can explain lower intensity of events observed by satellite during the day as compared with those observed during the night. Estimated radiated peak power on the ground is larger for events observed during the day than for events observed during the night, and more events are observed during the day than during the night.

International audience; Results of a statistical study of intensity of VLF electromagnetic waves observed in the vicinity of earthquakes are presented. A unique set of data obtained by the micro-satellite DEMETER (altitude of about 700 km, nearly Sun-synchronous orbit) and a robust two-step data processing has been used. In the first step, all the measured data are used to construct a map of electromagnetic emissions containing a statistical description of wave intensity at a given point of the satellite orbit under given conditions. In the second step, the intensity measured close to earthquakes is analyzed using the statistical distribution of background intensity obtained in the first step. The changes of wave intensity caused by seismic activity are investigated and their statistical significance is evaluated. Altogether, more than 2.5 years of satellite data have been analyzed and about 9000 earthquakes with magnitudes larger than or equal to 4.8 that occurred all over the world during the analyzed period have been included in the study. It is shown that, during the night, there is a statistically significant decrease by 4 – 6 dB of the measured wave intensity shortly (0 –4 hours) before an intense surface (depth less than or equal to 40 km) earthquake.