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This present study has as a starting point the dual responsibility that universities have nowadays and this refers to the university as a promoter for economic growth, but also as propeller for fostering social cohesion. In this sense, we can bring into discussion the steps that have been made at a legislative level by mentioning the Bologna process and all papers derived such as the Prague communiqué 2001, which emphasizes the need to start working towards the development of a more inclusive higher education system. In order to understand how the inclusion vision was implemented across Romanian universities, this paper focuses on data collected through a qualitative methodological approach, that relies on a semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with professionals from academia. The interview guide seeks to evaluate what was the impact of educational policies regarding the higher education social dimension in Romania and how do Romanian universities respond to the need to develop of more equitable and inclusive higher education system, with a focus on the support mechanisms developed by universities in order to grant students' access, retention and employability and on the opportunity of developing an Inclusion Index for higher education. Results show that progress in this view is constantly, but still the impact of educational policies is quite low and this is due to the absence of expertize in implementing the established indicators and to the absence of procedures related to the process of policy monitoring.

Industrial Organization, the Resource-Based View, and the Relational View are some classical, well-established, and widely accepted theories in the strategic management domain regarding the understanding, explanation, and prediction of competitive advantage of firms and above-average firm performance. Recent evidence of economic geography and regional economics added to this stream of research new perspectives like cluster theory and microeconomic competitiveness. Despite the high enthusiasm with which companies and policymakers embraced the new advancements, there is some contradictory evidence regarding the positive effect of local conditions on firm performance. Thus, in this paper, we aim to empirically test some aspects of a modern regional development theory, proposed mainly by Michael Porter and collaborators, and the impact of these aspects on firm performance. External determinants considered at three levels of analysis (local economy, local clusters, and industry) will be investigated in relation to firm performance. We will analyze empirical data through detailed correlational analyses and by building multilinear regression models. After the statistical analysis of the answers provided directly by 67 medium and large manufacturing companies operating in Romania, we will provide empirical support for some external determinants, while for other determinants, we will show that the data rejected the proposed associations. The main conclusion derived from this study is that different combinations of external determinants, considered at all three levels of analysis, have a positive and significant effect on different measures of firm performance. The findings in our paper are important for both regional economics and the strategic management literature, suggesting the importance of creating local or urban conditions depending on the type of performance that the firms in the local economy are underperforming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the recent global trends in trade in services, influenced by the pandemic crisis and postpandemic challenges, as well as by the increasing of digitalization opportunities, this paper examines the main characteristics of trade in services of Romania and Bulgaria. We choose these two Eastern European Union countries placed in the same category at European level due to their comparable characteristics and developments. The research highlights the major role of services in both economies, revealed by their high percentage in GDP and job market, as well as in the trade balance. Our research aims to underline the local and conjunctural factors that have supported the development of their trade in services. Our analysis also includes some evidence related to the recent evolutions of the trade in digitally delivered services of Romania and Bulgaria, both countries making progress in aligning themselves with current trends of intensive implementation of the new technologies in service industries. The concluding remarks in the last part of this paper underline the key elements on which the upcoming trends in trade in service of Romania and Bulgaria are going to be shaped, considering the digital evolution prospects of both countries and the global business environment movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes an insight into the relation existing between economic development and resource consumption and the associated implications and challenges for forested areas in Romania. In accordance with this purpose, the methods used are both qualitative and quantitative by using a relevant literature review, including international and national reports. In the 1950s and 1960s, Simon Kuznets introduced to modern economic theory the idea that there are certain market forces directly correlated with economic development. After almost two decades of a market economy in Romania, we are witnessing a relative decoupling process between economic development and social inequality. Moreover, the country strives to make the transition to a circular economy by involving all relevant stakeholders and by attracting the necessary financial support. Sustainable development offers the perspective of reaching an equilibrium between economic, social, and environmental aspects. Finding the right tools to assess multiple impacts has always been challenging as regards decoupling the economic development from natural resource consumption. Although there are multiple interpretations of the outcomes of a decoupling process, this paper aims at assessing the evolution of forested areas through econometric research using the Environmental curve of Simon Kuznets. As our main results, we have observed a decoupling process in the GDP growth that will not lead to a decrease in wooded areas in our country, mainly due to rural–urban migration, shifts in consumption patterns (from firewood toward natural gases, etc.) and improvement in the legislative framework in the case of forestry products. Among the weaknesses of the model used are the limited data availability and the reduced number of observations with annual frequency (data were taken only for 22 years), the use of a square pattern instead of a cubic one (it is possible for the results to differ and consequently another form of this curve, either N or N-inverted) or the use of data with a low accuracy related to the total forest areas in Romania. Among the conclusions of the papers, the decoupling process is not a single action process. Our research focused on forest area and the need to connect it with other policy actions related to mainstreaming sustainability, promoting a circular economy or bioeconomy, or developing innovative public policies and instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is an important sector that has an impact on the development of a country's economy. Among the main benefits of tourism are income generation and job creation. It is the most important source of wealth in many parts of the country. The national economy can benefit from tourism as long as there is availability for investment to develop the infrastructure that will meet the needs of tourists. Romania has tourist potential to develop coastal tourism and mountain tourism, but also other alternative forms of tourism. The aim of the article is to present the impact of tourism on the economy, especially on income. The paper presents tourism as an excellent potential, a catalyst for economic growth thus representing a key sector at the macro-economic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to address the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the development of rural areas in Galati County, after the application of the state of emergency in Romania. The article is based on the interpretation of the change of certain economic indicators in rural areas and their impact on the population, economic environment, industry, and agriculture. Supplementary research has been conducted by interpreting the changes triggered by the COVID-19 crisis on the decisions of local and regional authorities to develop certain strategies and projects before and after the end of the present crisis. At the same time, it is analyzed that rural areas were perceived as providing a defense wall against this pandemic, motivating the population in urban areas to seek shelter in rural areas, thus contributing to the development of the economic environment. However, in reality, rural areas have been the hardest hit, unable to provide the infrastructure needed for such a human wave. In the context of those presented, the paper is an analysis of economic and social factors but also of how the COVID-19 crisis has influenced the current situation in rural areas of Galati County. To reach the result of this analysis, research methods were used based on reports, studies, papers and specialized publications both online and offline. As a main result of this paper we can mention the identification at regional level of changes in social, demographic and economic factors with considerable impact on the rural economy in the coming years. Thus, agriculture will feel a decline due to this pandemic, after 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to evaluate the impact of accessing the European funds on the economic and social development of Călărași county. The present analysis aims to highlight the particular aspects regarding the report between the degree of involvement in the process of accessing the European funds and the impact of this approach on the economic and social development of Călărași county. Starting from the premise that in the current programming period 2014-2020 Romania established through the Partnership Agreement assumed with the European Union, the Specific Objectives, the Priorities and the Financing Measures and related to the development needs of the communities in the county, all related to the Specific Objectives, Priorities and financing measures adopted, Călărași County Council drafted its project portfolio and priorities in accessing the European funds for the above-mentioned period. Following the evaluation of the project portfolio of Călărași County Council, it is worth noting that the institution understood that a community can develop itself much more efficiently and quickly by accessing nonreimbursable European funds, than in the absence of them. Călăraşi County Council put its imprint, through its projects, implemented or under implementation, on the promotion of the cultural and natural heritage and the development of the tourism infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the capital market and the evolution of Romania's economic growth, examining the correlation between the main indicators of the two economic and financial mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between financial development and economic growth in the period 2000-2020, using indicators for the development of the stock market sector and the macroeconomic environment. Most of the existing studies on this topic address the markets of developed economies, but we believe that the degree of correlation may differ in the case of less developed countries. This paper tries to bring its contribution to the specialized literature by studying the indicators in the case of Romania, during the period when this developing market aspires to the status of an emerging market and in the context in which this promotion took place in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larger context of our research is the impact of the Romanian transportation infrastructure development on the nation's economy. In this paper we focus on presenting the inland waterways, canals and maritime transportation infrastructure, the volume of goods transported and some economic implications. The scope of the present study is to analyze data regarding the volume of goods transported on the inland waterways and maritime transportation infrastructure. The considered time-frame for this paper is from 1990 to 2019 and the data was collected from sources such as annual reports of Governmental Agencies, Eurostat and the National Institute of Statistics. We found that there is severe lack of reported data or even data inconsistency between authorities. As economic policy implications we mention the need for investments in maintenance, development, and modernization of infrastructure to stimulate the positive trend in volumes of goods transported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was to analyze Romania's foreign trade with cereals in order to point out its efficiency by type of traded cereal in the period 2007-2016 using the empirical data provided by the National Institute of Statistics. The study required a large variety of specific indicators and methods to reach its goal. In the period 2007-2016, both cereal export and import value increased, accounting for Euro 2,097.2 Million export and for Euro 591.1 Million import. As a result, Romania is a net exporting country of cereals as its trade balance was Euro 1,505.1 Million. Also, the volume of cereal trade increased by 5.36 times, reaching Euro 2,689.3 Million in 2016, the export per inhabitant increased reaching Euro 106.13/capita, and the coverage degree of import by export was 3.54 by 6 times higher than in 2007. In 2016, in the agro-food trade of Romania, cereals represented 35% in the export value and 9% in the import value. In 2016, the share of various cereals in the cereal export value accounted for: wheat 55.3%, maize 34.4% and barley 9.15%, all together totalizing 98.85%, while the share of these cereals in cereal import value accounted for: wheat 56.9%, maize 24.9%, barley 11.9% and rice 5.1%, all together accounting for 98.8%. In 2016, the trade balance for the main traded cereals was positive: wheat Euro 823.4 million, maize Euro 574.3 million, and barley Euro 121 million. The index of coverage degree of import by export was: 4.9 for maize, 3.4 for wheat, 3.1 for oats, 2.7 for barley, 1.9 for sorghum, 0.4 for rice and 0.3 for rye. The main trade partner for cereal export is the EU with a share of 30.7%, the difference being represented by countries from the extra-EU market, and for import the EU had the top position with 95.8% market share. The hierarchy of the cereals, in the decreasing order of the efficiency of their trade was the following one: wheat, barley, maize, rye, sorghum, oats and rice. But, the main cereals which deserve to be traded on external markets are wheat, maize and barley. This analysis has drawn the conclusion that Romania must commercialize more cereals with a high efficiency in foreign trade in terms of high export value, low import value, high positive trade balance and a high index of coverage degree of import by export. The positive trade balance had a good impact on the payment balance and on the economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors conducted a study on the economic development of Timiş County, as well as its SWOT analysis. The paper concludes with the Development Strategy of Timiş County, the main conclusions drawn from the conducted researches and bibliographical references. Within the paper, there are presented theoretical aspects related to rural area concept, followed by the physical- geographical characteristics of Timiş County. Throughout the paper, there are analyzed the existing demographic aspects found in Timiş County. The end part of the paper represents a translation in statistical terms of the main economic phenomena which are recorded in Timiş County. There are references made towards agriculture, forestry, industry, services, trade, tourism, as economic activities carried out in Timis County. Following these researches, at the end part of the paper, the authors have compiled a SWOT analysis of Timiş County, proposing in the same time a strategy for its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the efforts to develop a sustainable, low carbon, resource efficient and competitive economy and ultimately the green economy in the European Union, circular economy is an important conceptual and practical approach with essential contribution. Latest developments in eco-innovation in Romania are those dedicated to implementing the circular economy, as a way to increase the waste recycling and the resource productivity (one of the lowest in the European Union). In this respect, the main objective of the paper is a theoretical and methodological grounding and analysis of some concepts, trends and issues required for the implementation of the green economy in the EU and Romania, as well as for the sustainable regional economic development. The role of creating and developing ecoindustrial parks, namely eco-innovation parks EInvP is not limited on their potential of increasing the resource efficiency but also to implementing and making work the new modern synergic and circular business models. In the paper we shall refer to some successful and pioneering circular economy enterprises or industrial eco-systems working in Romania, as good practices and pilot projects. The conclusions and recommendations refer to the importance of spatial eco-innovation represented by the industrial symbiosis as a high form of circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a critical assessment of the activities in the knowledge valorisation chain in Romania, exploring data from 2021 European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS). Using a set of relevant indicators, we analyse the main dimensions of capturing the value creation from knowledge. Knowledge valorisation lies at the heart of the knowledge economy and is critical for the economic and social progress. Despite of the political efforts of the European Commission regarding this issue, the "European Paradox" continues to exist and the failure of most European countries to convert the investment carried out in R&D into economic results and social benefits remains a debated topic. Universities, as one of the main actors of the knowledge valorisation process acknowledge this as a component of the university mission and play multiple roles along the valorisation channels. In this context, the entrepreneurial transformation of the university is determined and determines support and intensification of knowledge transfer. The research shows the need to reduce barriers for transferring knowledge into economy and necessity for policy intervention in order to uptake of research results in society and the economy, especially for Romanian environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate the human capital on economic growth impact in Romania. Variables have been selected according to an endogenous growth model basing on including the human capital in the Cobb-Douglas production function (Lucas, 1988). As all over usual, here gross domestic product (GDP) will be the endogenous of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF, as physical capital stock), employment (as labour), life expectancy and secondary enrolment rate(as proxies for human capital). We also use expenditure in research and development (R&D) sector (as its percentage in GDP), as control variable. Once our model developed, variables are found as integrated of order one (1) and co-integrated, here allowing a vector error correction model (VECM) for estimation. This will be a system of six equations covering a 25 years (1995-2019) interval for Romania. A long-term relation comes out of our empirical findings, as similarly to Wang (2016), so the GDP growth sees itself determined by: secondary school enrolment, life expectancy(i.e. for human capital), R&D expenditure and labour. Short run causalities have not been found significant for this model [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adequate level of basic financial knowledge of the population contributes to achieving individual well-being, ensuring the stability of financial markets, and proper functioning of the economy. This paper aims to identify Romania's position on financial literacy indicators, compared to other European countries, and to investigate the link between financial literacy, economic development, and financial development at a cross-country level. The findings reveal that Romania has the lowest level of financial literacy, although its income per capita is not the lowest in the European Union (EU). The low financial inclusion in Romania is strongly linked to inadequate financial education. Moreover, the population underestimates the benefits of long-term savings. These results challenge Romanian policymakers to develop effective financial education tools and programs, aimed at increasing financial awareness and financial literacy of population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses an extremely current phenomenon: migration in opposite directions of FDI and labour, in context with the permanent need for economic growth and welfare. The analysis is carried out over a period of 12 years, in the context of setting objectives and working hypotheses regarding the realization of a correlation model of phenomena and optimization of migration flows in order to obtain welfare through economic development. The results of the research will reflect the relevance of the aggregation of the two migratory flows (FDI and labour) in order to obtain the financial leverage effect and the economic welfare in the analysed regions (EU, Germany and Romania).The conclusions of the study reflect the relevance of the method, the validity of the model and its relevance for the decision forums interested in the economic development and in increasing the population welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world of sustainable development, affected by a certain short-term liquidity distress, the economic actors are facing uncertainty since inadequate resource management and decision making can have significant effects over a country's future economic and societal development. Therefore, the stakeholders involved in the decision-making process consider economic forecasts, based on variables that factor in recent developments, to aid them in the aforementioned process. If they did not, they would not have a greater understanding of a country's performance indicators. Using past data, a set of analyses are performed, and economic models are built, with the scope of probabilistically determining Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The main objectives of this paper are thus, to assess Romania's development since joining the European Union (EU) and provide a long-term macroeconomic projection, together with a comparison between the forecasted data and the country's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in order to realistically estimate their achievability. Furthermore, a set of scenarios have been built that aim at creating a clearer perspective of how the recent global pandemic might affect Romania. The data sets have been taken from Eurostat, the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, European Commission, National Bank of Romania and the National Institute of Statistics; and a set of statistical tools have been used to fulfill the previously stated objectives, namely; Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) for the short-term forecasts and Variable Autoregression (VAR) for the long-term models. The main results suggest a negative GDP growth of 4.95% for 2020 followed by a strong rebound in 2021. However, this figure will drastically be affected by how well or poorly the situation is managed. The European Commission anticipates a downturn of 6% in 2020 and a rebound 4.2% in the following year. This paper includes a sensitivity analysis as well, that attempts to eliminate potential forecasting biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we aim to emphasize and to analyse the importance of resource decoupling for securing a sustainable production and economic growth in Romania. Increasing the resource-efficiency is a strategic objective which should be seen in the context of the European Sustainable Development Strategy and global efforts to achieve a transition towards a resource-efficient, circular and green economy, by decoupling growth from resource use. Some theoretical and methodological background issues are introduced for a deeper understanding of the most important concepts which underpin the current objectives and trends of sustainable economic growth: resource efficiency, resource productivity, resource decoupling. We outline the role of the resource productivity indicator in assessing progress towards the most important objectives of relevant strategic documents for sustainable and resourceefficient economic development in the European Union and Romania. In the tables and graphs presented in the paper, we shall try to compare the level and evolution of key statistical indicators, in Romania and in EU-27, to check the main trends in resource decoupling, the impact of the economic crisis as well as whether these trends may be consistent with the principles of a sustainable consumption and production. The conclusions and recommendations are based on the finding that, in the analysed period 2002-2013, the decoupling of economic growth from the resource use was achieved in Romania due to the economic crisis time (2008-2010). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed the contribution of the domestic trade to the economic development of Romania in the period 2008-2017 in terms of contribution to GDP, investments, jobs, labor productivity, number of companies in operation and turnover. The data taken from the National Institute of Statistics were processed using fixed basis indices, growth rates, structural changes, comparisons to emphasize the main aspects which characterize the evolution of home trade and of its subsectors. The results proved the important role that home trade has in the economy. In 2016, it contributed by Lei 160 Billion 918.7%) to GDP, by Lei 20.06 Billion (20%) to the investments in the economy, by 1,884 thousand persons (22.5%) to the occupied population, but in a lower measure to the increase of labour productivity. Home trade is attractive for small business investors as proved by the increased number of new companies in 2016. At present, 45.4% of the enterprises operating in the economy are profiled on trade transactions. Also, home trade has contributed by Lei 565.1 Billion to the turnover in the economy. The increased sales are justified by the consumption high growth rate for goods and services. The wholesale and retail trade contributes by about 81% to the national turnover. Therefore, trade is a very important sector of activity which supports Romania's economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging economies tend to be impacted most by fluctuations in the global economy, due to their relatively low degree of economic stability. The actors from within these economies must consider various parameters of the economy and tackle many different aspects regarding inputs, methodologies and economic strategies. Thus, besides the obvious target of economic development, these economies must consider the alignment with the external factors, the social movements regarding workforce and social welfare, as well as the efficient usage of resources for production branches of the economy. The economy can be characterized by both quantitative and qualitative indicators, linked to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but also to enterprise health status, thus related to the turnover, profitability and number of enterprises. The sustainability of a healthy economy is also shown by the concern related to the employment status, human development index (HDI) and the general consumption of the population at a national level. Last, but not least, the economy is durable related to resources issues, the impact of the economic branches on the environment (air, water, soil and biodiversity) being one of the major concerns in the context of a turbulent climate debate. In this paper, we will present the correlations between the economic development, the social climate and the economic environment impact in Romania. After using traditional statistic methods for presenting these correlations, we will create trend predictions using Machine Learning (ML) methods using the traditional ML methodology. The results will be then compared to the usual methods used for prediction in statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of rural areas is one of the European Union's objectives. LEADER program contributes to its fulfillment by offering financial support to disadvantaged rural areas. The purpose of this paper is to assess the LEADER program's economic impact in the Romanian rural communities. Econometric methods of impact assessment were used to analyze the evolution of economic indicators in the beneficiary communities. Propensity Score Matching and Difference in Differences were the methods applied in order to meet the objectives of the paper: analysis of the spatial distribution of projects submitted and funds allocated to LAGs (1), and of the economic evolution of LAG and non-LAG communities, before and after LEADER funding (2). The results indicate a stronger economic growth for the beneficiary rural communities, confirming in all cases the initial hypothesis. LEADER seems to have acted in these directions: the creation of new jobs and increasing the local businesses performance. However, the contribution made was minimal and insignificant. Conclusions of the study highlight that the contribution of the LEADER program to the economic development of rural communities can be at most one of supporting the current level of development, but not of reaching a much higher level. LEADER can be considered, from a quantitative point of view, only an instrument with a positive effect on rural areas, but not an instrument of impact. This is because LEADER did not bring significant changes and didn't ensure that critical mass that could trigger the economic development of rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the interwar period could be observed both in Romania and Bukovina numerous economic transformations, generated by political and social factors, like the consequences of the First World War, financial and human losses, the protective measures for agriculture and the import and exportation of agricultural products, etc. The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the main measures undertaken by the state for economic and social reconstruction and resilience in first part of interwar period, both for Romania and Bukovina. The results point out that the agriculture will continue to have a pronounced cereal character, even if the lands cultivated with other plants have a significant rise. An important place in the volume of trade is occupied by the exchange between the village and the city, which took off in the interwar years, a fact mainly due to the expansion of peasant households and their production, after the agrarian reform of the 1920s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we determine the potential economic growth in Romania using three statistical univariate filters. The techniques used are Hodrick-Prescott (HP), Christiano-Fitzgerald (CF) and Baxter-King (BK) filters. According to our calculations, HP outperforms the other two filters for the pre-crisis period but offers poor end-sample estimates as expected. During the economic crisis, all models indicate a slowdown of the potential growth in Romania. The most reliable estimate for 2011 is offered by CF band-pass filter. BK filter performs poorly in the sample period with the exception of the estimate for 2008 and does not provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a feature of the green economy, circular economy proposes the re-use of resources used in products whose shelf life has come to an end or which have lost their usefulness to construct new objects, the same quality or even better. The circular economy model may be the ideal solution for relaunching sustainably the European economy which has suffered in recent years (2008-2012). In the circular economy, the value of products, materials and resources is maintained in the economy for as long as possible and the generation of waste minimised. In this paper we shall stress on issues of eco-innovation promoting the circular economy in Romania. One of the most important concepts for the new paradigm of circular economy and resource efficiency improvements is the industrial symbiosis, implemented in eco-innovation parks (EInvP) developed to optimize economic and environmental efficiency of the involved companies and communities. In practice using industrial synergy as an approach to commercial operations - using, recovering and redirecting resources for reuse - means resources remain in productive use in the economy for longer. We analyse here a successful good practice of industrial synergy in the agri-food sector implemented within the ECOREG EInvP of Suceava County. The conclusions point to the important economic, social and environmental benefits to raise awareness for regional eco-innovation and circular economy prospects in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Romania, rural tourism and agro-tourism were practiced in an unorganized way until 1989, as tourists sought a cheaper accommodation compared to the standard accommodation units. Since 1989, gamma services have been improved, so more homes for locals have been opened for tourists. Hence the need for an organization of accommodation, homologation and classification, and the first forms of organized rural tourism appeared in the Rucăr-Bran area, with the establishment of ANTREC, which was then developed at national level. As a result of these changes, as well as the tendency to improve and modernize the tourist activities carried out in rural areas, rural tourism and agrotourism have started to occupy an important place in the Romanian tourist offer, representing for the eager ones an attractive alternative in view leisure time. As a result of the development of legislation, rural tourism and agritourism have seen a significant development, increasingly aligning with European standards in this area. In this paper we propose to analyze the situation of the tourist and agro-touristic pensions situated in the largest development region in Romania, the North East Region, which has a rich history and tradition and whose tourism development could contribute to the economic growth of the area, representing at the same time a means of promoting Romania and its rich traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax evasion is the most widespread national and international economic crime and occurs by avoiding, in bad faith, the payment of taxes or by changing the information to be reported to the authorities, all of these with the purpose of diminishing the revenues and profits or of artificially increasing the expenses. By tax evasion, the natural or legal person has a direct intention to commit the offence, because he/she plans it and pursues to obtain a profit from this activity. The fight against tax fraud is becoming a priority in Romania, because tax evasion has an impact on the public services, it fraudulently appropriates public funds and delays the economic growth. This paper tries to indicate the causes of this type of offence, and also methods, statistics and prevention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term globalization is one that is increasingly used in all areas. But studies show that when it comes to tourism, globalization is the element that has most influenced the development of this sector. Through tourism, there is the possibility of recreation, sports, rehabilitation, business, religious, scientific and intellectual: new experiences, perceptions and knowledge. In this way, modern tourism becomes a mass tourist. In this paper we intend to analyze how globalization, the advantages offered by it have influenced the arrivals and departures of tourists in Romania, but also beyond its borders, in the period 2014-2018. The research methodology was based on the study of the bibliographic sources and on the use of the information provided by the statistical data, data that have been processed, analyzed and interpreted in order to highlight the way tourism has evolved during these years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to analyse the dynamics of social mutations that took place in the rural area of the Danube Delta, in Tulcea County, which is part of the interest area of the project. Statistical indicators have been determined using the functions from Excel Program, such as: average, standard deviation, coefficient of variability, annual growth rate. Population in rural are of Tulcea County had a decreasing trend during the period 2012-2018 and reached in 2018 at 53.5% of population of the county. The coefficient of correlation between emigrants and population in rural areas of the county of Tulcea indicate a very good association between the two variables and determination coefficient R² shows that 86.32% of the variation of resident rural population can be explained by linear relationship with the number of temporary emigrants. The population employed in agriculture, as the main activities of the rural area, decreased in the period 2008-2017 by almost 26%. Although the population occupied in agriculture is 10 times higher than in tourism, the upward dynamics of the tourism sector creates the premises for economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Romania, agriculture is undergoing restructuring and economic development as a result of the changes following the 1989 Revolution. Within this background, agriculture has remained one of the priority branches of the national economy, in close correlation with the level of technical and economic performances achieved worldwide and especially within the agriculture of developed European countries, where technical, scientific and managerial progress has penetrated faster. The authors' intention is to analyse the main aspects related to the marketing actions for the main crops of grain maize, feed barley and rape, within S.C. AGRAR-M SERV S.R.L. company, based in Bordei-Verde, Lișcoteanca Village, Brăila County, for the reference period 2012-2015. In order to achieve the purpose of this paper, we started from compiling the database for the period under review, and thereafter we presented and analysed the natural conditions in the researched area that influenced the production results and, implicitly, the economic and financial ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of a wider range of external trade sector of Romania was carried out in this paper. Main purpose of the paper was identification of the products which have submitted during the period 2002-2011 a wide dynamic with regard to trade of Romania, the total and in particular with the EU countries. The methodology used in this respect was detailed analysis of the data, of the structure of imports and exports and the dynamics of these exchanges during the ten years. Thus, we have identified productions which have had a production upward or downward trend in the structure of total trade. It is a case of grain, milk and seeds and oleaginous fruits and tobacco, which has had a positive development in imports and exports. Tobacco and meat products for the imports and live livestock and vegetables for the exports have registered a decreased share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the comparative analysis of income and expenditure trends in agricultural households in Romania. By using a comparative analytical framework, an investigation was conducted into how the evolution of income and expenses influences the economic condition of agricultural households. The primary aim of this research was to recognize fluctuations and patterns in the incomes of agricultural households, while examining how these factors influence farmers' purchasing choices. Through comparative analysis, we gained deeper insights into the expenditure structure in agricultural households across the development regions in Romania. Specialized articles from the main scientific databases were used for documentation. The research was conducted using official statistical data provided by the National Institute of Statistics for the period 2018-2022. The study's results highlighted that understanding the evolution of incomes and expenses in households, with a focus on the agricultural category, can enable the development of appropriate economic and social policies to support the overall well-being and economic development of Romania. Thus, it can be appreciated that the conducted research can provide valuable information in the analysis of sustainable development in the agricultural sector, for the improvement of farmers' quality of life and rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic changes and increasing needs of resources, in many cases incapable to satisfy the demand, have led to rethink the way of achieving economic growth, the concept of sustainable associated with the development trying to capture the concern that the present economic development does not bring any harm to the development opportunities of future generations. Romania, a member state of the European Union, recognizes the need for such an approach, ensuring a sustainable development and the transition to a green economy or circular economy being more and more frequently circulated or even being the object of assumed strategies. The current paper, based on data provided by the National Institute of Statistics, tries to capture Employment in two economic sectors the evolution of which should be in opposition if we consider the 'Green' criterion: Mining and quarrying - where operating, processing and utilization technologies are carbon-intensive, which is why there is a restriction of the dimensions of this sector; Water supply: sewerage, waste management and remediation activities are considered green activity, providing green jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health infrastructure is one of the weaknesses of socio-economic development in Romania and in other European states. In order to get a better picture of the Romanian health system issues, this paper analyzes a number of statistical indicators considered representative for the national and European health infrastructure for a 20 years period, between 1990 and 2010. Our paper has three main objectives: (a) to identify the main trends for health infrastructure in some of the European Union countries; (b) to describe the evolution of the health system in Romania, the comparative situation at the European level as well as regional level indicators dynamics; (c) to overview the Regional Operational Program in Romania, how much does it help the regional health infrastructure in our country. At the European level, there is a constant decrease in the number of hospital beds. For this indicator, Romania has slightly higher values than the European average. We must mention that the hospital beds indicator offers limited information on health infrastructure which also includes medical equipment and specific devices and practices. The number of hospitals in Romania increased with 18.9% during the last 20 years (1990-2010). During the observed timeline, the number of hospitals in Romania had a constant positive evolution at regional level. The number of doctors in hospitals has an increasing trend at the local as well as at the international level. Romania has a number of doctors twice lower than the European average (3.6 doctors for one thousand inhabitants). The Regional Operational Program (ROP) has a limited influence in achieving the objectives stated in Applicants Guide for Priority Axis 3. Major Intervention Area 3.1. This happens because supporting infrastructure improvements will not create institutional modernization. The financial contribution through ROP will result in the modernization of 11% of the existing hospitals in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domestic credit is one of the essential indicators of a national economy. In this context, the paper aimed to analyze the credit influence on the national economy and its effects on the economic development. Also, an important part of the domestic credit is represented by the market of leasing credits, alongside the investment credits or the mortgages. Their evolution is presented in detail in this paper. As a conclusion, the increase of the domestic credit helped at the formation of a stability at a macro-economic level, contributing to maintaining an economic growth and an economic recovery after a difficult period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, Romania is faced with problems regarding closing the deep economic gap between it and the rest of the EU members. In addition, Romania is concerned with overcoming the difficulties generated by the current economic crisis. The technology transfer of the research results from the scientific field towards the industry is one of the main leverages for the economic development, the innovation development and the competitiveness of the companies. At this point, Romania marks a very low transfer rate of technology between the research institutions and the economy. This is why, increasing and accelerating this rate becomes a vital element for the Romanian economy. The national research institutes are one of the most representative institutions of the national research and development system. With a high capacity of generating scientific results specific to certain national areas of expertise, their potential of transfering technology should be exploited and made more efficient. This paper presents a synthesis of the written works regarding the technology transfer, its role in the economic growth and the factors influencing its efficiency. The paper performs an analysis the current state of the national research institutes and formulates hypotheses regarding the causes leading to the low technology transfer rate, making suggestions on further research studies on how to turn this important process into a more efficient one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of demographic pressure, happiness, and a human development index on labor force and economic growth in Romania for the period 2013-2019. Using path analysis, we developed two models, one exploring direct effects and the other indirect effects. Calculations in the models used time series data obtained from annual reports. The paper documents six important findings, including that the variables demographic pressure, happiness, and the human development index support economic growth significantly. Moreover, the human development index and labor force also play an important and significant role in economic growth, but the human development index is the single most striking variable from our hypothesis test; it is shown that this index also has a significant effect on economic growth through the labor force. The evidence offers insights to stakeholders that emphasis needs to be placed on demographic pressure and happiness so that they can play a real role in the success of the population's welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the relations between Poland and Belarus in the 21st century in the light of the recent events showing the re-rapprochement between the two countries. The aim of the paper is to present the importance of economic cooperation and the development of trade relations for the strengthening of the relations between these countries. The author emphasizes cooperation in the energy sector. He describes how crucial trade and economic cooperation is in overcoming crises in political relations. The author stresses the role of Poland in supporting the economic transformation of Belarus creating an alternative to the cooperation between Belarus and Russia. In this article the author uses descriptions, as well as the predictive methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the natural geomorphosites represent main attractions that have a high tourism potential and need great care in terms of their capitalization. The irrational tourism capitalization of the geomorphosites may lead to their degradation because of the lack of proper tourism infrastructure and the practice of random and uncontrolled tourism. The reintroduction in the tourism circuit of such geomorphological structures that have a high landscape and scientific value claims, first of all, the assessment of the current state of degradation and the drawing up of sustainable development proposals from a geomorphological point of view. This study deals mainly with the assessment of a geomorphosite (Grădina Zmeilor Geomorphosite, North-West Region, Romania), using a complex methodology, which is based on the identification of criteria influencing the tourism development of the geomorphosite, and their analysis by means of qualitative points given according to the impact of each criterion. A total of 17 criteria have been therefore identified. They are structured along four levels of analysis which are integrated in the form of spatial analysis based on weighted average, and highlight the overall value of the analysed geomorphosite. By implementing the methodology in the proposed research, a total value of 0.29 has been obtained in an interval between 0 and 1. This value underlines the high degree of degradation of the geomorphosite. The planning proposals have the main purpose of increasing the overall value of the geomorphosite by providing sustainability in its capitalization. To achieve this, proposals have been made to mitigate the shortcomings for a total of four criteria. The overall value of the geomorphosite has been recalculated, resulting a significant increase of the value (0.33), highlighting the impact of the implementation of these proposals in practice for the development of the geomorphosite and the increase of its level of tourism attractiveness. The introduction of this objective on the tourist map, following the application of the suggestions proposed in this paper, can lead to favorable economic development both at the local and regional level. This analysis model can also be applied to other geomorphists facing the problem of degradation and involution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bogdan Petriceicu Haşdeu (1838-1907) was a historian, a philologist, an economist, a poet and a politician from Bessarabia, a descendent of a family of scholars. He was one of the most representative Romanian personalities of the 19th century. In his economic works he discussed the issues of Romania's economic development, both from an industrial and an agricultural viewpoint. As far as doctrine is concerned, he was a supporter of protectionism. The aim of the paper is to identify the specific characteristics of Haşdeu's economic thinking and to analyze his main ideas from a historical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is one of the main economic activities in many countries. The core idea of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of the economic impact of tourism in Romania, Spain and Turkey during 2000 - 2018. Thus, the aim of the present paper is threefold. The first is to analyze the direct, indirect and induced contributions of Travel & Tourism to GDP in these countries. The second is to determine the impact of Internal T&T Consumption on GDP growth. The third is to measure tourism multiplier and tourism efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over time, the Danube has been a significant transportation hub, with a key role in developing a specific category of urban settlements: port cities. Several factors influenced the expansion of these cities, each with a different intensity and impact. Based on the historical context, port cities have experienced both times of evolution and periods of decline. This paper aims to analyze two port cities in Romania by highlighting the role of ports and related activities in the economic development of cities. The port cities of Galați and Brăila were chosen as case studies; in these cities, the role played by their ports as engines of development in the two cities was investigated. The analysis revealed that after 1990, the change of political regime and transition to an open market economy affected the economic situation in the two cities studied. Nowadays, ports have much smaller importance in the economies of both studied cities. This research is important as a starting point for understanding the current issues of the two cities and finding potential solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In recent years, the Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE) has been an emergent field related to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). In current business models, organizations need to be part of the digital transformation and create value for customers, which has caused an increase in the number of scientific publications on the KBE. This study aims to analyze the research trends of the scientific literature on the KBE published between 1986 and 2021. Design/methodology: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database. The results were analyzed based on quantity, impact, and structure indicators and topics. In addition, this paper proposes a research agenda for future studies in this field. Findings: The study of the KBE has attracted the interest of the scientific community, especially in 2006, 2010, and 2011. This literature review shows that developed countries (e.g., Poland, Romania, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany) have researched this field the most. Terms such as knowledge-based systems, knowledge management, and information management have become more common in the literature and are setting trends. These terms refer to essential components for the advancement of the KBE as an approach that can dynamize the economic development of organizations and countries. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature because it analyzes the theoretical evolution of the KBE field. In addition, it proposes an agenda for future studies to advance the research fields related to the Triple Helix model of innovation in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic development of the tourism in disadvantaged mountain areas has the role of sustaining their development and economic growth. The premise of a successful development of tourism in these areas is given by the authenticity of resources. This paper aims to highlight the strategic perspectives/outlook of tourism in disadvantaged mountain areas through the evaluation of strategic alternatives using the concerted analysis SWOT-AHP. The aim of this study is to support communities and actors involved in the phenomenon of tourism in disadvantaged mountain areas in order to achieve positive results and as much as possible with awareness and avoidance of risks, and prevention or combating negative consequences. During the research and analysis, in accordance with the literature, the issue of entrepreneurship was treated as a dependent variable, and the phenomenon of tourism as an independent variable. The vision of tourism planning in disadvantaged mountain areas must focus on its sustainable development that contributes to increasing entrepreneurial initiatives by diversifying and ensuring the complementarity of tourism services calibrated to the needs of tourists and adapted to new social challenges. The strategic planning in the area of the tourism of disadvantaged mountain areas represents a topical challenge in the context of promoting sustainable tourism. Currently, there is a strategy at national level for developing tourism, but there is no strategy for developing tourism in disadvantaged mountain areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies regarding the contribution of migration to development are limited to an isolated analysis of the economic effects of migration. But the migration process is in turn influenced by other processes. So a wider framework including migration and other processes of development would be more appropriate. The experience of South European and East Asian countries have shown us that, during development, countries can change their migration profile from emigration to immigration. The present paper shows the stages of the migration transition experienced by these countries trying to match them with Romania's experience. So, focusing on the case of Romania, this paper examines the evolution of international migration starting with 1990, in the context of the broader transition process, offering prospects regarding a possible migration transition in this case as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the trials and tribulations the financial systems are facing in the current economic environment, in order to increase their economic sustainability, but also improve their social sustainability. As desperate times (characterized by an endemic crisis, reaching from the financial systems into the globalized economic network) require 'desperate measures', there is a certain need for improvement and innovation in instruments and behaviours exhibited by the actors in a financial system. The paper suggests two possible ways regarding the approach to sustainability, in particular social sustainability, for the financial systems. These creative methods rely mostly on the possibility to improve financial inclusion, to reduce risks related to non payments and, in the end, to ensure that the financial system is not an enhancer of poverty, but rather a solution to alleviate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international financial crisis has led to a number of effects on the Romanian economy. Altough there had not been reported any direct consequences on the banking system, indirect effects on the economy were felt in full. In this context, the present paper, aims at highlighting numerous macroeconomic effects of the crisis with important economic and social load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic studies are key programs and development strategies needed for economic and social development. The purpose of the present paper is to carry out a study of research, based on analysis and of interpretation of statistical data provided mainly by the Romanian National Institute of Statistics, corroborated of course with theoretical aspects that allowed the evaluation of regional information on population structure in Bucharest-Ilfov. The population of the Bucharest-Ilfov region totaling a number of 2,301,255 inhabitants in 2018 is distributed inversely proportional to the size of the two administrative entities namely Bucharest, which is the capital of Romania and Ilfov County. Bucharest is the largest urban agglomeration in Romania, and has a population of 1,827,810 inhabitants, which represents about 80% of the region's population, the equivalent of more than 17.4% of the country's urban population, or about 12% of the total population of Romania, having a density of approximately 7,679.87 people / km². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present an image of the main economic and social indicators of Romania in the perspective of 2040. Its purpose is to set possible targets according to the real potential of the Romanian economy in order to create a viable long-term development strategy. Our analysis starts from the current situation of Romania - the insufficiently structured economy, burdened by the existing development gaps compared to other EU member states, while aiming to expose a series of hypotheses regarding Romania's future European path. The paper will also highlight other important topic for the future development of Romania: the evolution of population, overcoming divergences between the state and markets, the impact of adopting the euro, the impact of shifting power balances between the main developed economies, as well as the possible consequences of EU's future enlargements. From a methodological perspective, the forecasts were based on previous evolutions of indicators, using the extrapolation method. The last part of the paper contains a series of recommendations for policy-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the role of tourism in sustainable economic development, the paper analyzes the existence of co integration relations between GDP, the employed population in hotels and restaurants and the number of tourists' arrivals in the tourist accommodation structures in Romania by development regions. Taking into account that the analysis aims at identifying stable long-term relations between the analyzed variables, we consider that the gap between the current study period and the availability of the data series in the official statistics does not have a significant influence on the conclusions of the paper. The main conclusion of the paper is the existence of a co integration relationship between the analyzed variables which highlights the significant role of the arrivals flow in the tourist reception structures both on the employed population and on the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]