8,519 results on '"mechanisms"'
Search Results
2. Elevation‐dependent warming and possible‐driving mechanisms over global highlands.
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Abbas, Haider, Daramola, Mojolaoluwa Toluwalase, and Xu, Ming
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NORMALIZED difference vegetation index , *GLOBAL warming , *TEMPERATURE measuring instruments , *WATER vapor , *SNOW accumulation - Abstract
Elevation‐dependent warming (EDW) has been a topic of intense debate due to limited observed data in global highland areas. This study aims to fill this gap by utilizing CRU and ERA5 datasets from 1981 to 2021 to explore the trends of climate change and its elevation dependency. The anomalies of temperature indicators (Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin) in both ERA5 and CRU showed significant warming trends over global highlands. Moreover, the response of temperature indicators to elevation across global highlands is not spatially uniform. The linear regression model based on the elevation showed significant warming signals for the temperature indicators at various elevations over the global highlands. On a regional scale, Tmean and Tmax predominantly showed linear EDW over EU highlands, while Tmean in Asian highlands exhibited EDW signals at 4–5 km. Tmin showed EDW at 2.5–5.5 km with ERA5 and 3–5 km with CRU. In the Andes, EDW was prominent at 2.5–4 km. Overall, EDW signals are evident in all studied regions but vary across them. While assessing the driving factors, the results of this study indicate that total column water vapour (TCWV), snow depth (SD), snow albedo, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) correlated positively with the temperature indicators. These findings emphasize the significance of elevation‐specific interactions between environmental factors and temperature in forecasting temperature changes in mountainous areas. Additionally, temperature exhibited coherence with teleconnection indices from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Asian and European (EU) highlands exhibited interzonal coherence with the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, while North American (NA) highlands showed coherence, followed by South American (SA) highlands. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of EDW and its implications for highland regions globally, including the potential for more severe depletion of snow/ice resources in a warmer future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Chronic subdural hematoma that may be caused by nephrotic syndrome: a case report and literature review.
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Hang Xue, Kun Xue, Xiaohui Wang, Weidong Xu, Weitao Zhang, and Guangwen Xia
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THERAPEUTICS ,NEPHROTIC syndrome ,NEUROLOGICAL disorders ,LITERATURE reviews ,CRANIOCEREBRAL injuries ,SUBDURAL hematoma - Abstract
Background: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common complication of neurosurgery. Craniocerebral trauma is the likely cause. There are no reports relating CSDH with nephrotic syndrome. Its pathogenesis is very rare, and there are no previous reports on treatments for this disease. We report a case of chronic subdural hematoma that may be caused by nephrotic syndrome and review the previous literature on this subject. Case summary: We report a rare case of chronic subdural hematoma that may be caused by nephrotic syndrome. After the patient was admitted to the hospital, relevant laboratory tests were conducted, and a large amount of protein was detected in the patient's urine, indicating hypoproteinaemia and hyperlipidemia. The patient was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. After the exclusion of related surgical contraindications, the patient underwent trepanation and drainage of the chronic subdural hematoma. Subsequent treatment with oral atorvastatin was provided after surgery. The patient was transferred to the nephrology department for further treatment of nephrotic syndrome if his neurological condition improved. No neurological sequelae were detected at the follow-up visit 3 months after the operation. Conclusion: Chronic subdural hematomas are rarely caused by nephrotic syndrome. Trepanation and drainage may be considered for patients confirmed to have adequate hematoma liquefaction on imaging and who can tolerate craniotomy. Atorvastatin should be supplemented as prophylactic treatment after the operation. Nephrotic syndrome should be treated as soon as the patient's neurological condition is stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Uncovering the key working mechanisms of a complex community-based obesity prevention programme in the Netherlands using ripple effects mapping.
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Huiberts, Irma, Collard, Dorine, Singh, Amika, Hendriks, Mara, and Chinapaw, Mai J. M.
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PREVENTION of obesity , *SOCIAL participation , *SOCIAL norms , *HEALTH promotion , *HEALTH policy - Abstract
Background: Much remains unknown about how complex community-based programmes can successfully achieve long-term impact. More insight is needed to understand the key mechanisms through which these programmes work. Therefore, we conducted an in-depth study in five communities that implemented the Healthy Youth, Healthy Future (JOGG) approach, a Dutch community-based obesity prevention programme. We aimed to identify perceived outcomes and long-term impacts among local stakeholders and explore potential causal pathways and working mechanisms. Methods: We used ripple effects mapping (REM), a qualitative participatory method to map outcomes and identify causal pathways, in five communities. We involved 26 stakeholders, professionals and policy-makers affiliated with the local JOGG approach, spread over eight REM sessions and conducted individual interviews with 24 additional stakeholders. To uncover working mechanisms, we compared outcomes and causal pathways across communities. Results: Over 5–9 years of implementation, participants perceived that JOGG had improved ownership of local stakeholders, health policies, intersectoral collaboration and social norms towards promoting healthy lifestyles. Causal pathways comprised small initial outcomes that created the preconditions to enable the achievement of long-term impact. Although exact JOGG actions varied widely between communities, we identified five common working mechanisms through which the JOGG approach contributed to causal pathways: (1) creating a positive connotation with JOGG, (2) mobilizing stakeholders to participate in the JOGG approach, (3) facilitating projects to promote knowledge and awareness among stakeholders while creating successful experiences with promoting healthy lifestyles, (4) connecting stakeholders, thereby stimulating intersectoral collaboration and (5) sharing stakeholder successes that promote healthy lifestyles, which gradually created a social norm of participation. Conclusions: The JOGG approach seems to work through activating initial stakeholder participation and bolstering the process towards ownership, policy change, and intersectoral collaboration to promote healthy lifestyles. Key working mechanisms can inform further development of JOGG as well as other complex community-based prevention programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Anticancer applications of phytochemicals in gastric cancer: Effects and molecular mechanism.
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Zhaofeng Liang, Yumeng Xu, Yue Zhang, Xinyi Zhang, Jiajia Song, Hui Qian, and Jianhua Jin
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HELICOBACTER pylori infections ,INHIBITION of cellular proliferation ,STOMACH cancer ,CANCER prevention ,CELL migration - Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common malignant cancer and is a lifethreatening disease worldwide. Phytochemicals have been shown to be a rational, safe, non-toxic, and very promising approach to the prevention and treatment of cancer. It has been found that phytochemicals have protective effects against GC through inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, suppressing cell invasion and migration, anti-angiogenesis, inhibit Helicobacter pylori infection, regulating the microenvironment. In recent years, the role of phytochemicals in the occurrence, development, drug resistance and prognosis of GC has attracted more and more attention. In order to better understand the relationship between phytochemicals and gastric cancer, we briefly summarize the roles and functions of phytochemicals in GC tumorigenesis, development and prognosis. This review will probably help guide the public to prevent the occurrence and development of GC through phytochemicals, and develop functional foods or drugs for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. What Should Personalised Mental Health Support Involve? Views of Young People with Lived Experience and Professionals from Eight Countries.
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Sheikh, Ayesha, Jacob, Jenna, Vostanis, Panos, Ruby, Florence, Spuerck, Inga, Stankovic, Milos, Morgan, Nicholas, Mota, Catarina Pinheiro, Ferreira, Rúben, Eruyar, Şeyda, Yılmaz, Elmas Aybike, Fatima, Syeda Zeenat, and Edbrooke-Childs, Julian
- Abstract
Research demonstrates that young people value mental health support that is tailored to their needs and preferences, rather than a "one size fits all" offer, which is often not equitably accessible (National Children's Bureau, 2021). Understanding young people's lived experiences across different sociocultural contexts is important. The aim of this research was to conduct an international qualitative study on the views of young people with lived experience and professionals, on proposed aspects of personalised support for anxiety and/or depression. Participatory action focus groups were conducted with N = 120 young people with lived experience of anxiety and/or depression (14–24 years) and with N = 63 professionals in Brazil, India, Kenya, Pakistan, Portugal, South Africa, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Data were analysed using the rigorous and accelerated data reduction (RADaR) technique. Overall, although some country-specific differences were found in terms of what aspects of support young people found to be most important, individual preferences were considered stronger, furthering the view that support should be personalised to the needs of the individual young person. Young people experiencing anxiety and/or depression should be able to choose for themselves which aspects of support they would prefer in their own care and support plans, with families and mental health professionals providing guidance where appropriate, rather than removing the young person from the decision-making process altogether. It should also be ensured that the aspects of personalised support can be understood by young people and professionals from different contexts, including marginalised and minoritised groups and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Synthesis and characterisation of supersulfated cements from kaolin, quartz and sodium hydroxide.
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Peng, Meixun, Zhang, Yuanpeng, Liu, Wenjuan, and Song, Fei
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SODIUM hydroxide , *COMPRESSIVE strength , *ETTRINGITE , *CLIMATE change mitigation , *ALUMINUM silicates , *KAOLIN - Abstract
Supersulfated cements (SSCs), as potential green alternatives to Portland cements, are in demand for developing new kinds of precursors instead of blast-furnace slag. A mixture of kaolin, quartz and sodium hydroxide was calcined to prepare SSC by grinding clinkers with lime and gypsum. Preparation factors were investigated and multiple characterisation methods were adopted to explore the calcination and hydration mechanisms. The sodium hydroxide additive was found to reduce the activation temperature of the kaolin and a moderate addition of sodium hydroxide improved the compressive strength of SSC made from calcined kaolin. Quartz added into the kaolin calcined with a moderate amount of sodium hydroxide also promoted the compressive strength. Comprehensive characterisations indicated that the alkali-added calcination of the kaolin generated pozzolanic zeolite and sodium aluminosilicates along with inert nepheline at a calcination temperature ≤950°C. The hydration of SSC pastes tended to produce C(N)–A–S–H/N(C)–A–S–H gels and crystalline ettringite. During sodium hydroxide-added calcination, quartz added into the kaolin hindered the generation of inert nepheline and produced cementitious N–S gels. The research facilitates the utilisation of the massive discharged coal gangues rich in kaolinite and quartz by synthesising SSCs economically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. From Effects of Governance to Causes of Epistemic Change.
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Gläser, Jochen
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EPISTEMICS , *QUALITATIVE research , *EMPIRICAL research , *SCIENCE & state ,RESEARCH evaluation - Abstract
In this paper I argue that the attempts by science studies to identify epistemic effects of new governance instruments have largely failed. I suggest two main reasons for this failure. The first reason is that neither quantitative nor qualitative studies of effects of governance instruments meet the respective methodological standards for establishing causality. While much of this could be repaired, the second reason is more severe: given the complex causal web between governance and knowledge production and the multi-level nature of causation, a strategy that starts from a particular governance instrument and tries to identify its effects cannot work. I propose to reverse this strategy by starting from the observation of epistemic change and applying a strategy of "causal reconstruction" (Mayntz), which identifies the causes of this epistemic change and among them the contribution by governance. This approach has the advantage of starting from well-identified change. Challenges posed by the new approach include the empirical identification of epistemic change and the need to integrate sociological methods in science policy studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Deposition voltages on the phase evolutions, microstructures, and oxidation behaviors of thermal-resistance Glass-MoSi2-SiC coating.
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Zhong, Xinzi, Cao, Liyun, Yan, Hang, Huang, Jianfeng, Liu, Yijun, Shen, Xuetao, Zhao, Yong, Cheng, Zhiwen, and Liu, Ting
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THERMAL shock , *PROTECTIVE coatings , *DETERIORATION of materials , *SUBSTRATES (Materials science) , *HIGH temperatures - Abstract
Due to the high oxidation activities at high temperatures, traditional SiC coating was difficult to act as an antioxidant material for ages. In this case, the multilayered Glass-MoSi2-SiC coating was fabricated on the C/C substrate, combined with hydrothermal electrophoresis deposition and simple embedding process. It was found that the composite obtained at 10 V performed outstanding combinations of oxidation resistance and thermal shock resistance properties. The weight loss of this Glass-MoSi2-SiC-C/C composite was only 0.99% after 212 h oxidation at 1773 K. After thermal shock for 130 times, the mass was just 0.05% lower than that of the initial. These excellent heat-resistant performances were much better than those in similar reports, which was attributed to the suitable coating composition and dense interlayer structure. As oxidized at 1773 K, the in-situ SiO2 phases had a self-healing ability to fill micropores and microcracks to protect the structure. The structure failure was related to SiO2 volatilization. This study emphasized the importance of simple techniques in the thermal-resistance coating fields at multiple length scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Exercise‐induced pain within endurance exercise settings: Definitions, measurement, mechanisms and potential interventions.
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O'Malley, Callum A., Smith, Samuel A., Mauger, Alexis R., and Norbury, Ryan
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EXERCISE physiology , *MYALGIA , *CHRONIC pain , *OPERATIONAL definitions , *EMOTIONAL experience - Abstract
Pain can be defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Though consistent with this definition, different types of pain result in different behavioural and psychophysiological responses. For example, the transient, non‐threatening, acute muscle pain element of exercise‐induced pain (EIP) is entirely different from other pain types like delayed onset muscle soreness, muscular injury or chronic pain. However, studies often conflate the definitions or assume parity between distinct pain types. Consequently, the mechanisms through which pain might impact exercise behaviour across different pain subcategories may be incorrectly assumed, which could lead to interventions or recommendations that are inappropriate. Therefore, this review aims to distinguish EIP from other subcategories of pain according to their aetiologies and characteristics, thereby providing an updated conceptual and operational definition of EIP. Secondly, the review will discuss the experimental pain models currently used across several research domains and their relevance to EIP with a focus on the neuro‐psychophysiological mechanisms of EIP and its effect on exercise behaviour and performance. Finally, the review will examine potential interventions to cope with the impact of EIP and support wider exercise benefits. Highlights: What is the topic of this review?Considerations for future research focusing on exercise‐induced pain within endurance exercise settings.What advances does it highlight? An updated appraisal and guide of research concerning exercise‐induced pain and its impact on endurance task behaviour, particularly with reference to the aetiology, measurement, and manipulation of exercise‐induced pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Epidemiological and experimental evidence for radiation-induced health effects in the progeny after exposure in utero.
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Benotmane, Mohammed Abderrafi and Trott, Klaus Ruediger
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RADIATION protection , *RADIATION exposure , *FETAL development , *NUCLEAR reactor accidents , *RADIOACTIVITY - Abstract
Purpose: It has been known for many decades that radiation exposure of the developing embryo or fetus may cause two fundamentally different types of severe health effects: on the one hand, radiation may interfere with the normal intrauterine development, on the other hand, radiation may induce leukemia and cancer which become manifest in childhood. A large amount of epidemiological and experimental data has recently been presented which might be used to improve our understanding of underlying mechanisms and setting radiation protection standards. Yet, ecological studies in the populations exposed to increased levels of radiation in regions contaminated by radioactivity released from reactor accidents (Chernobyl, Fukushima) do not provide solid evidence which would contribute to this aim. On the other hand, well designed experimental studies demonstrated the multifactorial mechanisms which lead to different health effects after radiation exposure in utero. Conclusion: There is no convincing evidence, neither from epidemiological nor experimental data of the existence of a dose threshold for developmental defects after radiation exposure in utero. This must be taken into account in the revision of rules and regulations of radiation protection in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. Is integration of mechanisms a way to enhance a nature-inspired algorithm?
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Thymianis, Marios and Tzanetos, Alexandros
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PARTICLE swarm optimization , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
A lot of discussion is done these days regarding the actual novelty of newcomer nature-inspired approaches. Crucial role on that matter is played by the mechanisms included in these approaches, where many of these mechanisms have been previously introduced as part of another algorithm. On the other hand, a good practice would be to use the mechanisms of a nature-inspired algorithm to enhance the performance or to overcome the drawbacks of another one. This paper investigates this issue, where four mechanisms have been isolated and studied. Furthermore, the well-known Particle Swarm Optimization and Firefly Algorithm were used to test the effect of the studied mechanisms on the exploration and exploitation of established approaches that suffer from premature convergence or mostly explore the search space, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Central neural mechanisms of cancer cachexia.
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Yule, Michael S., Brown, Leo R., Skipworth, Richard J. E., and Laird, Barry J. A.
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Purpose: of review Cachexia is a devasting syndrome which impacts a large number of patients with cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the central mechanisms of cancer cachexia. In particular, it focuses on the role of the central nervous system (CNS), the melanocortin system, circulating hormones and molecules which are produced by and act on the CNS and the psychological symptoms of cancer cachexia. Recent findings: A growing body of evidence suggests that a central mechanism of action underpins this multi-system disorder. Recent research has focused on the role of neuroinflammation that drives the sickness behaviour seen in cancer cachexia, with emphasis on the role of the hypothalamus. Melanocortin receptor antagonists are showing promise in preclinical studies. There are also new pharmacological developments to overcome the short halflife of ghrelin. GDF-15 has been identified as a core target and trials of compounds that interfere with its signalling or its central receptor are underway. Summary: Understanding the central mechanisms of cancer cachexia is pivotal for enhancing treatment outcomes in patients. While emerging pharmacological interventions targeting these pathways have shown promise, further research is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. Mechanisms of the Effect of Individual Education on Pro‐European Dispositions.
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Fernández, Juan J., Teney, Céline, and Díez Medrano, Juan
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STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,EUROPEANIZATION ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) - Abstract
A burgeoning empirical literature on attitudes towards Europe shows that highly educated individuals are more likely to hold pro‐European dispositions than non‐highly educated individuals. The literature provides structural and cultural accounts for this relationship. The structural account highlights that formal education contributes to earning higher incomes and attaining an upper‐class occupation, which are conducive to pro‐European dispositions. The cultural account instead highlights that formal education instils universalist and non‐traditionalist values in individuals, which are conducive to pro‐European dispositions. This is the first article to assess the relative predictive power of these two approaches. Using structural equation models, Rounds 8–10 of the European Social Survey and three indicators of pro‐European dispositions, this article examines whether socio‐economic location measured by income and upper‐class occupation or commitment to human values measured by universalism and traditionalism mediates this association. All in all, the structural approach receives stronger support than the cultural one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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15. Compression behaviour and strengthening mechanisms for Cu hybrid composites.
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Rajamani, D, Kumaresh Babu, S. P., and Natarajan, S.
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HYBRID materials ,HYBRID systems ,STRAIN hardening ,COPPER ,CRYSTAL grain boundaries - Abstract
In this investigation, Cu-TiO
2 -Graphite hybrid composites were fabricated with variations in wt.% of TiO2 and fixed wt.% of Graphite contents through stir casting technique. The size of the grains measured after casting were 83 ± 04, 64 ± 10, 41 ± 10 and 29 ± 04 μm for 0, 3, 6, and 9 wt% hybrid composites, respectively. The addition of 1 wt.% graphite (Gr) was not only to enhance the mechanical and tribological properties but also to improve the wettability during casting. The influence of TiO2 and Gr in Cu-hybrid composite on compression test was investigated followed by characterisation studies involving XRD, EDS, TEM, EBSD. The results reveal that 9 wt% reinforced composite exhibits more strain hardening. Further, composite exhibits higher strength due to the presence of combined strengthening mechanisms such as grain boundary, Orowan and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch in commensurate with ceramic particle addition. Out of these, it is found that Orowan strengthening contributes significantly to the compression strength of the hybrid system investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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16. The emerging roles of LINC00511 in breast cancer development and therapy.
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Lifeng Zhao, Biswas, Sangita, Yepeng Li, and Sooranna, Suren Rao
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TREATMENT effectiveness ,LINCRNA ,GENE expression ,BREAST cancer ,CANCER treatment - Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is associated with malignant tumors in women worldwide with persistently high incidence and mortality rates. The traditional therapies including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy have certain therapeutic effects on BC patients, but acquired drug resistance can lead to tumor recurrence and metastasis. This remains a clinical challenge that is difficult to solve during treatment. Therefore, continued research is needed to identify effective targets and treatment methods, to ultimately implement personalized treatment strategies. Several studies have implicated that the long non-coding RNA LINC00511 is closely linked to the occurrence, development and drug resistance of BC. Here we will review the structure and the mechanisms of action of lnc RNA LINC00511 in various cancers, and then explore its expression and its related regulatory mechanisms during BC. In addition, we will discuss the biological functions and the potential clinical applications of LINC00511 in BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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17. Active components and mechanisms of action of psychological interventions in bipolar disorder: A systematic literature review.
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Serbetci, Duygu, Koh, Zhao Hui, Murray, Greg, and Tremain, Hailey
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PSYCHOTHERAPY , *PATIENT compliance , *BIPOLAR disorder , *DATABASES - Abstract
Objective Method Results Conclusions The efficacy of psychological interventions for bipolar disorder (BD) is well established, but much remains unknown about how change occurs. The primary objective of this exploratory study was to audit what is known about active components and mechanisms of action of psychological interventions for BD.We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42022323276). Two independent reviewers screened references from four databases and extracted data from eligible studies.We included four component studies, six studies with mediation analyses and 26 studies presenting subjective experiences of how psychological interventions bring change. Ten mediators were examined across six studies, with only one putative mediator, medication adherence, tested in more than one study. Some initial support for mediation of varied outcomes by control over thoughts, positive non‐verbal behaviour, self‐esteem, post‐trauma growth and medication adherence. Some preliminary support was found in two components, human support and IPT. Studies exploring participant experiences of therapeutic change enumerated a range of potential active components, mechanisms of action and contextual factors potentially warranting investigation in future research. However, the evidence base for active components and mechanisms of action in psychological interventions for BD is unsatisfactory. Findings were inconsistent, studies homogenous with significant methodological limitations and statistical approaches failed to meet quality criteria.Preliminary identification of potential components and mechanisms via qualitative analyses and the insights emerging from this review will inform future research aimed at investigating how psychological interventions work in BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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18. Progress through Temporal Analysis of Products and Steady‐state Isotopic Transient Kinetic Analysis to Elucidate Oxidation, CO2 Hydrogenation and Lower Olefins Production Reactions.
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Otroshchenko, Tatiana, Kondratenko, Vita A., Zanina, Anna, Zhang, Qiyang, and Kondratenko, Evgenii V.
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ACRYLIC acid , *METATHESIS reactions , *CHEMICAL kinetics , *HETEROGENEOUS catalysis , *HETEROGENEOUS catalysts , *PROPENE , *PROPANE - Abstract
A prerequisite for the development or optimization of heterogeneous catalysts is a comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanism and kinetics at the level as elementary as possible. In comparison with steady‐state catalytic tests typically used for this purpose, non‐steady‐state (transient) studies provide deeper insights due to higher time resolution. For several decades, temporal analysis of products (TAP) and steady‐state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) have been successfully applied to the analysis of various heterogeneous reactions. In this review, we highlight the contributions made by TAP and SSITKA studies between 2017 and 2023 to the understanding of reaction mechanisms and to the derivation of microkinetics. The versatility of these methods is illustrated by the examples of oxidative coupling of methane, CO/CO2 hydrogenation to hydrocarbons or methanol, metathesis of ethylene with 2‐butenes to propene, acrolein oxidation to acrylic acid, methanol conversion to olefins and non‐oxidative propane dehydrogenation to propene. We also provide our personal views on possible developments in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. A bibliometric analysis of drug resistance in immunotherapy for breast cancer: trends, themes, and research focus.
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Rendong Zhang, Qiongzhi Jiang, Zhemin Zhuang, Huancheng Zeng, and Yaochen Li
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TRIPLE-negative breast cancer ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,BREAST cancer ,COMBINATION drug therapy ,DRUG delivery systems - Abstract
While breast cancer treatments have advanced significantly nowadays, yet metastatic, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), remains challenging with lowsurvival. Cancer immunotherapy, a promising approach for HER2-positive and TNBC, still faces resistance hurdles. Recently, numerous studies have set their sights on the resistance of immunotherapy for breast cancer. Our study provides a thorough comprehension of the current research landscape, hotspots, and emerging breakthroughs in this critical area through a meticulous bibliometric analysis. As of March 26, 2024, a total of 1341 articles on immunology resistance in breast cancer have been gathered from Web of Science Core Collection, including 765 articles and 576 reviews. Bibliometrix, CiteSpace and VOSviewer softwarewere utilized to examine publications and citations per year, prolific countries, contributive institutions, high-level journals and scholars, as well as highly cited articles, references and keywords. The research of immunotherapy resistance in breast cancer has witnessed a remarkable surge over the past seven years. The United States and China have made significant contributions, with HarvardMedical School being the most prolific institution and actively engaging in collaborations. The most contributive author is Curigliano, G from the European Institute of Oncology in Italy, while Wucherpfennig, K. W. from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in the USA, had the highest citations. Journals highly productive primarily focus on clinical, immunology and oncology research. Common keywords include "resistance", "expression", "tumor microenvironment", "cancer", "T cell", "therapy", "chemotherapy" and "cell". Current research endeavors to unravel the mechanisms of immune resistance in breast cancer through the integration of bioinformatics, basic experiments, and clinical trials. Efforts are underway to develop strategies that improve the effectiveness of immunotherapy, including the exploration of combination therapies and advancements in drug delivery systems. Additionally, there is a strong focus on identifying novel biomarkers that can predict patient response to immunology. This study will provide researchers with an up-to-date overview of the present knowledge in drug resistance of immunology for breast cancer, serving as a valuable resource for informed decision-making and further research on innovative approaches to address immunotherapy resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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20. Cr2AlC ceramic–modified carbon/quartz fiber composites with enhanced ablation resistance and thermal insulation.
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Zhang, Hao, Liu, Guixiang, Dai, Bo, Fu, Shuai, Wan, Detian, Bao, Yiwang, Chu, Longsheng, Feng, Qingguo, and Hu, Chunfeng
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THERMAL insulation , *CARBON composites , *CERAMIC fibers , *THERMAL conductivity , *THERMAL resistance - Abstract
Carbon‐bonded carbon fiber composites (CBCF) are renowned for their lightweight and thermal insulation properties. However, the brittleness and susceptibility to oxidation hinder the widespread application of CBCF. In this work, the carbon‐bonded carbon/quartz hybrid fiber composites (CBCQF) were prepared by pressure filtration and modified by Cr2AlC ceramics. The microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal insulation, and ablation behaviors were investigated. Cr2AlC ceramics notably enhanced the compressive strength of CBCQF in the
XY direction and reduced the room‐temperature thermal conductivity in theZ direction. Most importantly, Cr2AlC ceramics significantly improved the ablation resistance of CBCQF. When 40% Cr2AlC ceramics were added, the linear and mass ablation rates of CBCQF were reduced by 38.0% and 93.2%, respectively, compared to the reference sample. Moreover, the study of ablation mechanisms revealed that the improvement in ablation resistance was primarily derived from the formation of the surface protective oxides as well as the reinforcement of oxidation resistance. Overall, this study presents a promising avenue for the application of Cr2AlC ceramics and the modification of fiber composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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21. Acridine Orange and Its Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption.
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Aliyeva, Solmaz B. and Azizkhanli, Sadi A.
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ACRIDINE orange , *FLUORESCENT dyes , *BASIC dyes , *WATER pollution , *ADSORPTION isotherms - Abstract
Adsorption, a crucial method for removing dyes from wastewater, has been extensively studied in the context of eliminating Acridine Orange (AO), a cationic dye, from contaminated water. This review underscores the environmental risks posed by AO, given its high toxicity, and delves into various adsorption techniques developed to eliminate it from water. It covers works on AO removal published from 1981 to April 2024, highlighting the effectiveness of different adsorbents, including natural, synthetic, composite, and nanomaterials, under varying conditions like pH, initial dye concentrations, temperature, and adsorbent dosages. Most studies on adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics have yielded favorable results, with common models including the Langmuir and Freundlich and pseudosecondorder kinetics. As identified by these studies, the main driving force for adsorption is electrostatic interactions between AO and the adsorbents. The review also encompasses competitive adsorption, adsorbent regeneration, alternative decontamination methods, and the pivotal role of computational research in optimizing adsorption processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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22. A bibliometric analysis of radiation-induced brain injury: a research of the literature from 1998 to 2023.
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Lan, Jinxin, Ren, Yifan, Liu, Yuyang, Chen, Ling, and Liu, Jialin
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BIBLIOMETRICS ,BRAIN injuries ,BRAIN research ,RADIATION injuries ,CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) - Abstract
Background: Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) is a debilitating sequela after cranial radiotherapy. Research on the topic of RIBI has gradually entered the public eye, with more innovations and applications of evidence-based research and biological mechanism research in the field of that. This was the first bibliometric analysis on RIBI, assessing brain injury related to radiation articles that were published during 1998–2023, to provide an emerging theoretical basis for the future development of RIBI. Methods: Literature were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) from its inception to December 31, 2023. The column of publications, author details, affiliated institutions and countries, publication year, and keywords were also recorded. Results: A total of 2543 journal articles were selected. The annual publications on RIBI fluctuated within a certain range. Journal of Neuro-oncology was the most published journal and Radiation Oncology was the most impactful one. LIMOLI CL was the most prolific author with 37 articles and shared the highest h-index with BARNETT GH. The top one country and institutions were the USA and the University of California System, respectively. Clusters analysis of co-keywords demonstrated that the temporal research trends in this field primarily focused on imaging examination and therapy for RIBI. Conclusion: This study collects, visualizes, and analyzes the literature within the field of RIBI over the last 25 years to map the development process, research frontiers and hotspots, and cutting-edge directions in clinical practice and mechanisms related to RIBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. The essential roles of lncRNAs/PI3K/AKT axis in gastrointestinal tumors.
- Author
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Penghui Li, Xiao Ma, and Xinyu Gu
- Subjects
GASTROINTESTINAL tumors ,GENE expression ,PI3K/AKT pathway ,HUMAN carcinogenesis ,LINCRNA ,CELLULAR signal transduction - Abstract
The role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in tumors, particularly in gastrointestinal tumors, has gained significant attention. Accumulating evidence underscores the interaction between various lncRNAs and diverse molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. One such pivotal pathway is the PI3K/AKT pathway, which serves as a crucial intracellular mechanism maintaining the balance among various cellular physiological processes for normal cell growth and survival. Frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer, along with aberrant activation, plays a critical role in driving tumorigenesis. LncRNAs modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through diverse mechanisms, primarily by acting as competing endogenous RNA to regulate miRNA expression and associated genes. This interaction significantly influences fundamental biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Abnormal expression of numerous lncRNAs in gastrointestinal tumors often correlates with clinical outcomes and pathological features in patients with cancer. Additionally, these lncRNAs influence the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy in multiple types of gastrointestinal tumors through the abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal tumors and potential therapeutic targets. However, gastrointestinal tumors remain a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates of gastrointestinal tumors over recent decades. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest research on the interactions of lncRNA and the PI3K/AKT pathway in gastrointestinal tumor development. Additionally, it focuses on the functions of lncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT pathway in carcinogenesis, exploring expression profiles, clinicopathological characteristics, interaction mechanisms with the PI3K/AKT pathway, and potential clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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24. Aging‐associated atrial fibrillation: A comprehensive review focusing on the potential mechanisms.
- Author
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Wang, Meng‐Fei, Hou, Can, Jia, Fang, Zhong, Cheng‐Hao, Xue, Cong, and Li, Jian‐Jun
- Subjects
- *
ATRIAL fibrillation , *INCURABLE diseases , *TELOMERES , *HEMODYNAMICS , *WORLD health , *CELLULAR aging - Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been receiving a lot of attention from scientists and clinicians because it is an extremely common clinical condition. Due to its special hemodynamic changes, AF has a high rate of disability and mortality. So far, although AF has some therapeutic means, it is still an incurable disease because of its complex risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms, which is a difficult problem for global public health. Age is an important independent risk factor for AF, and the incidence of AF increases with age. To date, there is no comprehensive review on aging‐associated AF. In this review, we systematically discuss the pathophysiologic evidence for aging‐associated AF, and in particular explore the pathophysiologic mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere attrition, cellular senescence, disabled macroautophagy, and gut dysbiosis involved in recent studies with aging‐associated AF. We hope that by exploring the various dimensions of aging‐associated AF, we can better understand the specific relationship between age and AF, which may be crucial for innovative treatments of aging‐associated AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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25. Efficient adsorption of tetracycline hydrochloride by Willow Catkins based biochar: Performance, governing factors and mechanisms.
- Author
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Wei, Tongyu, Song, Xue, Zhang, Jie, Liu, Yongde, Zhao, Hailiang, Zhao, Jihong, and Chen, Guangsheng
- Abstract
This work prepared a novel biochar from willow catkins (WC) by a two-step pyrolysis and KOH activate to adsorb tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) in water. The effects of pyrolysis temperature and activator amount on adsorption capacity were investigated. The results showed that the adsorbent with the largest adsorption capacity, which was named as KWCBC, was obtained when the pyrolysis temperature of the first and second stage was 600 °C and 800 °C, and the dry mass ratio of KOH and WC biochar was 4. After KOH activation and two-step pyrolysis, the pore structure and adsorption capacity of biochar were greatly improved. KWCBC possessed developed pore structure and large specific surface area (2402.31 m
2 /g), which was conducive to the adsorption process. KWCBC had superior stability against the changes of initial pH and foreign ions. Moreover, KWCBC showed favorable application potential in actual water and excellent regeneration performance. The adsorption behavior was well explained by Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of TCH on KWCBC determined by the Langmuir model was up to 1242.31 mg/g at 45 °C. The major mechanisms including pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic effects and π-π interactions were involved in the adsorption process. The findings obtained in this study can provide valuable insights into the adsorption properties and mechanisms of KWCBC, which may assist in developing effective adsorbents for TCH removal from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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26. NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and targeted therapies.
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Pengfei Chen and Xia Li
- Subjects
DRUG design ,SMALL molecules ,FOAM cells ,NLRP3 protein ,INFLAMMASOMES - Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the primary pathology behind various cardiovascular diseases and the leading cause of death and disability globally. Recent evidence suggests that AS is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease caused by multiple factors. In this context, the NLRP3 inflammasome, acting as a signal transducer of the immune system, plays a critical role in the onset and progression of AS. The NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in endothelial injury, foam cell formation, and pyroptosis in AS. Therefore, targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome offers a new treatment strategy for AS. This review highlights the latest insights into AS pathogenesis and the pharmacological therapies targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome, focusing on optimal targets for small molecule inhibitors. These insights are valuable for rational drug design and the pharmacological assessment of new targeted NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors in treating AS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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27. Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Walnut-Derived Bioactive Compounds.
- Author
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Dai, Kexin, Agarwal, Neel, Rodriguez-Palacios, Alexander, and Basson, Abigail Raffner
- Abstract
Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) have shown promising effects in terms of ameliorating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), attributed to their abundant bioactive compounds. This review comprehensively illustrates the key mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of walnuts in IBD management, including the modulation of intestinal mucosa permeability, the regulation of inflammatory pathways (such as NF-kB, COX/COX2, MAPCK/MAPK, and iNOS/NOS), relieving oxidative stress, and the modulation of gut microbiota. Furthermore, we highlight walnut-derived anti-inflammatory compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; e.g., ω-3 PUFA), tocopherols, phytosterols, sphingolipids, phospholipids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins. We also discuss unique anti-inflammatory compounds such as peptides and polysaccharides, including their extraction and preparation methods. Our review provides a theoretical foundation for dietary walnut supplementation in IBD management and provides guidance for academia and industry. In future, research should focus on the targeted isolation and purification of walnut-derived anti-inflammatory compounds or optimizing extraction methods to enhance their yields, thereby helping the food industry to develop dietary supplements or walnut-derived functional foods tailored for IBD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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28. Mechanisms of exercise intervention in type 2 diabetes: a bibliometric and visualization analysis based on CiteSpace.
- Author
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Yue Jin, Kang Wan, Cheng Liu, Wei Cheng, and Ru Wang
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GLUCAGON-like peptide 1 ,HIGH-intensity interval training ,TYPE 2 diabetes ,EXERCISE physiology ,EXERCISE therapy - Abstract
Objective: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common chronic metabolic disease, and its prevalence is increasing globally. Exercise is crucial for T2D management, yet many aspects of its mechanisms remain unclear. This study employs CiteSpace to reveal research hotspots and frontier issues in exercise intervention for T2D. Method: A literature review spanning from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022, was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), with keywords including "exercise," "type 2 diabetes," and "mechanisms." We analyzed network diagrams generated by CiteSpace, which depicted relationships among countries, authors, and keywords. Results: This study includes 1,210 English papers from 555 journals, affiliated with 348 institutions across 80 countries/regions. Notably, the United States, China, and the United Kingdom account for nearly half of all publications. The University of Copenhagen leads in publication volume, followed by Harvard Medical School and the University of Colorado. Key authors include Kirwan, John P (Case Western Reserve University), Malin, Steven K (Rutgers University), and Pedersen, Bente Klarlund (University of Copenhagen). Based on co-occurrence analysis of keywords, it is evident that terms such as "disease," "glucagon-like peptide 1," and "cardiovascular risk factor" exhibit high intermediary centrality. Conclusion: The analysis highlights ongoing investigations into molecular mechanisms, such as b-cell function enhancement, exerkines, and epigenetic mechanisms. Emerging areas include exercise response heterogeneity, circadian rhythm regulation, transcription factors, neurotrophic factors, and mitochondrial function. Future studies should prioritize understanding interactions between different exercise mechanisms and optimizing exercise prescriptions for T2D. Exercise prescriptions are crucial for effective interventions. Collaboration between countries and institutions is essential to understand the influences of different genetic backgrounds and environmental factors. Currently, a combination of aerobic and resistance training is considered the optimal form of exercise. However, considering time efficiency, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained widespread attention and research due to its ability to achieve similar exercise effects in a shorter duration. Additionally, circadian rhythm regulation may affect the exercise outcomes of diabetic individuals at different times of the day, particularly concerning the specific types, doses, and intensities used for precision intervention in T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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29. Polyphenols targeting multiple molecular targets and pathways for the treatment of vitiligo.
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Yixuan Yang, Yanyuan Du, and Bingnan Cui
- Subjects
TREATMENT effectiveness ,DRUG target ,MOLECULES ,VITILIGO ,AUTOIMMUNE diseases - Abstract
Vitiligo, a pigmentary autoimmune disorder, is marked by the selective loss of melanocytes in the skin, leading to the appearance of depigmented patches. The principal pathological mechanism is the melanocyte destruction mediated by CD8+ T cells, modulated by oxidative stress and immune dysregulation. Vitiligo affects both physical health and psychological well-being, diminishing the quality of life. Polyphenols, naturally occurring compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, have demonstrated efficacy in managing various dermatological conditions through multiple pathways. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of vitiligo and the therapeutic potential of natural polyphenolic compounds. We examine the roles of various polyphenols in vitiligo management through antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, melanogenesis promotion, and apoptosis reduction. The review underscores the need for further investigation into the precise molecular mechanisms of these compounds in vitiligo treatment and the exploration of their combination with current therapies to augment therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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30. The relationship between momentary experiential avoidance and anxiety symptoms.
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Sain, Kimberly S., Lord, Kayla A., Knowles, Kelly A., Everhardt, Kate, and Tolin, David F.
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SOCIAL anxiety , *PATHOLOGICAL psychology , *ANXIETY disorders , *ANXIETY , *TIME pressure , *ECOLOGICAL momentary assessments (Clinical psychology) - Abstract
BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsExperiential avoidance (EA) may serve as a risk factor for a wide range of anxiety-related psychopathology. Anxiety is thought to trigger the use of EA, while also serving as a consequence of EA efforts. Previous ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies found that EA was associated with greater anxiety in nonclinical undergraduates and patients with social anxiety disorder.The present study examined the in-the-moment, bidirectional relationship between EA, perceived stress, and two facets of anxiety (autonomic arousal and worry/misery) in a sample of treatment-seeking patients broadly diagnosed with an anxiety-related disorder (
N = 46). Participants completed a baseline assessment followed by an EMA assessment period (assessments three times daily for seven days). We hypothesized that there would be a bidirectional relationship between EA and anxiety/stress.Results largely supported a unidirectional relationship such that greater EA at one time point predicted higher stress at a later time point controlling for previous stress levels and linear time. Trend-level associations between EA and anxiety symptoms are discussed.The current study provides important insight into the relationship between EA and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample of participants with anxiety-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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31. Advanced Electrochromic Energy Storage Devices Based on Conductive Polymers.
- Author
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Chen, Xiaoyang, Liu, Qifan, Cheng, Lukuan, Zhou, Shiqiang, Chen, Lina, Liang, Guojin, Wei, Jun, and Mo, Funian
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- *
CONDUCTING polymers , *CONJUGATED polymers , *ENERGY storage , *ELECTROCHROMIC devices , *OPTOELECTRONIC devices - Abstract
As the demand for multifunctional optoelectronic devices rises, the integration of electrochromic and energy storage functionalities represents a cutting‐edge pursuit in the electrochromic devices domain. The realm of conductive polymer‐based electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs) stands as a vibrant area marked by ongoing research and development. Despite a plethora of individual research articles exploring various facets within this domain, there exists a conspicuous dearth of comprehensive reviews systematically scrutinizing the advancements, challenges, and potentials intrinsic to these systems. To fill this void, this review systematically outlines the latest progressions in EESDs centered on conductive conjugated polymers (CPs). The review commences with a thorough exploration of the foundational principles underpinning EESDs, encompassing their operational mechanisms, device configurations, and representative key performance indicators. Furthermore, the review categorizes diverse conductive polymers, shedding light on the latest advancements in EESD research utilizing these specific CP variants. This in‐depth analysis centers on their collaborative role in shaping electrochromic energy storage devices. Overall, this review is poised to captivate the interest of researchers toward state‐of‐the‐art CP‐based EESDs, establishing these pioneering technologies as pivotal contenders in defining the forthcoming landscape of wearable electronics, portable devices, and advanced energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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32. Role of macrophage polarization in heart failure and traditional Chinese medicine treatment.
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Zheqin Zhu, Min Wang, Shenghua Lu, Sisi Dai, and Jianhe Liu
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CHINESE medicine ,CELL populations ,IMMUNE response ,HEART failure ,DYNAMIC balance (Mechanics) - Abstract
Heart failure (HF) has a severe impact on public health development due to high morbidity and mortality and is associated with imbalances in cardiac immunoregulation. Macrophages, a major cell population involved in cardiac immune response and inflammation, are highly heterogeneous and polarized into M1 and M2 types depending on the microenvironment. M1 macrophage releases inflammatory factors and chemokines to activate the immune response and remove harmful substances, while M2 macrophage releases antiinflammatory factors to inhibit the overactive immune response and promote tissue repair. M1 and M2 restrict each other to maintain cardiac homeostasis. The dynamic balance of M1 and M2 is closely related to the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) yin-yang theory, and the imbalance of yin and yang will result in a pathological state of the organism. Studies have confirmed that TCM produces positive effects on HF by regulating macrophage polarization. This review describes the critical role of macrophage polarization in inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis and electrophysiology in the course of HF, as well as the potential mechanism of TCM regulation of macrophage polarization in preventing and treating HF, thereby providing new ideas for clinical treatment and scientific research design of HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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33. The Role of Tripartite Motif Family Proteins in Chronic Liver Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.
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Cao, Xiwen, Chen, Yinni, Chen, Yuanli, and Jiang, Meixiu
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- *
TRIM proteins , *CHRONIC active hepatitis , *LIVER proteins , *LIVER diseases , *POST-translational modification , *VIRAL hepatitis - Abstract
The worldwide impact of liver diseases is increasing steadily, with a consistent upswing evidenced in incidence and mortality rates. Chronic liver diseases (CLDs) refer to the liver function's progressive deterioration exceeding six months, which includes abnormal clotting factors, detoxification failure, and hepatic cholestasis. The most common etiologies of CLDs are mainly composed of chronic viral hepatitis, MAFLD/MASH, alcoholic liver disease, and genetic factors, which induce inflammation and harm to the liver, ultimately resulting in cirrhosis, the irreversible final stage of CLDs. The latest research has shown that tripartite motif family proteins (TRIMs) function as E3 ligases, which participate in the progression of CLDs by regulating gene and protein expression levels through post-translational modification. In this review, our objective is to clarify the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of TRIMs in CLDs and provide insights for therapy guidelines and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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34. Comprehensive Insights into Potassium‐Ion Capacitors: Mechanisms, Materials, Devices and Future Perspectives.
- Author
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Cai, Peng, Wang, Kangli, Wang, Tianqi, Li, Haomiao, Zhou, Min, Wang, Wei, and Jiang, Kai
- Abstract
Alkali metal‐ion capacitors integrate two electrodes from both batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), combining the advantages of large capacity, high‐rate performance, and long cycle life. Potassium (K) has similar properties to sodium (Na) and lithium (Li), however, the abundance of K in the crust is the same with Na, and much higher than Li. Due to the fast kinetics and low self‐discharge of Potassium‐ion capacitors (PICs), PICs attract more interest from researchers in the field of electrochemical energy storage. The current dilemma is that the research on PICs is more inherited from sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs) and lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs). Despite advancements in electrode materials, there is still a lack of profound understanding of the intrinsic issues and key challenges of PICs. In order to provide a detailed and systematic analysis of the development of PICs, in this review, special attention is given on the following Accordingly, full eight key sections: i) development history, ii) defining equations, iii) energy storage mechanism, iv) device configuration, v) electrode materials, vi) electrolyte design, vii) key technologies, and viii) future perspectives. This review provides an intensive theoretical foundation for the development of PICs and is able to pave the path for the practical application of PICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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35. Adsorptive and oxidative denitrogenation of fuels using metal–organic frameworks: A review.
- Author
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Alamdari, Amin and Alamdari, Fatemeh Hajipour
- Abstract
Increasing demand for fossil fuels in worldwide leads to environmental issues. Fossil fuel containing nitrogen compounds is deactivating the industrial catalysts. There are several techniques for nitrogen removal such as hydrodenitrogenation, oxidative denitrogenation, and adsorptive denitrogenation, due to the restriction of the common method; Researchers have suggested metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF nanocomposite materials for adsorptive denitrogenation (ADN) and oxidative denitrogenation (ODN) of fuels in recent years. This review paper aims to investigate the adsorptive and oxidative denitrogenation of liquid fuels with MOFs-based catalysts. All catalysts including pristine MOFs, defected MOFs, active component-loaded MOFs, and MOF-derived carbonaceous materials are studied. The detailed mechanisms of different MOFs are investigated to further improvements and modifications to synthesis well catalysts for nitrogen compound removal from liquid fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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36. The netball injury evidence base: a scoping review of methodologies and recommendations for future approaches.
- Author
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Horne, Sara, Shaheen, Aliah Faisal, Baltzopoulos, Bill, and Hills, Laura
- Subjects
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MEDICAL personnel , *SPORTS participation , *NETBALL , *CINAHL database , *PREVENTION of injury - Abstract
Background: Netball is a sport with a large participation base and a high risk of injuries. Effective injury prevention strategies are dependent upon a clear understanding of injury issues, aetiology and mechanisms, requiring robust research methodologies to ensure a reliable evidence base. This scoping review aims to identify the characteristics and range of netball injury research methodologies, to inform recommendations for future research. Methods: A systematic search of SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, from 1985 to May 2023 identified relevant studies. Inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed studies assessing injury incidence, aetiology and mechanisms in netball. Results: Following screening, 65 studies were included (68% descriptive epidemiology, 32% analytic epidemiology). Descriptive epidemiology reported data from hospital/clinic and insurance databases (57%) and netball competitions (43%). Only two studies used ongoing, systematic injury surveillance in netball cohorts, and significant heterogeneity existed in study designs, data collection methods, injury definitions and injury incidence rates calculations. Studies assessed a limited number of risk factors (descriptive competition studies: median: n = 4; analytic studies median: n = 6), with 76% using a simplistic reductionist approach to determine causality. Basic descriptions and retrospective recall of injury mechanisms reduced accuracy. Only two studies conducted comprehensive assessments of injury mechanisms using video-based methods. Conclusion: To establish an accurate netball injury evidence base, future research should prioritise the development of reliable, continuous surveillance systems. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement guidelines are recommended for accurate injury data collection and reporting. A multifactorial approach should be adopted to assess the complex interaction between multiple risk factors, player load and the injury inciting event. Comprehensive descriptions of injury mechanisms using video methods, alongside descriptions from medical staff are recommended. This information is crucial for developing targeted prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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37. Addressing the problems of treatment failure in epilepsy: You cannot fix what you do not understand.
- Author
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Bertram, Edward H. and Dudek, F. Edward
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- *
WOUNDS & injuries , *LENNOX-Gastaut syndrome , *TERMINATION of treatment , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *DRUG accessibility , *EPILEPSY - Abstract
This article explores the challenges of treating epilepsy and the high prevalence of treatment failure. It suggests that a lack of understanding of why medications fail or why side effects occur is a major obstacle to successful treatment. The article emphasizes the need to identify the basis for treatment failure in order to develop more effective treatments. It also discusses different patterns of treatment failure and highlights the need for new approaches to discovery and a better understanding of treatment failure mechanisms. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
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38. Purpose in Life and Associated Cognitive and Affective Mechanisms.
- Author
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Fang, Louis, Allan, Alfred, and Dickson, Joanne M.
- Abstract
Purpose in life is a well-established contributor to positive well-being. However, for a more comprehensive understanding of purpose in life, further exploration is needed about the processes implicated in purpose from a cognitive and affective perspective. This scoping review aims to identify the cognitive and/or affective mechanisms (CAMs) correlating with purpose in life and to examine these relationships based on relevant existing literature. Using search terms related to CAMs and purpose in life, we conducted a comprehensive search across five databases (Web of Science, Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, and psycinfo) to identify those examining the relationship between these constructs. Ninety-nine manuscripts were selected for inclusion. Within these studies, 33 CAMs showed predominantly positive and significant associations with purpose in life. Our findings highlighted the cams empirically and theoretically implicated in purpose development, maintenance, and its association to positive wellbeing. We identified several gaps in current research including issues related to suboptimal measurement of purpose in life, and a lack of longitudinal and intervention studies. Overall, this study represents a foundational step in advancing an understanding CAMs implicated in purpose in life. This scoping review usefully informs the development and validation of future purpose in life measures, and the design of interventions aimed at enhancing purpose in life and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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39. Catalytic Ozonation of Sulfachloropyridazine Sodium by Diatomite-Modified Fe 2 O 3 : Mechanism and Pathway.
- Author
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Yu, Yang, Wang, Lingling, Wu, Zhandong, Liu, Xuguo, Liu, Zhen, Zhang, Lijian, and Li, Lixin
- Subjects
- *
FERRIC oxide , *CHEMICAL oxygen demand , *X-ray diffraction , *OZONIZATION , *POLLUTANTS - Abstract
A diatomite-modified Fe2O3 (Fe2O3/Dia) catalyst was prepared to catalyze the ozonation degradation of sulfachloropyridazine sodium (SPDZ). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was used as the index of pollutant degradation. The catalytic ozonation experiment showed that the COD removal rate of SPDZ was 87% under Fe2O3/Dia catalysis, which was much higher than that obtained when using Fe2O3 as the catalyst. The characteristics of the Fe2O3/Dia catalyst were investigated, and the successful synthesis of the Fe2O3/Dia composite catalyst was proved by XRD, XPS, SEM, FTIR, BET and other characterization methods. The catalytic mechanism of degradation by ozone with Fe2O3/Dia was analyzed. According to free-radical trapping experiments and an in situ electron paramagnetic spectrometer characterization analysis, the main oxidizing species in the catalytic Fe2O3/Dia ozone system is ·OH. The intermediates in the degradation process of SPDZ were detected and analyzed in detail by liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry. The degradation mechanism and three degradation paths of SPDZ were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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40. A critical review on immunomodulatory peptides from plant sources; action mechanisms and recent advances.
- Author
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Ashaolu, Tolulope Joshua, Zarei, Mohammad, Agrawal, Himani, Kharazmi, Mohammad Saeed, and Jafari, Seid Mahdi
- Subjects
- *
SOYFOODS , *PEPTIDES , *PLANT proteins , *FUNCTIONAL foods , *WELL-being , *NEUROPEPTIDES - Abstract
Plant protein components contribute positively to human well-being as they modulate the immune status of a consumer, especially when the enzymatic method is employed in order to release their bioactive peptides. These peptides are derived from plant-based foods such as soy, wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, corn, sorghum, and millet, the famous staple foods around the world. Since these peptides are crucial to functional food among other key industries, the present study endeavored to scout for relevant information within the past three decades, using the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google search engines. In this review, first, the core of immunomodulation and types of immunomodulatory agents will be discussed, followed by the production of plant-based immunomodulatory peptides and their immunomodulatory mechanisms in cells, animals, and humans are also studied. Finally, applications and challenges associated with plant-based immunomodulatory peptides are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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41. Mechanisms in the Relation Between Morphological Awareness and the Development of Reading Comprehension.
- Author
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Deacon, S. Hélène and Levesque, Kyle
- Subjects
- *
STRUCTURAL equation modeling , *CHILD development , *CHILD support , *MORPHEMICS , *AWARENESS , *READING comprehension - Abstract
It is well established that children's reading comprehension is driven, at least in part, by their awareness of morphemes, or the smallest units of meaning in language. The question of how it does so is largely open; this mechanistic knowledge would specify theories of reading comprehension and guide effective classroom instruction. We report here on a longitudinal study designed to test two candidate mechanisms by which morphological awareness might support the development of reading comprehension: use of morphemes to read words and to understand words, known as morphological decoding and analysis, respectively. We tracked the development of 221 children on key measures from Grades 3 to 5. These three-wave longitudinal data enabled us to test morphological decoding and analysis as mediators connecting morphological awareness to gains in reading comprehension over time. Structural equation modeling showed that morphological awareness contributed to gains in both morphological decoding and analysis. Critically, only morphological analysis mediated the contribution of morphological awareness to gains in reading comprehension between Grades 3 and 5. These findings elaborate predictions of the morphological pathways framework. Specifically, longitudinal modeling shows how morphological awareness supports children's developing reading comprehension: by enabling the use of morphemes to read and understand words, with effects on the understanding of words supporting children's growing skill in understanding texts. Evidence supporting these two specific mechanisms inspires the design of targeted teaching on morphemes toward the development of strong reading comprehension. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: Prior research has established that children's awareness of roots and suffixes in words helps them to understand texts. Here we work out how it does so in a study in which we follow children over time to look at long-term effects. We uncover that children's awareness of roots and suffixes supports them in understanding challenging words, which in turns enables stronger progress in understanding texts. These findings identify two targets for instruction that are likely to support children's reading comprehension: awareness of roots and suffixes and using them to understand words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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42. Advancements in understanding substantia nigra hyperechogenicity via transcranial sonography in Parkinson's disease and its clinical implications.
- Author
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Yuan-yuan Zhang, Xu-hong Jiang, Pei-pei Zhu, Wen-yan Zhuo, and Li-bin Liu
- Subjects
PARKINSON'S disease ,SUBSTANTIA nigra ,ULTRASONIC imaging ,POPULATION aging ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Amidst rising Parkinson's disease (PD) incidence in an aging global population, the need for non-invasive and reliable diagnostic methods is increasingly critical. This review evaluates the strategic role of transcranial sonography (TCS) in the early detection and monitoring of PD. TCS's ability to detect substantia nigra hyperechogenicity offers profound insights into its correlation with essential neuropathological alterations--namely, iron accumulation, neuromelanin depletion, and glial proliferation--fundamental to PD's pathophysiology. Our analysis highlights TCS's advantages, including its non-invasiveness, costeffectiveness, and ease of use, positioning it as an invaluable tool for early diagnosis and continual disease progression monitoring. Moreover, TCS assists in identifying potential risk and protective factors, facilitating tailored therapeutic strategies to enhance clinical outcomes. This review advocates expanding TCS utilization and further research to maximize its diagnostic and prognostic potential in PD management, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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43. Proposed Policies and Mechanisms for Integrating Informal Economy into Comprehensive Land Use Planning in Egyptian Cities.
- Author
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Mostafa, Mohamed Ibrahem Mostafa, Al-Abbasy, Hend, and Mohamed, Sally Mahmoud Ali
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INFORMAL sector ,LAND use planning ,STAKEHOLDERS ,URBAN planning ,STREET vendors - Abstract
In many countries, informal economies have been successfully managed, and effective plans, mechanisms, and procedures have been implemented to include these activities in urban areas. In Egypt, there is a wide gap between this goal and the competence of the different applied mechanisms in dealing with informal markets, economies, and its activities. This paper aims to propose policies and mechanisms that shall guide the planning process in Egypt, by amending the shortcomings in the currently implemented mechanisms and understanding the reasons for their emergence and their spatial arrangement. The research hence includes analysis for problem evolution and investigates successful policies and mechanisms in selected countries (India, China, and Algeria) in an attempt to highlight their shortcomings and potential amendments. These mechanisms will be tested through a structured interviews with Egyptian stakeholders comprising experts in planning, economy and decision makers, and in the light of the interviews results and outcomes this paper will present a list of proposed mechanisms. A comparative analysis has shown that Prospective mechanisms and policies will include legislative, planning, design, financial, management, and control mechanisms that if coherently combined can help integrating the informal economy in Egypt to achieve a successful inclusion and preventing problems related to these markets in urban areas and better regulate of these areas in future cities planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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44. 强直性脊柱炎的骨免疫学机制及中医药治疗的研究进展.
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杨娟娟, 李浩林, 王振东, 程伟刚, 宋静静, 苏瑾, 陈平, 阚丽丽, 年芳红, and 王海东
- Abstract
Copyright of Traditional Chinese Drug Research & Clinical Pharmacology is the property of Traditional Chinese Drug Research & Clinical Pharmacology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2024
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45. Enhancement of water environment remediation via modified biochar: multi-level architecture, mechanisms, and efficacy variations.
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Zhou, X., Lei, X., Rao, Z., Zhao, J., Zeng, K., and Ming, J.
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BIOCHAR ,LITERATURE reviews ,ENVIRONMENTAL remediation ,ADSORPTION capacity ,POLLUTANTS - Abstract
Biochar has a limited initial adsorption capacity and number of adsorption sites. Nevertheless, by employing physical or chemical techniques, the multi-level architecture of biochar can be altered to achieve substantial improvements in aquatic pollutant adsorption. This can unleash biochar's full potential for environmental remediation. This review provides a summary of the transformative effects of various modification techniques on the multi-level structure of biochar, as well as their unique adsorption mechanisms in different water conditions. Furthermore, the effectiveness of adapted biochar in its preparation and application will be deliberated, emphasizing its substantial potential in the restoration of water environments. The findings and recommendations presented in this literature review offer significant guidance for improving biochar production and utilization, thus contributing to a cleaner and healthier future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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46. Mechanisms, Applications, and Risk Analysis of Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminated Soil.
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Wu, Lijun, Zhang, Jieru, Chen, Fenfei, Li, Junjie, Wang, Wen, Li, Shiyi, and Hu, Lifang
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NONAQUEOUS phase liquids ,SOIL remediation ,SOIL pollution ,RISK assessment ,SURFACE active agents - Abstract
Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation is increasingly being recognized for its exceptional effectiveness in eliminating non-aqueous phase liquids in soil. A comprehensive knowledge of the technique is essential for its field application. This paper provides a thorough examination of Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation incorporating insights based on the most recent advancements. Firstly, the fundamental process and major mechanisms that underpin the technology were summarized, including mobilization, solubilizing, and emulsifying. Secondly, the improvements achieved by using surfactants in soil remediation, through chemical, physical, and biological methods, have been elucidated through theoretical explanations and practical case studies. Thirdly, the risks and other limitations of Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation were discussed with an outlook for future development. This review aims to promote understanding of the effectiveness and risks holistically in field implementation of the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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47. The Orchestration Approach in Innovation: A Systematic Literature Review.
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Lobo, Ezequiel Alves, de Melo Filho, José Iran Batista, Tahim, Elda Fontenele, and Câmara, Samuel Façanha
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THEMATIC maps ,SOCIAL innovation ,SOCIAL entrepreneurship ,SOCIAL networks ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
The orchestration approach has been gaining prominence and relevance in recent years, due to high competitiveness in the business context and the search for more efficient strategies to promote innovation. In light of this reality, this paper conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) aiming to contribute to the emerging theme of innovation orchestration. We examined the abstracts of 761 articles and found 75 that were relevant to the topic, which was analyzed using the biblioshiny tool. These documents were published between 2006 and January 2023 and were collected from two databases, Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus. We discovered that the highest number of articles was published in 2022. Furthermore, we identified the conceptual evolution of the theme, dividing it into three periods. Through the overall thematic map, we were able to uncover niche and emerging topics such as innovation orchestration in social entrepreneurship networks, innovation orchestration in ecosystems and orchestration mechanisms. Additionally, we contribute by pointing out pathways for future studies, which is a key aspect of advancing knowledge in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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48. Strategies and mechanisms targeting Enterococcus faecalis biofilms associated with endodontic infections: a comprehensive review.
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Shipeng Yang, Xiuping Meng, Yuqi Zhen, Quzhen Baima, Yu Wang, Xinmiao Jiang, and Zhibo Xu
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ENTEROCOCCUS faecalis ,DENTAL pulp cavities ,BIOFILMS ,DRUG resistance in bacteria ,TREATMENT failure - Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is one of the main microorganisms that infects root canals, ranking among the most prevalent microorganisms associated with endodontic treatment failure. Given its pervasive presence in persistent endodontic infections, the successful elimination of Enterococcus faecalis is crucial for effective endodontic treatment and retreatment. Furthermore, Enterococcus faecalis can form biofilms - defense structures that microbes use to fight environmental threats. These biofilms confer resistance against host immune system attacks and antibiotic interventions. Consequently, the presence of biofilms poses a significant challenge in the complete eradication of Enterococcus faecalis and its associated disease. In response, numerous scholars have discovered promising outcomes in addressing Enterococcus faecalis biofilms within root canals and undertaken endeavors to explore more efficacious approaches in combating these biofilms. This study provides a comprehensive review of strategies and mechanisms for the removal of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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49. Mechanisms of neurodynamic treatments (MONET): a protocol for a mechanistic, randomised, single-blind controlled trial in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
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E., Sierra-Silvestre, M., Tachrount, AC., Themistocleous, M., Stewart, G., Baskozos, and AB., Schmid
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CARPAL tunnel syndrome , *ENTRAPMENT neuropathies , *MEDIAN nerve , *EXERCISE therapy , *CERVICAL vertebrae - Abstract
Background: Physiotherapeutic management is the first-line intervention for patients with entrapment neuropathies such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). As part of physiotherapy, neurodynamic interventions are often used to treat people with peripheral nerve involvement, but their mechanisms of action are yet to be fully understood. The MONET (mechanisms of neurodynamic treatment) study aims to investigate the mechanisms of action of neurodynamic exercise intervention on nerve structure, and function. Methods: This mechanistic, randomised, single-blind, controlled trial will include 78 people with electrodiagnostically confirmed mild or moderate CTS and 30 healthy participants (N = 108). Patients will be randomly assigned into (1) a 6-week progressive home-based neurodynamic exercise intervention (n = 26), (2) a steroid injection (= 26), or (3) advice (n = 26) group. The primary outcome measure is fractional anisotropy of the median nerve at the wrist using advanced magnetic resonance neuroimaging. Secondary outcome measures include neuroimaging markers at the wrist, quantitative sensory testing, electrodiagnostics, and patient reported outcome measures. Exploratory outcomes include neuroimaging markers at the cervical spine, inflammatory and axonal integrity markers in serial blood samples and biopsies of median nerve innervated skin. We will evaluate outcome measures at baseline and at the end of the 6-week intervention period. We will repeat questionnaires at 6-months. Two-way repeated measures ANCOVAs, followed by posthoc testing will be performed to identify differences in outcome measures among groups and over time. Discussion: This study will advance our understanding of the mechanisms of action underpinning neurodynamic exercises, which will ultimately help clinicians to better target these treatments to those patients who may benefit from them. The inclusion of a positive control group (steroid injection) and a negative control group (advice) will strengthen the interpretation of our results. Trial registration: NCT05859412, 20/4/2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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50. The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review.
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Campli, Giulia, Volovych, Olga, Kim, Kenneth, Veldsman, Werner P., Drage, Harriet B., Sheizaf, Idan, Lynch, Sinéad, Chipman, Ariel D., Daley, Allison C., Robinson‐Rechavi, Marc, and Waterhouse, Robert M.
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MOLTING , *ANIMAL exoskeletons , *KNOWLEDGE gap theory , *MOLECULAR biology , *ARTHROPODA , *LIFE cycles (Biology) , *ARTHROPOD diversity - Abstract
ABSTRACT Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well as protection from the environment and predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating the adoption of a variety of lifestyles and the exploitation of ecological niches across all environments. Throughout the radiation that produced the more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation and exoskeletons has led to a diversity that is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because of the limited extensibility of exoskeleton chitin and cuticle components, they must be periodically shed and replaced with new larger ones, notably to accommodate the growing individuals encased within. Therefore, arthropods grow discontinuously by undergoing periodic moulting events, which follow a series of steps from the preparatory pre‐moult phase to ecdysis itself and post‐moult maturation of new exoskeletons. Each event represents a particularly vulnerable period in an arthropod's life cycle, so processes must be tightly regulated and meticulously executed to ensure successful transitions for normal growth and development. Decades of research in representative arthropods provide a foundation of understanding of the mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue to develop and test hypotheses on the presence and function of molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, and receptors, as well as the so‐called early, late, and fate genes, across arthropod diversity. Here, we review the literature to develop a comprehensive overview of the status of accumulated knowledge of the genetic toolkit governing arthropod moulting. From biosynthesis and regulation of ecdysteroid and sesquiterpenoid hormones, to factors involved in hormonal stimulation responses and exoskeleton remodelling, we identify commonalities and differences, as well as highlighting major knowledge gaps, across arthropod groups. We examine the available evidence supporting current models of how components operate together to prepare for, execute, and recover from ecdysis, comparing reports from Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda. Evidence is generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, with most reports based on insect study systems. Biases are also evident in research on different moulting phases and processes, with the early triggers and late effectors generally being the least well explored. Our synthesis contrasts knowledge based on reported observations with reasonably plausible assumptions given current taxonomic sampling, and exposes weak assumptions or major gaps that need addressing. Encouragingly, advances in genomics are driving a diversification of tractable study systems by facilitating the cataloguing of putative genetic toolkits in previously under‐explored taxa. Analysis of genome and transcriptome data supported by experimental investigations have validated the presence of an “ultra‐conserved” core of arthropod genes involved in moulting processes. The molecular machinery has likely evolved with elaborations on this conserved pathway backbone, but more taxonomic exploration is needed to characterise lineage‐specific changes and novelties. Furthermore, linking these to transformative innovations in moulting processes across Arthropoda remains hampered by knowledge gaps and hypotheses based on untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging from the synthesis is a framework that highlights research avenues from the underlying genetics to the dynamic molecular biology through to the complex physiology of moulting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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