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The article presents information on the implementation and exemptions of the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 in Canada. The Act imposes $50 as tax on Chinese for entering Canada by ship or otherwise. It also restricts the number of Chinese to one for fifty tons in a ship. The Act exempts the suite and servants of the diplomats, and those who bring certain documentary evidence of their identity. According to the Section 17 of the Act that the tribunals composed of Chinese for hearing any offense of Chinese people should be suppressed. The Chinese Regulation Act of 1884 imposed $10 annually on every Chinese above the age of fourteen.

A conference paper comparing the governments in the U.S. and Canada is presented. It discusses the desire the U.S. had to become allies with Canada during the War of Independence. It talks about the physical characteristics of the U.S. and Canadian border and how these promote an alliance. The author explains why an alliance with Canada is essential for the U.S.

The article analyzes the factors that helped Canada escape from the effect of prolonged silver agitation in the U.S. despite a strong commercial dependence of the nation on the U.S. The silver agitation was aimed at abolishing the silver certificate currency notes to save money on paper. Financial causes like solidarity of the banking system is held responsible for the reproduction of the same commercial and financial conditions in the two countries. Emergence of local branches of the banks in Canada has not only ensured security to the community, but also resulted risk management at local level.

This article focuses on the Canadian Bank Amendment Act of 1900. Since the passing of that act the number of chartered banks of issue in the Dominion of Canada had fallen from thirty-nine to thirty six. The importance of the system, the aggregate assets and liabilities of the banks, their turnover during the year, and the number and diversity of the places in which they were doing business, had greatly increased. This is the bank with a capital of one to twelve millions, and a dozen to fifty and more branches through which it reaches out to a variety of industries in different sections, though the business is guided and overseen from a head office in one of the chief cities. The Canadian Bankers' Association had been organized in 1892 with the intent to protect and advance, as chance might offer, the interests of the chartered banks. Its members proper were the various banks; its associate members, bank officers and clerks.

This article provides reports and documents on commodity prices prevailing in Canada. In the special report on Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1909, the Department announced its intention of carrying forward into the future the record of prices thus begun and of publishing periodical reviews and analyses of the current price movement, using the original investigation as a basis. The present report is the first supplementary review of this character. From January to April, 1910, prices in Canada were strongly up-ward; the monthly index numbers increased from 124.3 to 126.6. After a drop during the spring and summer the maximum for the year (127.4) was reached in October. The Canadian Department of Labour has also issued a report on Comparative Prices, Canada and the U.S., 1906-1911. This report is likewise the outgrowth of the Department's general investigation of prices. It was issued in response to the demand for information bearing on tariff reciprocity. The report shows clearly that price movements in the two countries follow each other closely. However, the relative levels of prices of all commodities or groups of commodities are not given. This is unfortunate as the commodity grades in the two countries seem to be similar enough to make such a comparison of value.

This article informs that since the annual meeting the American Economic Association has received 140 new members. There have been 196 resignations and withdrawals, 11 have been dropped, and 11 members have died, making a net loss of 78. The present membership including subscribers is 2637. The discussion of aims, organization, and problems of various schools of commerce at the December meeting of the Western Economic Society appears in the "Journal of Political Economy." The American Statistical Association held a quarterly meeting and dinner at the Yale Club, New York city, on Thursday evening, April 17, 1913. There was a large number of local members present. The New York State Bankers' Association will hold its 1913 convention in Ottawa, Canada, about the middle of June. The occasion will be availed of to celebrate the one-hundredth anniversary of peace between English-speaking people. This year's social tour for study and observation, which is conducted by the International Civic Bureau, will sail from New York, on June 28, and the civic tour, on July 2.

The article presents abstracts of geographical research papers. In the research paper "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia," researcher R.H. Whitebeek discusses the geographic conditions of Nova Scotia. Lying nearer Europe and possessing many excellent harbors and peopled by immigrants from the best European stocks, the province of Nova Scotia in Canada has now, after 300 years, fewer people than the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Its total manufacturing output is less than that of single companies in New England, and the province has shared but slightly in Canada's economic growth.

The article presents information about various documents and reports related to insurance. The workmen's compensation act of Ontario carries no important provision not before known in the world's practice. Yet, taken all in all, it is of much more than ordinary interest. It is radical; it is the seventeenth compensation law in the British Empire; and its field is near to people, in that Canadian province, which, in an industrial way, is the most, advanced and the most closely related to this country. As other British acts, it naturally shows many influences from earlier legislation of the mother country. In organic relation to the compensation law is a new employers' liability law. In fact, the two laws are but parts of the one act, part 1 covering compensation and the brief part 2 covering liability. Neither part applies to farm laborers or domestic or menial servants or their employers; and, apparently, neither applies to the general run of public employments, but only to private industry and such industry conducted by minor public bodies as may be brought under part 1.

This article focuses on conferences organized by the National Founders' Association to determine wages and conditions of employment. One of the most significant features of the program is that it is based upon a wealth of experience, for of the employers' associations active in opposing the advance of the unions, some of the most important are those which have attempted to operate under agreements with organizations of their men, and after affording the system a trial, have found it unsuited to their needs and unadaptable to their industries. The oldest and in some ways the most interesting of the now hostile trade organizations of employers is the National Founders' Association, whose membership comprises nearly five hundred manufacturers of cast iron specialties in the U.S. and Canada, employing approximately one-eighth of all the molders and coremakers in the country and producing a considerable proportion of the output of heavy machinery and lighter iron castings. The objects of the Association as stated in the constitution are: the adoption of a uniform basis for just and equitable dealings between the members and their employees whereby the interests of both will be properly protected; the investigation and adjustment by proper officers of the Association, of questions arising between members and their employees.

The article discusses about budget making and the increased cost of the government. The War for American Independence was one of a long line of Anglo-Saxon protests against irresponsible government. Belief in the efficacy of the principle of frequent elections for fixed terms is expressed in the constitutional provision that "the United States shall guarantee to every state in the Union a republican form of government." Here, in this article, the government of Ontario is taken as an example. This brief description will give an idea of the simplicity, the directness, the publicity with which the main business that came before the assembly of the province of Ontario for the year 1914, was despatched. It is also generally descriptive of the procedure used at each session not only in the province of Ontario, but also in every other province of Canada. It is generally descriptive of the simplicity of procedure used in handling the business of the dominion parliament at Ottawa. The steps necessary to the adoption of an effective budget procedure in Ontario is also discussed.

The article examines fox farming in Prince Edward Island, which occupied a place in the history of speculation. The production of the prince of the fur-bearers, the silver fox, is an organized business, carried on largely by corporations with a capitalization of millions of dollars, and with thousands of shareholders scattered over Canada and the U.S. This spectacular development, with its accompanying inflation of values, came to a sudden climax with the financial stringency incident to the breaking out of the war in Europe.

This article focuses on Canada's efforts to finance its involvement in World War I. For over three years now Canada has been facing the task of financing the no small part it has assumed in the common war against autocracy. The sums involved may not appear great, as compared with the war budgets of Great Britain or France or the United States, but the record of her efforts has a distinct value and interest of its own, and not least so for the citizens of the great sister democracy. Broadly speaking, the experience of Canada has been identical with that of the other belligerents in the revelation the war has brought of the unsuspected powers of financial expansion a nation possesses. It has also its distinctive features, arising out of the industrial condition in which Canada found herself at the outbreak of the war, her traditional fiscal policy, and her peculiar financial and trade relations with Great Britain and the United States. The working of the budget system is also a point worth the consideration of the United States student of finance.

The article discusses the cacti species' cold resistance and its geographical distribution. According to the study conducted by the Department of Botany at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona, the geographical distribution of cacti, which are entirely adapted to a dry climate, is mainly dependent on the cold resistance of the species. It also says that not only cold resistance manifest itself for the new species occurring in the northern latitudes of the U.S. and Canada, but it determines the distribution of cacti at the higher altitudes proximity to the southern deserts where they are abundant. Furthermore, various species of cacti are also presented.

The article examines the concept of the Reciprocity Agreement of 1911, which was negotiated by representatives of the Canadian and U.S. governments. The agreement was designed to address the growing insistence of Canadian farmers upon freer access to market in the U.S. and for cheaper agricultural machinery and implements. However, the trade agreement was rejected by the Canadian people on 1911 because it was distorted by considerations of party politics and Imperialism. Other valid objections raised against the arrangement was the reference of the issue to the arbitrament of a general election and the insecurity of its duration.

Of the many commodities that have been used in primitive communities as media of exchange, wives, rum, and playing cards seem to be the most picturesque. The French-Canadian card currency has been described more or less briefly by many writers, but the publication of two large volumes of documents by the Canadian archives now allows us to make a detailed study of currency theory and practice and of war finance on a small stage simply set. From that study one concludes that there was a certain fitness in adopting the implements for gambling as money. Like the English colonies to the south, French Canada could scarcely hope to retain a metallic currency. When the appreciation of French coins failed to achieve its purpose, an attempt was made to introduce a special currency which would have no value outside the colonies, and which would not-and even could not-be exported. Such coins were actually issued at various times, and found some favor in the French West Indies. But they were useless to Canadian merchants simply because they could not be exported, and therefore never entered into active circulation in Canada.

There is an astonishing amount of fraternal social work being done at the present time. In those Masonic Homes for children and in those for the aged there are over 6,000 individuals, who cost the fraternity over three million dollars per year. Millions of dollars are invested in these State Homes. The Shrine has approximately eight million dollars invested in hospitals for crippled children in different parts of the United States and Canada. These are maintained at a yearly expense of over a million dollars, raised by assessment of $2 per member. The Odd Fellows spend more than three million dollars yearly in relief work for 6,000 individuals. The Loyal Order of Moose cares for approximately 3 ,000 children, and also their aged and infirm, in institutions and in their own homes, at an approximate cost of two million dollars per year. This organization has a capital investment of over five million dollars. The Yeomen are caring for about 300 children and are considering a national home for the aged in California.

Canada might logically have used the English system of pounds, shillings, and pence in designating its coins; but the influence of the French population in Quebec and the growing volume of trade with the United States, together with the inherent advantages of the metric system, led to the passage of an Act for the Province of Canada in 1853 which provided for a decimal currency with a dollar equivalent to the United States dollar. The Canadian currency is unique in that it has been permitted to develop naturally in response to the needs of trade and industry. It has not been burdened with political compromises which have commonly accompanied wars or other emergencies. Parliament, furthermore, has been content with a legal structure which has permitted it to be used effectively. Gold, as the basis of the credit structure, assumed a place of increased importance during the Great War due to the work of the Dominion in facilitating the movement of gold between the United States and her allies. Recently, Canada has become the second largest producer of gold thus adding to the importance of this commodity. The bank note is the outstanding feature of the currency system. It is issued at small cost and constitutes the circulating medium of the country.

The article presents information on several books related to transportation and communication. Some of the books are " Government Operated Enterprises in the Panama Canal Zone," by M.E. Dimock, "The Skipper and the Highway," by R.F. Britton, "The Federal Railway Land subsidy Policy of Canada," by J.B. Hedges. While the chief emphasis of the work is necessarily upon the economic aspects of land subsidies, the political phase has not been neglected. Canada, however, land grants to railways were never a political issue to the same extent as in the U.S. The principle of subsidies in land was accepted in 1871 virtually without debate, with the result that subsequent discussion centered about the amount of land to be granted, and the recipients thereof. Nor were there present in Canada the constitutional and sectional questions which so beclouded and confused the issue in the U.S. Other books are "A Yearbook of Railroad Information," "Mundy's Earning Power of Railroads, 1934, by F.W. Mundy.

Examines the monetary and banking legislation in Canada. Revision of the machinery of the Canadian banking system; Changes in the powers of the Department of Finance and of the chartered banks; Financial equipment of the country.

This article focuses on the history of education in the U.S. and Canada during the Colonial period. The literature of historical research in Colonial education is substantial in amount and mostly excellent in quality. The listings of this article have been included not only monographs devoted to specific phases of Colonial education but also more comprehensive works which have good sections and chapters on education during the Colonial period. The titles of topics found in this article have been grouped into the following categories: "Studies of Education Along Statewide or Sectional Lines"; "Studies in the Ecclesiastical Control of Education"; "Studies in the Developing Civil Basis of Education"; "Studies in Elementary, Secondary, and Intermediate Education"; "Studies in Higher Education." The authors' intention of writing the article in this manner is solely for convenience purposes for the readers.

Last November a questionnaire on first-year accounting was mailed to all colleges and universities represented among the membership of the American Accounting Association. Replies received from fifty-three schools in the U.S. and Canada were used as the basis for a round-table discussion of various teaching methods and problems at the annual convention in Chicago last December. It is the purpose of the article to summarize these replies for the benefit of those who could not attend the round-table itself. No attempt will be made to measure or compare standards of instruction or to label one practice as good and another as bad. While a variation in standards is apparent, the differences in methods and objectives are even more marked. It would be futile, for instance, to compare a required freshman course in bookkeeping in a large city college of commerce with an accounting course for juniors or seniors in a liberal arts college, or with a course in a graduate school of business administration.

This article focuses on the baking industry of Canada. The absence of the conditions of pure competition from many industrial markets, and the consequent failure of the theory of pure competition to explain the determination of prices in these markets, has stimulated the growth of new theories of monopolistic competition. The Canadian baking industry seems admirably suited to serve as such a test case. The history of the industry over the past two decades is filled with apparent paradoxes: the co-existence in the same market of several prices for bread of approximately the same quality; price-agreement among bakers over considerable periods, interrupted by severe price-warfare. The typical bakery of pre-war days was a small individual enterprise, operated by one or a few men. The expansion of the urban market and the growing practice of shipping city-baked bread to towns in the vicinity opened the way for the development of the large concern.

This paper deals with a formerly quiet French-Canadian country town, now transformed into one of the leading Canadian centres of textile manufacture. Specifically, it describes the present competitive position of various classes in the town and relate the relevant facts to traditional life-objectives and expectations. Since but one case is presented, the treatment cannot be considered comparative in the full sense. A similar analysis could be made profitably in any community undergoing this type of change. The paper makes explicit use of the concept of position and implicit reference to the concept of status. Position is an individual's place in a competitive system. Status is an attribute of a person in society. Subjectively, it consists of his own definition of his place within a system of recognized duties and privileges; objectively, it is the recognition that the person occupies in fact, such a place. In a well integrated system of life, status and position tend to correspond. Each type of position in the existing competitive system would, in the logically ideal case, be defined as a status.

During the short time that human ecology has been a part of the research repertoire of some American sociologists, enough urban and rural communities have been described and a sufficiently compelling theoretical background has been provided to establish the importance of the distributive aspects of society for any adequate theory of social life. Too few studies have, however, attempted to describe the general ecological patterning of a community, and to use these general patterns to test some of the broad insights of ecological theory. The expansion and internal patterning of the city are seen to show considerable regularity around the original point of settlement. The chief irregularities in growth are the pronounced indentation in the southern boundary of the city and the northern bottle-neck extension to Lake Ontario. The former is a true ecological distortion, but the latter is a recently incorporated area that should be considered more a part of Rochester's metropolitan district than part of the city proper.

The article discusses the need for a revision of the relations between the Canadian Dominion and the provinces. In the twentieth century the provinces found that the governmental duties which were growing in importance belonged to them: education, local works, social services, all fell within the scope of "property and civil rights," one of the exclusive provincial powers. And provincial expenditure grew at a faster rate than federal, although both were growing rapidly. Thus the provincial governments needed more revenue, and slowly they entered into the field of direct taxation by levy of succession duties and corporation taxes. The Dominion government, which hitherto had relied upon customs and excises, entered with apologies into the field of direct taxation, and the balance of fiscal superiority swung definitely to it. With the peace in 1919 the fiscal needs of the Dominion gradually eased, while the fiscal needs of the provinces grew enormously. The feeling spread that the provincial governments had too many duties and too few revenues from which to finance them.

This article is a compilation of poll results on various issues, released by the American Institute of Public Opinion and the periodical "Fortune." Under each topic, all of the institute data are given in chronological order. On the issue of poll taxes 34% voted for abolishing poll tax, 59% for retaining it and 7% with no opinion. On the issue of governmental policy of wages and prices 68% national vote favored price fixing and 32% opposed it. 53% of businessmen favored price fixing and 47% opposed it. Similarly, 61% of farmers favored the issue whereas 39% opposed it and 9% did not give their opinion at all. In the poll conducted on the family issues 1% favored 1 child, 31% favored 2 children 27% favored 3 and 4 children, 6% favored 5 children and 8% favored 6 or more children. Under foreign policy, a poll was conducted on the issue of aid to Canada by the United States during the European invasion of Canada. On May 1941, 90% said yes, 5% said no and 5% couldn't decide. On June 1940, 81% said yes, 13 % said no and 6% were not able to decide. On October 1939, 68% agreed for the aid, 25% disagreed and 7% couldn't decide. Similarly, other polls were also conducted on various issues.

Cross-section surveys of public opinion are now being conducted continuously in five countries-the U.S., Great Britain, Canada, Australia and Sweden. Through these surveys it has become possible for the first time to measure and to report the views of the common man on the same issue at the same time in five nations of the globe with a combined population of nearly 200,000,000. Sampling surveys as a means of systematically discovering public opinion make no claim to perfection or infallibility. But through their development it has become possible to chart the main trends of public opinion in the five nations and to study the impact of war events on public thinking. The American Institute, oldest of the five, has been measuring and reporting American opinion for seven years. It receives its entire financial support from more than one hundred daily newspapers, of all shades of political belief.

In three years of war Canada has maintained an ever-tightening surveillance over the freedom of its minority press and over civil liberties generally. Although no major newspaper has yet suffered restrictions, several scores of American publications have been barred from the country and an undetermined number of minor Dominion newspapers and periodicals have been confiscated and their publishers fined. Dominion radio broadcasting has been under a similar government scrutiny. The reason for Canada's willingness to impose more drastic restrictions may be explained in part, at least, by the peculiarity of the newspaper problem that has always existed in the Dominion. Legal sanction for wartime press control is easier in Canada than, for instance, in the U.S. because Dominion law has no written guarantee of press freedom. Added to this is the fact that many a provincial body is none too friendly toward civil liberties at any time-witness the famous Alberta press gag law' and the various cases of sedition which have periodically arisen.

The article discusses different aspects of the price control system implemented in Canada on October 18, 1941. The system places a maximum selling price for all commodities (unless specifically exempted), twelve essential service areas, and the rental of all real property. The author describes how the federal government accounted for the falling profit margins of retailers and wholesalers as the price regulation went into transition. Furthermore, he points out that the price cap is individual to the type of retail outlet, and that seasonal and new merchandise is taken into special consideration. The enforcement of the pricing system is discussed along with the effects of its use.

The article discusses changes made to radio broadcasting in Canada and Great Britain after the onset of World War II, and how those practices can be applied to American radio. British radio is controlled by the government, but owned by the British Broadcasting Corp. After the start of the War, British radio was cut from eleven to two stations, news broadcasting times increased in frequency, and broadcasts continued during air raids. In Canada, radio set sales increased dramatically, radio budgets were increased, and censorship in news broadcasts increased. The effects of the War on post-war radio broadcasting is also discussed.

A previous statistical study has shown that in Prince Edward Island the size of the family has remained unusually stable for two generations. Field study of rural life on the Island revealed features which have helped to maintain relatively high fertility. The rural neighborhood corresponds to the school district. While its primary function is educational, it defines a group of people who recognize mutual obligations. Within the neighborhood, a unified school system and the absence of marked inequalities of wealth have encouraged tolerant and egalitarian attitudes. The organizational basis of the neighborhood gives social prestige and leadership to successful parents of large families, and it appears to function most successfully where there are many children in the group. Geographical and psychological isolation from the mainland has helped till recently to preserve Island ways of life from disintegrating contacts. The pattern of life described already shows signs of disintegration and is unlikely to endure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of examinations in Canada is an attempt to attain a substantial degree of uniformity within the bounds of a federal constitution, and to retain the practical viewpoint of the profession in various provincial institutes in combination with the centralized administration of a Dominion Association office. The Canadian constitution sets up a federal system under which education, as well as other matters deemed of a local or private nature, is assigned to the provinces. The Dominion Association of Chartered Accountants was incorporated by special act of the federal parliament in 1902, but in its earlier years it was active only to the extent of bringing together those members of the provincial institutes who volunteered to take an additional membership in the federal body. On the whole accountants feel that in Canada they have attained a fair degree of uniformity consistent with the constitutional limitations, and that they reasonably combine the practical viewpoint of those practicing the profession throughout the country with the convenience of a centralized office.

The article focuses on the idea of the U.S. to have free trade with Canada. Americans must realize that they are no longer dealing with a small and insignificant Dominion, but Canada that has emerged from nationhood into a position generally recognized as that of a world power. Canada has certainly achieved enough since 1939, and given the U.S. such outstanding aid, as to be able to demand the fullest equality of consideration. The Dominion has not even accepted lend lease aid from the U.S., but has paid the U.S. for all war materials or manufactured articles imported from the United States for the use of its military or naval forces, while raw materials bought from the U.S. by Canada for use in making armaments for England were debited to England under lend-lease. In these war relationships Canada's aim has been the mutual benefit of both countries without any selfish purpose or any objective that it was not willing to share with the U.S. or any other country. If the Dominion is now met with similar evidences of American good-will and the desire to make the U.S.'s postwar relations as close as those between the individual American States, and not in a horse-trading spirit, not only will the two countries profit, but the whole world.

The article presents a study of population trends and social change in Canada facilitated through the development of a system of record linkage which has recently been introduced. It provides a means whereby all the vital records about particular individuals may be brought together through a single master index. The idea of such a master index linking vital records to one another and to other social data was not developed primarily as a means of improving sources of material for the study of population trends and social conditions, although the desirability of some regular means of supplementing census data, available only on a decennial basis, had long been recognized, and it was considered that this might be accomplished through an extension of the vital statistics system. An important feature of the whole plan is the substitution of a birth card for the conventional certificate issued by the provincial offices. This card, which is already in use in some Canadian provinces and is coming into use in others, is pocket-size and shows only the name, sex, place and date of birth, the date the original registration was filed, the identifying number, and the seal of the registration authority of the province.

The article presents information about the paper "The Catholic Action Rural Movement," by John H. Millet. This article is descriptive, intended as a survey of the general rural movement within Catholic Action, with indications of its applicability in the United States. Attention is given almost exclusively to the Australian and Canadian national movements, since these countries are deemed more nearly comparable to the United States than Belgium, France, Holland, or Switzerland. Both farm and non-farm people are reached; in Canadian parishes farm youth and town youth are in the same cells, in Australia adult farmers and non-farm rural adults form separate sections.

The article presents information on the longevity of Jews in Canada. Only two attempts appear to have been made so far to express the longevity and mortality of Jews by means of a life table. The Jewish populations of the United States and of Canada have great similarities in their social and economic structures. They also share, very largely, in their European origins and they have come to North America during the same period. It is, therefore, a fair assumption that the longevity and mortality characteristics of the relatively small Jewish population of Canada may be indicative of what might be found for the millions of Jews in the United States, for whom such information is not available.

This article presents information on the growth and development of the fur workers union in the U.S. The International Fur Workers Union of New York was organized in 1904 by Jewish fur workers. In 1911, a new fur union was founded in New York City due to the necessity for the improvement of employment conditions of workers. In 1928, the Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union was organized by communist furriers' union in collaboration with the Communist in the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union. The union of leather workers with fur workers became the International Fur and Leather Workers Union of the U.S. and Canada in May 1939.

The article presents a study on the botanical conditions of the Morgan Aboretum in southern Quebec Province. One quadrat for each of the three woodland areas were established, where different plant species were measured and listed. Observations showed that in the Fagetum consociation, an area hardly disturbed and locally developed on dry podsolic terrain, the Fagus grandifolia was dominant. The Aceretum sacchari quadrat was generally mixed but unstable and was dominated by sugar maples. The Pinetum strobi-Tsugosum quadrat, a mature woodland located on a raised sandy terrain, was dominated by the Pinus strobus and Tsuga canadensis.

Age for age, the birth rates for Jewish women of Canada are far below those for women of French origin, particularly toward the end of reproductive life. Women of British origin also have the higher birth rates, but their margin over Jews is by no means as great as for the French. The changes in age-specific birth rates for these three ethnic groups for 1930-2 to 1940-2 indicate that Jewish families restrict their size to a greater extent than the British or French, and that this tendency increases with the duration of marriage. In the current generation of young persons in Canada, Jews marry later in life than persons of British or French origin. The delay in marriage among young Jews may result from a tendency to prolong schooling. The net reproduction rate for Jews in Canada, based upon female fertility and mortality in 1940-2, is only 0.65, compared with 1.27 for all females in Canada. Low net reproduction rates for Jews, of about the same order as in Canada, have been found for Chicago and a number of cities in Central Europe. Compared with a crude rate of natural increase of 7.89 per 1000 for Jewish families in Canada in 1940-2, there is a negative intrinsic rate of natural increase, namely, - 14.58 per 1000. Unless there is a substantial rise in the fertility of the Jewish population of Canada, or a considerable immigration, the proportion of aged among them will rise considerably and their number will ultimately decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the market structure of commercial banking in the U.S. Under a unit system of banking, America necessarily has many more independently owned banks than exist in such branch-banking countries as England or Canada. Mere numbers, however, are no guarantee of competition. Banking in the United States is a highly concentrated business. The movement towards concentration of banking in larger units dates from 1924, and seems to have accompanied a similar concentration in the industrial sector. In considering the meaning of competition in banking, the existence of alternative sources of supply for a prospective borrower is of obvious importance. As a first approximation, alternative sources can be counted as they exist objectively in any given market area. Monopolistic competition in banking and the discrimination it breeds are both involved with the distinction between large and small borrowers. This distinction plays a significant role in conditioning the type of market structure in which banks operate.

It has long been believed that, although civil registration of births and deaths in England and Wales was prescribed by the 1836 Act and implemented in 1837, birth registration at least was not completely effective for some decades. In making these computations it is obvious that the approach cannot be of the type current in the U.S.A. and Canada, involving a search for the birth certificates of a group of individuals enumerated at a particular census. And any method applied solely to the published data is bound, at best, to be less satisfactory, since it must involve various assumptions, some of which are unverifiable. The main technical question is that of constructing estimates of child populations from the statistics of births and deaths, and the method applied here is that used, though for a different purpose, in connection with the 1911 census of England and Wales. At the same time, provided that births are fairly steady and that infant mortality does not fluctuate violently, the higher "separation factor" used in the above formula would not introduce any significant error.

The article discusses some differences in marketing between the U.S. and Canada in the 1950's. Canada has not established a marketing education program at the university level. Access to government statistics is limited in comparison with the U.S. Canada relies significantly on exports which affects their marketing efforts. Many Canadian brands advertised in U.S. publications are not available to U.S. consumers. The cost of obtaining marketing research is higher in Canada than in the U.S. It is estimated that the readership of advertisements is higher in Canada but that the cost of advertising bilingually is a hindrance.

The article focuses on the use of deferred depreciation as an anti-inflationary measure in Canada. It is reported that on April 10, 1951, Canada's Minister of Finance, the Honorable Douglas Abbott, announced a plan referred to as deferred depreciation, which is designed to discourage less essential forms of capital expenditure. The article explains the Canadian system of capital cost allowances for tax purposes. Another device used by the Canadian government to stimulate capital expenditures is tax concessions.

The article discusses insights regarding the experience of the United States and Canada with general sales taxation. It is explained that general sales taxation in the United States was a result of the depression of the 1930s and that Canadian provinces, under similar pressure, began entering the sales tax field in 1936. The author explores lessons to be learned regarding such topics as revenue yield, sales tax administration in both the U.S. and Canada, and the shifting of the burden of the sales tax.

Most of the numerous studies of differential fertility are based either on census or vital registration records, which are substantially complete or on large portions of a population, which are considered as samples. Before the nature of sampling error was understood it seemed dangerous to base conclusions on a small number of cases, but this need no longer be so. Small samples may make possible investigations, which avoid the limitations of census tables in which only a few variables can be cross-tabulated. In any serious attempt to study the effect of a particular variable, freed from the effects of other relevant variables, at least ten directions of simultaneous cross-classification are required rather than the three or four which is the maximum usually given in a census. An earlier sample investigation of French Catholic families in the Province of Quebec aimed to ascertain whether families living near cities had fewer children than those living farther away. The objects of this article are to find (a) whether the relationship between distance from cities and family size which was revealed for French Catholic families of Quebec holds for English Protestant families of Ontario, (b) whether the direct relationship between education and family size found for Quebec holds also for Ontario and (c) to ascertain the differences in family size between Quebec and Ontario for groups similar in age at marriage, etc.

This article discusses the role of fiscal policy in Canada. The article explains that when assessing the role of economic policy, the specific measures selected must be tailored to the country's economic organization, and, in particular, to its monetary and fiscal institutions. It is suggested that the Canadian economy illustrates some of the problems facing "open economies." In Canada policy-makers are forced to consider as alternatives the aim of full employment or relatively free international trade.

The article profiles Harold Adams Innis, who has been elected as the president of the American Economic Association. Innis was born on November 5, 1894, near the village of Otterville in southwestern Ontario. He graduated from McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, in 1916. After that, Innis served overseas and was wounded. Later, Innis won his Master of Arts degree at McMaster in 1918, and went to Chicago for higher studies and research. Innis was appointed to the staff of the University of Toronto in 1920, as a lecturer in the department of political economy. He spent almost entire of his professional career at the University of Toronto. Innis gave much thought to the role of the University and dangers that beset it. Its role, he believed, was crucial for western civilization; anything that endangered it threatened that civilization. Innis has been a scholar of tremendous industry. Not content with books and documents, he traveled all over the Dominion to get the feel of the economic life that is often featured in his writings.

The article discusses some of the financial aspects of the government housing program of Canada. Economic indicators clearly shows that the Canadian economy has experienced a high rate of growth, except the housing market. The Dominion Housing Act of 1935 was a legislative attempt to stimulate employment in the residential building industry. The act authorized the government to work with mortgage banks to issue loans. These loans are generally joint loans, which allow the applicant greater borrowing power.

This article focuses on Canada's postwar financial story. The great magnitude of and pride in war effort were to bring new confidence not only to businessmen but also to the whole Canadian people. The cautious attitude, which had been fostered by experience with the economy's vulnerability in earlier periods, began to give way to a more buoyant faith in the solid future of the country. The postwar period has been a period of rather rapid population growth. Partly as a result of natural increase, partly as a result of a more vigorous immigration policy and partly as a result of the voluntary accession of New-foundland, population has increased. A more spectacular source of the dynamism in the Canadian economy has been the success, which has attended the vigorous search for hidden riches in the natural resources field. This investment boom has rested not only on the needs arising from increased population and the discovery of new outlets for investment but to a very considerable extent on the voluntary deferment of capital projects in the thirties and the enforced postponement of expansion during the war.