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Pyrethroids (PYR) are among the most widely used insecticides in households, leading to substantial exposure. Children and adolescents, especially during growth spurts, have a reduced capacity to effectively metabolize these insecticides. The relationship between PYR exposure and asthma in these age groups remains poorly understood, highlighting the need for further research.We used data from the 2007-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which included 1181 children aged 6-11 years and 1258 adolescents aged 12-19 years. The concentration of the PYR metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) in urine was quantified using solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography-heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Asthma was defined based on self-reported doctor diagnoses from the questionnaire. PYR exposure was measured using urine samples collected simultaneously with the questionnaire. We explored the association between PYR exposure and asthma using multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusting for potential confounders.Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed no significant association between PYR exposure and asthma in children and adolescent boys (all P > 0.05). In contrast, PYR exposure was significantly associated with asthma in adolescent girls aged 12-19 years. Specifically, for "ever asthma," the odds ratios (ORs) were 2.49 (95% CI = 1.03-5.97) in the second quartile of PYR exposure and 2.48 (95% CI = 1.04-5.91) in the third quartile, each in comparison to the first quartile. For "current asthma," in comparison to the first quartile, the ORs were 3.99 (95% CI = 1.55-10.26) in the second quartile of PYR exposure, 3.39 (95% CI = 1.32-8.70) in the third quartile, and 2.93 (95% CI = 1.24-6.90) in the fourth quartile.Conclusions:Our study found a significant association between PYR exposure and asthma in adolescent girls, whereas no significant association was observed in children and adolescent boys. These findings suggest potential sex and age differences in susceptibility to PYR exposure. Further research is warranted to confirm these results and elucidate the underlying mechanisms., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics and predictive factors for plastic bronchitis (PB) in children with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (SMPP). Methods: A retrospective cohort enrolled children with a clinical diagnosis of SMPP who were treated at the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Tianjin Children's Hospital Machang District from January 1, 2018, to October 31, 2023. According to the bronchoscopy and pathological examination results, the patients were divided into 142 cases in the PB group and 274 cases in the non-PB group. The clinical manifestations, laboratory data, imaging findings, and treatments were analyzed.Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test were used to analyze the differences between the two groups, and multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to explore the predictive value of PB in SMPP. Results: Among 416 SMPP children, there were 197 males and 219 females; PB group 142 cases, non-PB group 274 cases, the age of disease onset was (6.9±2.9) years and (6.6±2.8) years in the PB group and the non-PB group respectively. The incidence of wheezing symptoms, hypoxemia, heat peak >40 ℃, the duration of fever, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, mean platelet volume, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase and ferritin were higher in the PB group (16 cases (11.3%) vs. 15 cases (5.5%), 14 cases (9.9%) vs. 12 cases (4.4%), 57 cases (40.1%) vs. 67 cases (24.5%), 10 (8, 12) vs. 9 (8, 12) d, 6.1 (4.1, 13.1)×10 9 vs. 5.0 (3.7, 6.8)×10 9 /L, 10.2 (9.6, 10.8) vs. 9.4 (8.9, 10.1) fl, 33.4 (16.0, 67.5) vs. 23.0 (10.4, 56.1) mg/L, 0.24 (0.12, 0.48) vs. 0.16 (0.09, 0.31) μg/L, 39.9 (25.1, 81.4) vs. 31.3 (18.3, 59.3) ng/L, 16.0 (12.0, 29.0) vs. 14.0 (10.0, 24.3) U/L, 38.5 (28.0, 52.5) vs. 33.0 (25.0, 44.0) U/L, 233 (136, 488) vs. 156 (110, 293) μg/L, χ 2 =4.55, 4.79, 11.00, Z =2.25, 4.00, 6.64, 2.76, 2.98, 3.09, 2.22, 2.62, 4.18, all P <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the dyspnea ( OR =2.97, 95% CI 1.35-6.55, P =0.007), the diminution of respiration ( OR =2.40, 95% CI 1.27-4.52, P =0.006), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ( OR =2.07, 95% CI 1.71-2.51, P <0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ( OR =1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.01, P <0.001), mean platelet volume/platelet count (MPV/PLT) ( OR =1.39, 95% CI 1.13-1.71, P =0.002), pleural effusion ( OR =2.23, 95% CI 1.21-4.13, P =0.011),≥2/3 lobe consolidation ( OR =1.84, 95% CI 1.04-3.00, P =0.039) and atelectasis ( OR =1.98, 95% CI 1.02-3.48, P =0.044) were independent predictors of PB in children with SMPP. ROC curve analysis showed that the cut-off values for NLR, LDH and MPV/PLT in the diagnosis of PB were 2.79 (sensitivity 0.89, specificity 0.69, area under the curve (AUC)=0.86, P <0.001), 474 U/L (sensitivity 0.63, specificity 0.65, AUC=0.70, P =0.003) and 0.04 (sensitivity 0.75, specificity 0.53, AUC=0.68, P =0.005) respectively. Children in the PB group had longer hospital stays and corticosteroid treatment course than those in the non-PB group, the proportion of children in the PB group who received bronchoscopy treatment twice or more was higher (9 (8, 12) vs. 8 (6, 10) d, 7 (5, 8) vs . 6 (5, 7) d, 128 cases (90.1%) vs. 218 cases (79.6%), 106 cases (74.7%) vs. 54 cases (19.7%), Z =6.70, 5.06, χ 2 =7.48, 119.27, all P <0.05). Conclusions: The dyspnea, respiration diminution, NLR level elevation (>2.79) and pleural effusion were predictive factors for PB in children with SMPP. This provides a basis for the early identification of PB in children with SMPP.

Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is a significant contributor to community-acquired pneumonia among children. Since 1968, when a strain of M. pneumoniae resistant to macrolide antibiotics was initially reported in Japan, macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMP) has been documented in many countries worldwide, with varying incidence rates. MRMP infections lead to a poor response to macrolide antibiotics, frequently resulting in prolonged fever, extended antibiotic treatment, increased hospitalization, intensive care unit admissions, and a significantly higher proportion of patients receiving glucocorticoids or second-line antibiotics. Since 2000, the global incidence of MRMP has gradually increased, especially in East Asia, which has posed a serious challenge to the treatment of M. pneumoniae infections in children and attracted widespread attention from pediatricians. However, there is still no global consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of MRMP in children., Methods: We organized 29 Chinese experts majoring in pediatric pulmonology and epidemiology to write the world's first consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric MRMP pneumonia, based on evidence collection. The evidence searches and reviews were conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Medline, and the Cochrane Library. We used variations in terms for "macrolide-resistant", "Mycoplasma pneumoniae", "MP", "M. pneumoniae", "pneumonia", "MRMP", "lower respiratory tract infection", "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection", "children", and "pediatric"., Results: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, early identification, laboratory examination, principles of antibiotic use, application of glucocorticoids and intravenous immunoglobulin, and precautions for bronchoscopy are highlighted. Early and rapid identification of gene mutations associated with MRMP is now available by polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent probe techniques in respiratory specimens. Although the resistance rate to macrolide remains high, it is fortunate that M. pneumoniae still maintains good in vitro sensitivity to second-line antibiotics such as tetracyclines and quinolones, making them an effective treatment option for patients with initial treatment failure caused by macrolide antibiotics., Conclusions: This consensus, based on international and national scientific evidence, provides scientific guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of MRMP in children. Further studies on tetracycline and quinolone drugs in children are urgently needed to evaluate their effects on the growth and development. Additionally, developing an antibiotic rotation treatment strategy is necessary to reduce the prevalence of MRMP strains., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Gynecological cancer significantly affect the health of women. This review aimed to describe the global patterns and trends in the survival of patients with gynecological cancers. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SinoMed, and SEER for survival analyses of cancer registration data of cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers published between 1980 and 2022. Globally, the highest 5-year observed survival rate for cervical cancer was 76.5% in Anshan, Liaoning, China (2008-2017). The 5-year observed survival rates of endometrial and ovarian cancers were higher in Finland (1995-1999, 82.5%) and Singapore (1988-1992, 62.0%). The 5-year relative survival rate of cervical cancer patients was higher in Haining, Zhejiang, China (2011-2014, 85.8%). Korea ranked first at 89.0% and 64.5% for endometrial and ovarian cancers, respectively. Survival rates have improved for cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Patients aged ≥ 75 years and those with advanced-stage disease had the worst 5-year survival rates. Survival rates were better for squamous cell carcinoma in cervical cancer, for endometrial carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma in endometrial cancer, and for germ cell and sex-cord stromal tumors in ovarian cancer. Over the past four decades, the survival rates of gynecological cancers have increased globally, with notable increases in cervical and endometrial cancers. Survival rates are higher in developed countries, with a slow-growing trend. Future studies should focus on improving survival, especially in ovarian cancer patients., (Copyright © 2024 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.)

The diversity of cyclodextrins and their derivatives is increasing with continuous research. In addition to monomolecular cyclodextrins with different branched chains, cyclodextrin-based polymers have emerged. The aim of this review is to summarize these innovations, with a special focus on the study of applications of cyclodextrins and their derivatives in nano-delivery systems. The areas covered include nanospheres, nano-sponges, nanogels, cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks, liposomes, and emulsions, providing a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the design and development of nano-delivery systems.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased risk of stroke and mortality. It has been reported that the process of atrial fibrosis was regulated by β-catenin in rats with AF. However, pathophysiological mechanisms of this process in human with AF remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the possible mechanisms of β-catenin in participating in the atrial fibrosis using human right atrial appendage (hRAA) tissues ., Methods: We compared the difference of β-catenin expression in hRAA tissues between the patients with AF and sinus rhythm (SR). The possible function of β-catenin in the development of AF was also explored in mice and primary cells., Results: Firstly, the space between the membrane of the gap junctions of cardiomyocytes was wider in the AF group. Secondly, the expression of the gap junction function related proteins, Connexin40 and Connexin43, was decreased, while the expression of β-catenin and its binding partner E-cadherin was increased in hRAA and cardiomyocytes of the AF group. Thirdly, β-catenin colocalized with E-cadherin on the plasma membrane of cardiomyocytes in the SR group, while they were dissociated and accumulated intracellularly in the AF group. Furthermore, the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC), which participated in the degradation of β-catenin, was decreased in hRAA tissues and cardiomyocytes of the AF group. Finally, the development of atrial fibrosis and AF were proved to be prevented after inhibiting β-catenin expression in the AF model mice., Conclusions: Based on human atrial pathological and molecular analyses, our findings provided evidence that β-catenin was associated with atrial fibrosis and AF progression., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate the process of chloride binding and its sulfate-induced release in cementitious materials. The cementitious materials were replaced with hardened cement paste particles (HCPs) with water-to-cement ratios (w/c) of 0.35 and 0.45. A long-term immersion experiment of HCPs in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was performed to investigate its chloride-binding capacity, and then it was immersed in sodium sulfate solutions with concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 M to explore the release of chloride binding induced by sulfates. Silver nitrate titration and quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) were used to measure the concentration of free chlorides in the solutions and the content of bound chlorides in HCPs, respectively. The results show that there is a higher chloride-binding capacity in HCPs with a w/c ratio of 0.45 compared to 0.35, and the content of chemically bound chlorides is associated with the formation and decomposition of Friedel's and Kuzel's salts in HCPs. The presence of sulfates can easily result in the release of bound chlorides in Friedel's salt, but it cannot cause a complete release of bound chlorides in Kuzel's salt. Physically bound chlorides are more easily released by sulfates than chemically bound chlorides, and a high w/c ratio or sulfate concentration can increase the release rate of bound chlorides in HCPs.

Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a new adjuvant strategy that interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence. In this study, we assessed the effect of dehydrozaluzanin C-derivative (DHZD), a modified compound from dehydrozaluzanin C (DHZC), as a potential HDT agent for severe infection. LPS-induced septic mouse model and Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infection mouse model was used for testing in vivo. RAW264.7 cells, mouse primary macrophages, and DCs were used for in vitro experiments. Dexamethasone (DXM) was used as a positive control agent. DHZD ameliorated tissue damage (lung, kidney, and liver) and excessive inflammatory response induced by LPS or CRKP infection in mice. Also, DHZD improved the hypothermic symptoms of acute peritonitis induced by CRKP, inhibited heat-killed CRKP (HK-CRKP)-induced inflammatory response in macrophages, and upregulated the proportions of phagocytic cell types in lungs. In vitro data suggested that DHZD decreases LPS-stimulated expression of IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 via PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway in macrophages. Interestingly, the combined treatment group of DXM and DHZD had a higher survival rate and lower level of IL-6 than those of the DXM-treated group; the combination of DHZD and DXM played a synergistic role in decreasing IL-6 secretion in sera. Moreover, the phagocytic receptor CD36 was increased by DHZD in macrophages, which was accompanied by increased bacterial phagocytosis in a clathrin- and actin-dependent manner. This data suggests that DHZD may be a potential drug candidate for treating bacterial infections., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Despite the well-established recognition of the health hazards posed by PM 2.5 -bound PAHs, a comprehensive understanding of their source-specific impact has been lacking. In this study, the health risks associated with PM 2.5 -bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and source-specific contributions were investigated in the urban region of Taipei during both cold and warm seasons. The levels of PM 2.5 -bound PAHs and their potential health risks across different age groups of humans were also characterized. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analysis were utilized to identify the sources of PM 2.5 -bound PAHs. Moreover, potential source contribution function (PSCF), concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) and source regional apportionment (SRA) analyses were employed to determine the potential source regions. Results showed that the total PAHs (TPAHs) concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 2.37 ng m -3 , with an average of 0.69 ± 0.53 ng m -3 . Vehicular emissions emerged as the primary contributor to PM 2.5 -bound PAHs, constituting 39.8 % of the TPAHs concentration, followed by industrial emissions (37.6 %), biomass burning (13.8 %), and petroleum/oil volatilization (8.8 %). PSCF and CWT analyses revealed that industrial activities and shipping processes in northeast China, South China Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea, contributed to the occurrence of PM 2.5 -bound PAHs in Taipei. SRA identified central China as the primary regional contributor of ambient TPAHs in the cold season and Taiwan in the warm season, respectively. Evaluations of incremental lifetime cancer risk demonstrated the highest risk for adults, followed by children, seniors, and adolescents. The assessments of lifetime lung cancer risk showed that vehicular and industrial emissions were the main contributors to cancer risk induced by PM 2.5 -bound PAHs. This research emphasizes the essential role of precisely identifying the origins of PM 2.5 -bound PAHs to enhance our comprehension of the related human health hazards, thus providing valuable insights into the mitigation strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Previous epidemiological studies about the relationship between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations and adolescent asthma have typically examined single PFAS, without considering the mixtures effects of PFAS., Methods: Using data from the 2013-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 886 adolescents aged 12-19 years were included in this study. We explored the association between PFAS mixture concentrations and adolescent asthma using weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models, respectively., Results: After adjusting for confounders, the results of the WQS regression and BKMR models were consistent, with mixed exposure to the five PFAS not significantly associated with asthma in all adolescents. The association remained nonsignificant in the subgroup analysis by sex., Conclusions: Our study demonstrated no significant association between mixed exposure to PFAS and adolescent asthma, and more large cohort studies are needed to confirm this in the future., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To analyze the status of respiratory pathogen detection and the clinical features in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Methods: A prospective, multicenter study was conducted to collect clinical data, including medical history, laboratory examinations and multiplex PCR tests of children diagnosed with MPP from 4 hospitals in China between November 15 th and December 20 th , 2023. The multiplex PCR results and clinical characteristics of MPP children in different regions were analyzed. The children were divided into severe and mild groups according to the severity of the disease. Patients in the severe group were further divided into Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) alone and Multi-pathogen co-detection groups based on whether other pathogens were detected besides MP, to analyze the influence of respiratory pathogen co-detection rate on the severity of the disease. Mann-Whitney rank sum test and Chi-square test were used to compare data between independent groups. Results: A total of 298 children, 136 males and 162 females, were enrolled in this study, including 204 children in the severe group with an onset age of 7.0 (6.0, 8.0) years, and 94 children in the mild group with an onset age of 6.5 (4.0, 7.8) years. The level of C-reactive protein, D-dimer, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher (10.0 (5.0, 18.0) vs . 5.0 (5.0, 7.5) mg/L, 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) vs. 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) mg/L, 337 (286, 431) vs . 314 (271, 393) U/L, Z =2.02, 2.50, 3.05, all P <0.05), and the length of hospitalization was significantly longer in the severe group compared with those in mild group (6.0 (6.0, 7.0) vs. 5.0 (4.0, 6.0) d, Z =4.37, P <0.05). The time from onset to admission in severe MPP children was significantly shorter than that in mild MPP children (6.0 (5.0, 9.5) vs. 9.0 (7.0, 13.0) d, Z =2.23, P =0.026). All patients completed the multiplex PCR test, with 142 cases (47.7%) MPP children detected with 21 pathogens including adenovirus 25 cases (8.4%), human coronavirus 23 cases (7.7%), rhinovirus 21 cases (7.0%), Streptococcus pneumoniae 21 cases (7.0%), influenza A virus 18 cases (6.0%). The pathogens with the highest detection rates in Tianjin, Shanghai, Wenzhou and Chengdu were Staphylococcus aureus at 10.7% (8/75), adenovirus at 13.0% (10/77), adenovirus at 15.3% (9/59), and both rhinovirus and Haemophilus influenzae at 11.5% (10/87) each. The multi-pathogen co-detection rate in severe MPP children was significantly higher than that in mild MPP group (52.9% (108/204) vs. 36.2% (34/94), χ ²=10.62, P =0.005). Among severe MPP children, there are 89 cases in the multi-pathogen co-detection group and 73 cases in the simple MPP group. The levels of LDH, D-dimer and neutrophil counts in the multi-pathogen co-detection group were significantly higher than those in the simple MPP group (348 (284, 422) vs. 307 (270, 358) U/L, 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) vs. 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) mg/L, 4.99 (3.66, 6.89)×10 9 vs. 4.06 (2.91, 5.65)×10 9 /L, Z =5.17, 4.99, 6.11, all P <0.05). Conclusions: The co-detection rate of respiratory pathogens, LDH and D-dimer in children with severe MPP were higher than those with mild MPP. Among severe MPP children the stress response of children in co-detection group was more serious than that of children with simple MPP.

Background: Bone or brain metastases may develop in 20-40% of individuals with late-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), resulting in a median overall survival of only 4-6 months. However, the primary lung cancer tissue's distinctions between bone, brain and intrapulmonary metastases of NSCLC at the single-cell level have not been underexplored., Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of 14 tissue biopsy samples obtained from treatment-naïve advanced NSCLC patients with bone (n = 4), brain (n = 6) or intrapulmonary (n = 4) metastasis using single-cell sequencing originating from the lungs. Following quality control and the removal of doublets, a total of 80 084 cells were successfully captured., Results: The most significant inter-group differences were observed in the fraction and function of fibroblasts. We identified three distinct cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subpopulations: myofibroblastic CAF (myCAF), inflammatory CAF (iCAF) and antigen-presenting CAF (apCAF). Notably, apCAF was prevalent in NSCLC with bone metastasis, while iCAF dominated in NSCLC with brain metastasis. Intercellular signalling network analysis revealed that apCAF may play a role in bone metastasis by activating signalling pathways associated with cancer stemness, such as SPP1-CD44 and SPP1-PTGER4. Conversely, iCAF was found to promote brain metastasis by activating invasion and metastasis-related molecules, such as MET hepatocyte growth factor. Furthermore, the interaction between CAFs and tumour cells influenced T-cell exhaustion and signalling pathways within the tumour microenvironment., Conclusions: This study unveils the direct interplay between tumour cells and CAFs in NSCLC with bone or brain metastasis and identifies potential therapeutic targets for inhibiting metastasis by disrupting these critical cell-cell interactions., (© 2024 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics.)

Purpose: To study the effect and possible mechanism of let-7a on proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSCs)., Methods: The cells were divided into four groups: overexpression control (let-7a control/let-7a agomir control), overexpression let-7a (let-7a mimics/let-7a agomir), knockdown let-7a control (let-7a inhibitor control) and knockdown let-7a (let-7a inhibitor). Cell counting kit-8 assay(CCK-8) was used to detect the proliferation of cells at 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after transfection. Calcified nodules were detected by Alizarin red staining. The protein expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), p-4EBP1, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p-mTOR were detected by Western blot. Annexin V-APC/7-AAD cell apoptosis detection kit was used to detect the level of apoptosis after transfection. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software., Results: Let-7a inhibited proliferation of hDPSCs and promoted odontoblast differentiation and apoptosis. Let-7a down-regulated the expression of 4EBP1, p-4EBP1, mTOR and p-mTOR., Conclusions: Let-7a may inhibit proliferation of hDPSCs and promote their differentiation and apoptosis by inhibiting mTOR-4EBP1 molecular pathway.

This study aims to explore the effects of Shenqi Dihuang Decoction on high-glucose induced ferroptosis and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)/glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4) axis in human renal tubular epithelial cells(HK-2) and to clarify the underlying mechanism. The cell injury model was established by exposing HK-2 to high glucose, and the Shenqi Dihuang Decoction-medicated serum was prepared. The optimal concentration and intervention time of Shenqi Dihuang Decoction were determined. HK-2 were divided into normal, high glucose, and low-, medium-, and high-dose Shenqi Dihuang Decoction groups. After interventions, the cell proliferation rate in each group was determined and the cell morphology and mitochondrial ultrastructure were observed. Then, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS), ferrous ion(Fe~(2+)), glutathione(GSH), and malondialdehyde(MDA) and the protein levels of Nrf2, HO-1, GPX4, and xCT were measured. The optimal concentration and intervention time of Shenqi Dihuang Decoction-medicated serum were determined to be 10% and 24 h, respectively. Compared with the high glucose group, high-dose Shenqi Dihuang Decoction promoted the proliferation of HK-2. The cells in the low-, medium-, and high-dose Shenqi Dihuang Decoction groups presented tight arrangement, an increased cell count, improved morphology from a spindle-fiber shape to a cobblestone shape, and improved morphology and structure of mitochondrial membrane and cristae, compared with those in the high glucose group. Meanwhile, all the doses of Shenqi Dihuang Decoction inhibited ROS elevation to mitigate the peroxidation damage, lowered the Fe~(2+) and MDA levels and elevated the GSH level to inhibit lipid peroxidation, and activated the antioxidant pathway to upregulate the protein levels of Nrf2, HO-1, xCT, and GPX4. In conclusion, Shenqi Dihuang Decoction-medicated serum can inhibit high-glucose induced ferroptosis of HK-2 in vitro, which involves the antioxidant effect and the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 pathway.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), synthetic organic chemicals, have been discovered in the blood of both humans and animals throughout the world. This has raised widespread concerns about its toxicity, especially for growing children and adolescents. Most research on growth and development to date has concentrated on children at birth and during the first two years, while few studies have analyzed weight, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI) changes in children later in life. The present study aims to assess the association between serum PFAS levels and growth and development in adolescents. Through multiple linear regression, we explored the relationship between serum PFAS levels and weight, height, and BMI in adolescents (aged 12 to 19 years) participating in the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). After covariate adjustment, serum perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was associated with decreased weight-for-age z-score in females (tertile 2 of PFOS: β =  - 0.22, 95% CI: -0.68, 0.23; tertile 3 of PFOS: β =  - 0.78, 95% CI: -1.20, - 0.36; P for trend = 0.009), while serum perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was associated with decreased weight-for-age z-score in males (tertile 2 of PFNA: β = 0.09, 95% CI: -0.40, 0.58; tertile 3 of PFNA: β =  - 0.44, 95% CI: -0.86, - 0.03; P for trend = 0.018).In addition, serum PFOS was associated with decreased BMI z-score in all participants (tertile 2 of PFOS: β =  - 0.15, 95% CI: -0.46, 0.16; tertile 3 of PFOS: β =  - 0.63, 95% CI: -1.06, - 0.20; P for trend = 0.013)., Conclusion: Our findings indicate a negative association between serum PFAS levels and weight, and BMI among adolescents, and we observed that the negative association was sex-specific in weight., What Is Known: • Wide exposure to PFAS has led to concerns about its adverse effects, especially for children during their growth and development. • So far, much research has evaluated the effects of prenatal PFAS exposures on children, and the current results are mixed, with some research showing that there are sex differences., What Is New: • This study investigated the relationship between serum PFAS levels and height and weight in adolescents and is a good addition to current research. • Our study found that exposure to PFAS negatively affects adolescent growth and development and that this effect is sex-specific., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Over the past few decades, contamination with perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has gradually become a worldwide problem. Now that common PFAS such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are being phased out and replaced, people may be exposed to other PFAS congeners, and their potential hazards should be fully studied. We assessed the association of serum PFAS levels (as biomarkers of exposure) with asthma, including 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid (Me-PFOSA-AcOH), pefluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), using data from participants aged 3-11 from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (n = 525), where PFAS was modeled as a binary variable.Me-PFOSA-AcOH (1.36; 95% CI 0.77, 2.38), PFDA (1.33; 95% CI 0.76, 2.33), and PFUnDA (1.89; 95% CI 0.83, 4.35) were nonsignificantly associated with increased odds of asthma. Age, sex, and race/ethnicity modified associations between serum PFUnDA, not other serum PFAS congeners exposure, and odds of asthma. Specifically, for male participants, the OR = 3.06 and 95% CI 1.23-7.62 for serum PFUnDA exposure; for participants aged 3-7 years old, the OR = 3.55 and 95% CI 1.04-12.10 for serum PFUnDA exposure; for non-Hispanic White participants, the OR = 3.44 and 95% CI 1.14-10.36 for serum PFUnDA exposure, all of which exhibited a significantly positive relationship. This cross-sectional study provides some evidence for associations between exposure to PFAS congeners and asthma in children. We believe this relationship deserves further exploration. More large-scale epidemiologic studies are needed to evaluate the association of serum PFAS congeners, especially for PFUnDA exposure, with asthma among children., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Background: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show podocyte-protective effects in chronic kidney disease. Calycosin (CA), a phytoestrogen, is isolated from Astragalus membranaceus with a kidney-tonifying effect. CA preconditioning enhances the protective effect of MSCs against renal fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral occlusion. However, the protective effect and underlying mechanism of CA-pretreated MSCs (MSCs CA ) on podocytes in adriamycin (ADR)-induced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) mice remain unclear., Aim: To investigate whether CA enhances the role of MSCs in protecting against podocyte injury induced by ADR and the possible mechanism involved., Methods: ADR was used to induce FSGS in mice, and MSCs, CA, or MSCs CA were administered to mice. Their protective effect and possible mechanism of action on podocytes were observed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. In vitro , ADR was used to stimulate mouse podocytes (MPC5) to induce injury, and the supernatants from MSC-, CA-, or MSCs CA -treated cells were collected to observe their protective effects on podocytes. Subsequently, the apoptosis of podocytes was detected in vivo and in vitro by Western blot, TUNEL assay, and immunofluorescence. Overexpression of Smad3, which is involved in apoptosis, was then induced to evaluate whether the MSCs CA -mediated podocyte protective effect is associated with Smad3 inhibition in MPC5 cells., Results: CA-pretreated MSCs enhanced the protective effect of MSCs against podocyte injury and the ability to inhibit podocyte apoptosis in ADR-induced FSGS mice and MPC5 cells. Expression of p-Smad3 was upregulated in mice with ADR-induced FSGS and MPC5 cells, which was reversed by MSC CA treatment more significantly than by MSCs or CA alone. When Smad3 was overexpressed in MPC5 cells, MSCs CA could not fulfill their potential to inhibit podocyte apoptosis., Conclusion: MSCs CA enhance the protection of MSCs against ADR-induced podocyte apoptosis. The underlying mechanism may be related to MSCs CA -targeted inhibition of p-Smad3 in podocytes., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical performance of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based motion correction (MC) reconstruction algorithm for cerebral CT., Methods: A total of 53 cases, where motion artifacts were found in the first scan so that an immediate rescan was taken, were retrospectively enrolled. While the rescanned images were reconstructed with a hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithm (reference group), images of the first scan were reconstructed with both the hybrid IR (motion group) and the MC algorithm (MC group). Image quality was compared in terms of standard deviation (SD), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), the mean squared error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and mutual information (MI), as well as subjective scores. The diagnostic performance for each case was evaluated accordingly by lesion detectability or the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) assessment., Results: Compared with the motion group, the SNR and CNR of the MC group were significantly increased. The MSE, PSNR, SSIM, and MI with respect to the reference group were improved by 44.1%, 15.8%, 7.4%, and 18.3%, respectively (all p < 0.001). Subjective image quality indicators were scored higher for the MC than the motion group (p < 0.05). Improved lesion detectability and higher AUC (0.817 vs 0.614) in the ASPECTS assessment were found for the MC to the motion group., Conclusions: The AI-based MC reconstruction algorithm has been clinically validated for reducing motion artifacts and improving diagnostic performance of cerebral CT., Key Points: • An artificial intelligence-based motion correction (MC) reconstruction algorithm has been clinically validated in both qualitative and quantitative manner. • The MC algorithm reduces motion artifacts in cerebral CT and increases the diagnostic confidence for brain lesions. • The MC algorithm can help avoiding rescans caused by motion and improving the efficiency of cerebral CT in the emergency department., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Radiology.)

There are limited studies on the prevalence and incidence of clinically diagnosed hypertrophic myocardiopathy (HCM) and its mortality in the Chinese population, and the projected population burden of HCM over the next decades. We collected data on HCM and its mortality from the Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center (BMHCIC) database and estimated the prevalence and incidence based on the whole Beijing population. Calculation of population trends was performed using annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC). Finally, future HCM incidence was built by modelling projection of HCM to the next decades using Poisson regression analysis and Gray Model 1,1(GM [1,1]). The prevalence of HCM was 0.0069% (95%CI, 0.0065-0.0072%; N = 1343) in 2010, rising to 0.076% (95% CI, 0.074-0.077%; N = 16,616) in 2019, and the incidence of HCM was 6.85 per 100 000 person-year in 2010, rising to 11.76 per 100 000 person-year in 2019. Males had higher prevalence and incidence of HCM than females. The APPC for the rising incidence of HCM was 5.8% and the expected numbers will double increase in 2029 by assuming the same increase trend as the last decades. HCM had increased annual incidence of HF (APPC: 8.4, 4.4-12.6, p < 0.05), and relatively stable annual incidence of mortality (APPC: 1.2%, - 2.3% to 4.8%, p > 0.05) during the studied period. Males had lower mortality (2.70% vs. 4.20%, p < 0.001) than females. The calculated HCM prevalence was much lower compared to prior screening studies from 2004, although the predicted HCM incidence would double over the next decades. HCM was associated with a stable risk of mortality during the studied period., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and vaccination status of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infected children. Methods: A total of 105 children infected with Omicron variant admitted to Tianjin Haihe Hospital (designated referral hospital for SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tianjin) from January 8, 2022 to February 3 were included for a retrospective study. The cases were divided into pneumonia group and non-pneumonia group according to chest imaging. Based on the doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, the children who completed SARS-CoV-2 antibody test within 3 days after hospitalization were divided into 2 dose group and<2 dose group.Rank sum test and Chi-square test were used for the comparison between the groups. Results: The age of these 105 children was 10 (8, 11) years on admission, 53 children were males and 52 were females. Eighty-seven cases (82.9%) had mild symptoms, 13 cases (12.4%) had common symptoms and 5 cases (4.8%) were asymptomatic. Ninety-one cases (86.7%) completed 2 doses vaccination. The clinical symptoms were characterized by cough (74 cases, 70.5%), fever (58 cases, 55.2%), sore or dry throat (34 cases, 32.4%), nasal congestion (28 cases, 26.7%), rhinorrhea (23 cases, 21.9%). None of the children received antivirals, steroids, immunosuppressant or oxygen therapy. Seventy-six cases(72.4%) received traditional Chinese medicine treatment. The pneumonia group had a higher rate of positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG within 1 day after admission (13/13 vs. 87.0% (80/92), χ 2 =42.81, P< 0.001) than the non-pneumonia group. Among the 62 children who had serial SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests within 3 days after hospitalization, Compared to the<2 dose group, the 2 dose group had a higher rate of nucleic acid conversion within 16 days after onset and a higher rate of positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG 1 day after admission and 3 days after hospitalization (96.4% (54/56) vs . 4/6, 100.0% (56/56) vs. 2/6, 100.0% (56/56) vs. 3/6, all P< 0.05). Conclusions: Most children infected with Omicron variant have mild symptoms, mainly respiratory infection symptoms. The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 antibody IgG positive in children who have received 2 doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is higher,and the time of whose nucleic acid conversion may be shortened.

Objective: We identify and explore the candidate susceptibility genes for cirrhosis and their underlying biological mechanism. Methods: We downloaded the genome-wide association studies summary data of 901 cirrhosis cases and 451,363 controls and integrated them with reference models of five potential tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project, including whole blood, liver, pancreas, spleen, and thyroid, to identify genes whose expression is predicted to be associated with cirrhosis. Then, we downloaded gene expression data of individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma from TCGA database to conduct differential expression analysis to validate these identified genes and explored their possible role in driving cirrhosis via functional enrichment and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results: We identified 10 significant genes ( SKIV2L , JPH4 , UQCC2 , RP11-91I8.3 , MAU2 , ERAP1 , PUS3 , ZNF677 , ARHGAP40 , and SHANK3 ) associated with cirrhosis at a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of p < 0.01, among which two ( SKIV2L and JPH4 ) were identified in the liver and five ( SKIV2L , JPH4 , MAU2 , SHANK3 , and UQCC2 ) were validated by differential expression analysis at an FDR-corrected threshold of p < 0.01. The enrichment analysis showed that the degradation process of RNA, which is enriched by 58 genes, is significantly under-enriched in liver cancer tissues ( p = 0.0268). Conclusion: We have identified several candidate genes for cirrhosis in multiple tissues and performed differential genetic analysis using the liver cancer database to verify the significant genes. We found that the genes SKIV2L and JPH4 identified in the liver are of particular concern. Finally, through enrichment analysis, we speculate that the process of mRNA transcription and RNA degradation may play a role in cirrhosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Hou, Ye, Zou, Xia, Yang, Huang and Yu.)

The present study shows the purification of a main oligosaccharide fraction (MLO 1-2) from the enzymatic hydrolysate of mulberry leaf polysaccharides by DEAE-52 cellulose and gel column chromatography. The physicochemical properties of MLO 1-2 were characterized. The structure of MLO 1-2 was obtained as follows: α-(2-OAc)-Man p -1 → 2-β-Glc p -1 → 4-β-Glc p -1 → 4-α-Glc p -1 → 2-α-Glc p -1 → 2-α-Gal p -1 → 2-β-Gal p -1 → 2-β-Gal p -1, which was elucidated by methylation and NMR analysis. The molecular weight of MLO 1-2 showed no significant change after simulated saliva, gastric and intestinal digestion. This indicated that MLO 1-2 could pass through the digestive system without being degraded to safely reach the colon to regulate the gut microbiota. Additionally, MLO 1-2, more than glucose or galactooligosaccharides, promoted the proliferation of Bifidobacterium bifidum , B. adolescentis , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus . Furthermore, the acetic and lactic acid concentrations of bacterial cultures inoculated with MLO 1-2 were higher than those inoculated with glucose and galactooligosaccharide (GOS). These results suggest that MLO 1-2 could be an excellent prebiotic for intestinal flora regulation and the promotion of gut health.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are dysregulated in different cancer types, and thus have emerged as important regulators of the initiation and progression of human cancers. However, the biological functions and the underlying mechanisms responsible for their functions in gastric cancer (GC) remain poorly understood. Here, by lncRNA microarray, we identified 1414 differentially expressed lncRNAs, among which THAP7-AS1 was significantly upregulated in GC tissues compared with non-tumorous gastric tissues. High expression of THAP7-AS1 was correlated with positive lymph node metastasis and poorer prognosis. SP1, a transcription factor, could bind directly to the THAP7-AS1 promoter region and activate its transcription. Moreover, the m 6 A modification of THAP7-AS1 by METTL3 enhanced its expression depending on the "reader" protein IGF2BP1-dependent pathway. THAP7-AS1 promoted GC cell progression. Mechanistically, THAP7-AS1 interacted with the 1-50 Amino Acid Region (nuclear localization signal) of CUL4B through its 1-442 nt Sequence, and it promoted interaction between nuclear localization signal (NLS) and importin α1, and improved the CUL4B protein entry into the nucleus, repressing miR-22-3p and miR-320a expression by CUL4B-catalyzed H2AK119ub1 and the EZH2-mediated H3K27me3, subsequently activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to promote GC progression. Moreover, LV-sh-THAP7-AS1 treatment could suppress GC growth, invasion and metastasis, indicating that THAP7-AS1 may act as a promising molecular target for GC therapies. Taken together, our results show that THAP7-AS1, transcriptionally activated by SP1 and then modified by METTL3-mediated m6A, exerts oncogenic functions, by promoting interaction between NLS and importin α1 and then improving the CUL4B protein entry into the nucleus to repress the transcription of miR-22-3p and miR-320a., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to ADMC Associazione Differenziamento e Morte Cellulare.)

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and the exploration of aberrantly expressed genes might clarify tumorigenesis and help uncover new therapeutic strategies for BC. Although RGMA was recently recognized as a tumor suppressor gene, its detailed biological function and regulation in BC remain unclear. Herein, we found that RGMA was downregulated in BC tissues compared with non-tumorous breast tissues, particularly in metastatic BC samples, and that patients with low RGMA expression manifested a poorer prognosis. Furthermore, DNMT1 and DNMT3A were found to be recruited to the RGMA promoter and induced aberrant hypermethylation, resulting in downregulation of RGMA expression in BC. In contrast, RGMA overexpression suppressed BC cell proliferation and colony-formation capabilities and increased BC cell apoptosis. Furthermore, RGMA knockdown accelerated BC cell proliferation and suppressed cellular apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Reversal of RGMA promoter methylation with 5-Aza-CdR restored RGMA expression and blocked tumor growth. Overall, DNMT1- and DNMT3A-mediated RGMA promoter hypermethylation led to downregulation of RGMA expression, and low RGMA expression contributed to BC growth via activation of the FAK/Src/PI3K/AKT-signaling pathway. Our data thus suggested that RGMA might be a promising therapeutic target in BC., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: Ecliptae prostrata (L.) L. has been widely used in East Asia with reported biological activities, including anti-cancer properties., Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effect of ethyl acetate extract of Ecliptae prostrata (L.) L. (EAE) and its component wedelolactone on the proliferation and migration of head and neck squamous cancer cells., Methods: The proliferation of human SCC-4 and mouse CU110-1 tongue squamous carcinoma cells was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Scratch wound assays were performed to assess cell migration rates. The levels of Ecadherin and vimentin were used as markers of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). AhR, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 levels were examined to uncover the mechanism of inhibition of cell migration by wedelolactone., Results: We found that EAE and wedelolactone decreased the proliferation of human SCC-4 cells and mouse CU110-1 cells at doses of EAE at > 25 μg/ml and wedelolactone at > 6.25 μg/ml. Similarly, both EAE and wedelolactone produced inhibitory effects against migration, but the effective doses that significantly inhibited migration were lower than those affecting proliferation. Wedelolactone below 12.5 μg/ml inhibited the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with increased expression of E-cadherin and decreased expression of vimentin in SCC-4 and CU110-1 cells. Further analysis showed wedelolactone inhibited the expression of AhR and its downstream target molecules CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in both squamous carcinoma cells at the same doses inhibiting cell migration. The addition of benzo (a)pyrene [B(a)P], an agonist of AhR, stimulated migration, especially in the CU110-1 cells with reported cancer stem cell-like characteristics. Instructively, B(a)P reversed the inhibitory effects of wedelolactone on AhR expression and cell migration, suggesting that wedelolactone antagonizes cell migration through the AhR pathway. Moreover, the higher activity of EAE and wedelolactone against the migration of cancer stem-like CU110-1 cells relative to SCC-4 cells suggests selective activity against cancer stem cells., Conclusion: Our study identifies wedelolactone as a major active component of Ecliptae prostrata (L.) L. with promising anti-cancer properties against head and neck squamous cancer cells., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Left atrial thrombus (LAT) often complicates with atrial fibrillation (AF). The evidence whether fibrin D-dimer levels could be used as a predictive biomarker for LAT is contradictory. This study firstly investigated the relationship between 'normal range' D-dimer and prevalent LAT. Second, we explored factors contributing to normal D-dimer levels in the presence of LAT., Methods: We studied 244 AF patients with LAT (mean age: 59.9 years, SD:11.7; 53.3% female): of these, 103 (42.2%) had normal D-dimer, 25 (10.2%) had atrial thrombus exclusion score (ATE score) of 0 19 (16.7%) males had CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 0, 21(16.2%) females had CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 1 and 16 had overlapped ATE score of 0 and CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 0 (N = 8 if male) or CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 1(N = 8 if female). Using multivariate binary analysis, larger left atrial diameter (LAD; adjusted OR: 1.06, 1.03-1.10, p = 0.001) were associated with increased D-dimer. Patients with high body mass index (BMI), hypertension history and previous anticoagulation were more likely to show normal range D-dimer levels in the presence of LAT., Conclusions: A high prevalence (42.2%) of 'normal range' D-dimer levels was found in AF patients with LAT, especially in those with hypertension, high BMI and prior anticoagulation. D-dimer levels of those patients with larger LAD were more likely to be increased.

Lipotoxicity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-related kidney damage and propagates chronic kidney injury like diabetic kidney disease; however, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. To date, reduction of lipid acquisition and enhancement of lipid metabolism are the major, albeit non-specific, approaches to improve lipotoxic kidney damage. In the kidneys of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and tubule cells cultured with palmitic acid (PA), we observed a dramatic upregulation of the long intergenic non-coding RNA-p21 ( LincRNA-p21 ) through a p53-dependent mechanism. Kidney tubule cell-specific deletion of LincRNA-p21 attenuated oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to reduction of histological and functional kidney injury despite persistent obesity and hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, HFD- or PA-initiated lipotoxicity suppressed the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)/murine double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) signaling cascade to activate p53 and enhance the transcriptional activity of LincRNA-p21 . Collectively, our findings suggest that the p53/ LincRNA-p21 axis is the downstream effector in lipotoxic kidney injury and that targeting this axis particularly in the kidney tubule could be a novel therapeutic strategy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2021 The Authors.)

The 11q deletion (del(11q)) is a conventional cytogenetic aberration observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. However, the prevalence and the prognostic value of del(11q) are still controversial. In this research, we retrospectively explored the prevalence, association, and prognostic significance of del(11q) in 352 untreated and 99 relapsed/refractory Chinese CLL patients. Totally 11.4% of untreated and 19.2% of relapsed/refractory patients harbored del(11q). Del(11q) was more common in patients with β2-microglobulin > 3.5 mg/L, positive CD38, positive zeta-chain associated protein kinase 70, unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable-region gene and ataxia telangiectasia mutated mutation. Kaplan-Meier method and univariate Cox regression indicated that del(11q) was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS). Based on the results of univariate Cox regression analysis, two nomograms that included del(11q) were established to predict survival. Desirable area under curve of receiver operating characteristic curves was obtained in the training and validation cohorts. In addition, the calibration curves for the probability of survival showed good agreement between the prediction by nomogram and actual observation. In summary, the prevalence of del(11q) is relatively low in our cohort and del(11q) is an unfavorable prognostic factor for untreated CLL patients. Besides, these two nomograms could be used to accurately predict the prognosis of untreated CLL patients., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the structural, rheological, and functional properties of mulberry leaf polysaccharide (MLP) were characterized in this study. The enzymatic hydrolysis of MLP raised the carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups from 7.21 ± 0.86 to 10.08 ± 0.28 CO/100 Glu, 9.40 ± 0.13 to 17.55 ± 0.34 COOH/100 Glu, and 5.71 ± 0.33 to 8.14 ± 0.24 OH/100 Glu, respectively. Meanwhile, an increase in thixotropic performance and structure-recovery capacities were observed in hydrolyzed MLP, while the molecular weight, surface tension, apparent viscosity, and thermal stability were decreased. An improved antioxidant activity of MLP was also achieved after the enzymatic degradation. Moreover, the hydrolyzed MLP showed greater ability to promote the growths of Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus and the production of acetic acid, butyric acid, and lactic acid. The results demonstrate that enzymatic modification is a useful approach for polysaccharide processing., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A facile synthesis of 2-phosphorylated 2H-chromenes has been accomplished herein via a Y(OTf) 3 -catalyzed dehydrative coupling of 2H-chromene hemiacetals with P(O)-H compounds. This protocol features low catalyst loading, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope and easy elaboration of the products.

Objective: To investigate the etiology of necrotizing pneumonia (NP) in children and the clinical characteristics of NP caused by different pathogens in China. Methods: A retrospective, case-control study was performed in children with NP who were admitted to 13 hospitals in China from January 2008 to December 2019. The demographic and clinical information, laboratory data, etiological and radiological findings were analyzed. The data were divided into three groups based on the following years: 2008-2011, 2012-2015 and 2016-2019, and the distribution characteristics of the pathogens in different period were compared. Meanwhile, the pathogens of pediatric NP in the southern and northern China were compared. And the clinical characteristics of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) NP and the bacterial NP were also compared. T-test or Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used for comparison of numerical variables, and χ 2 test was used for categorical variables. Results: A total of 494 children with NP were enrolled, the median ages were 4.7 (0.1-15.3) years, including 272 boys and 222 girls. Among these patients, pathogens were identified in 347 cases and the pathogen was unclear in the remaining 147 cases. The main pathogens were MP (238 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) (61 cases), Staphylococcus aureus (SA) (51 cases), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 cases), Haemophilus influenzae (10 cases), adenovirus (10 cases), and influenza virus A (7 cases), respectively. MP was the most common pathogen in all three periods and the proportion increased yearly. The proportion of MP in 2016-2019 was significantly higher than that in 2012-2015 (52.1% (197/378) vs. 36.8% (32/87), χ 2 = 6.654, P= 0.010), while there was no significant difference in the proportion of MP in 2012-2015 and that in 2008-2011 (36.8% (32/87) vs. 31.0% (9/29), χ²=0.314, P =0.575).Regarding the regional distribution, 342 cases were in the southern China and 152 in the northern China. Also, MP was the most common pathogen in both regions, but the proportion of MP was higher and the proportion of SP was lower in the north than those in the south (60.5% (92/152) vs. 42.7% (146/342), χ 2 =13.409, P< 0.010; 7.9% (12/152) vs. 14.3% (49/342), χ 2 = 4.023, P= 0.045). Comparing the clinical characteristics of different pathogens, we found that fever and cough were the common symptoms in both single MP and single bacterial groups, but chest pain was more common (17.0% (34/200) vs. 6.1% (6/98), χ 2 =6.697, P= 0.010) while shortness of breath and wheezing were less common in MP group (16.0% (32/200) vs. 60.2% (59/98), χ 2 =60.688, P< 0.01; 4.5% (9/200) vs. 21.4% (21/98), χ 2 =20.819, P< 0.01, respectively). The white blood cell count, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in the bacterial group were significantly higher than those in the MP group (14.7 (1.0-67.1)×10 9 /L vs. 10.5 (2.5-32.2)×10 9 /L, 122.5 (0.5-277.3) mg/L vs. 51.4 (0.5-200.0) g/L, 2.13 (0.05-100.00) μg/L vs. 0.24 (0.01-18.85) μg/L, Z =-3.719, -5.901 and -7.765, all P< 0.01). Conclusions: The prevalence of pediatric NP in China shows an increasing trend during the past years. MP, SP and SA are the main pathogens of NP, and the most common clinical symptoms are fever and cough. The WBC count, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in bacterial NP are significantly higher than those caused by MP.

Objective: To explore the consistency of peripheral whole blood and venous serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels, and the value of peripheral whole blood PCT in evaluating pediatric bacterial infection. Methods: This multicenter cross-sectional parallel control study was conducted in 11 children's hospital. All the 1 898 patients older than 28 days admitted to these hospitals from March 2018 to February 2019 had their peripheral whole blood and venous serum PCT detected simultaneously with unified equipment, reagent and method. According to the venous serum PCT level, the patients were stratified to subgroups. Analysis of variance and chi-square test were used to compare the demographic characteristics among groups. And the correlation between the peripheral blood and venous serum PCT level was investigated by quantitative Pearson correlation analysis.The PCT resultes were also converted into ranked data to further test the consistency between the two sampling methods by Spearman's rank correlation test. Furthermore, the ranked data were converted into binary data to evaluate the consistency and investigate the best cut-off of peripheral blood PCT level in predicting bacterial infection. Results: A total of 1 898 valid samples were included (1 098 males, 800 females),age 27.4(12.2,56.7) months. There was a good correlation between PCT values of peripheral whole blood and venous serum ( r= 0.97 , P< 0.01). The linear regression equation was PCT venous serum =0.135+0.929×PCT peripheral whole blood . However, when stratified to 5 levels, PCT results showed diverse and unsatisfied consistency between the two sampling methods ( r= 0.51-0.92, all P< 0.01). But after PCT was converted to ordinal categorical variables, the stratified analysis showed that the coincidence rate of the measured values by the two sampling methods in each boundary area was 84.9%-97.1%. The dichotomous variables also showed a good consistency (coincidence rate 96.8%-99.3%, Youden index 0.82-0.89). According to the severity of disease, the serum PCT value was classified into 4 intervals（<0.5、0.5-<2.0、2.0-<10.0、≥10.0 μg/L）, and the peripheral blood PCT value also showed a good predictive value (AUC value was 0.991 2-0.997 9). The optimal cut points of peripheral whole blood PCT value 0.5、1.0、2.0、10.0 μg/L corresponding to venous serum PCT values were 0.395, 0.595, 1.175 and 3.545 μg/L, respectively. Conclusions: There is a good correlation between peripheral whole blood PCT value and the venous serum PCT value, which means that the peripheral whole blood PCT could facilitate the identification of infection and clinical severity. Besides, the sampling of peripheral whole blood is simple and easy to repeat.

Mulberry has significant hypoglycemic effect and can be used as an auxiliary food for people with type 2 diabetes. However, it is rich in carbohydrate and cannot be consumed directly by diabetic patients. In the study, we fermented the mulberry to reduce the content of glucose and fructose, and added the soybean to reduce the loss of probiotics during fermentation and then determined its hypoglycemic effect. We induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice by streptozotocin and measured its blood glucose, serum biochemistry, hepatic and pancreatic histopathology, and the diversity of the gut microbiota. After 5 weeks of oral DFMS administration, the glucose tolerance was improved significantly in T2DM mice. Furthermore, there were also significant increases in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione concentration, and marked reductions in the concentrations of malondialdehyde and free fatty acids. Moreover, DFMS also prevented histopathological changes and the increases in the activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. DFMS treatment also markedly increased the richness of the gut microbial community. The abundance of Bacteroidetes was increased, and those of Proteobacteria , Escherichia-Shigella , and Lactobacillus were reduced. In summary, DFMS has a clear hypoglycemic effect in mice with T2DM., (© 2021 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy and the level of muscle and soft tissue damage between modified posteromedial approach via lateral side of flexor hallucis longus and modified posteromedial approach in the treatment of posterior Pilon fracture. Methods: Total of 43 patients (27 males and 16 females, aged from 19 to 71 years) diagnosed with posterior Pilon fracture from June 2016 to June 2018 in Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were randomly divided into observation group (modified posteromedial approach via lateral side of flexor hallucis longus, 21 cases) and control group (modified posteromedial approach, 22 cases) according to the operation approach. The preoperative waiting time, intraoperative time, intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization time and the complications were recorded and compared between the two groups. The differences of blood creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (Myo) and C-reactive protein (CRP) at different time points before and after operation were compared between the two groups to elevate the level of muscle and soft tissue damage. The fracture reduction qualities of the two groups were compared by Burwell-Charnley criteria. The differences of fracture healing time, range of motion of metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe (MTP-ROM), ankle range of motion (Ankle-ROM), American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and visual analogue scale (VAS) score of pain were compared between the two groups at the last follow-up. Results: The observation group and the control group were followed-up for (19±6) months and (16±8) months, respectively; there was no significant difference between the two groups ( P >0.05). There were no significant differences in preoperative waiting time, intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization time and fracture healing time between the two groups (all P >0.05). At the last follow-up, there was no significant difference in the MTP-ROM and Ankle-ROM between the two groups (both P >0.05); the AOFAS score of the observation group was 88.2±7.8 and it was 84.5±7.6 in the control group ( P >0.05); the VAS score of the observation group was (0.9±1.0) and it was (1.3±0.8) in the control group( P >0.05). Anatomical reduction rate in observation group was higher than that in control group (90.5% vs 81.8%, P >0.05). The operation time in the observation group was (87±16) min and it was (98±11) min in the control group ( P <0.05). CK, Myo and CRP were increased in both groups after surgery, but there was no statistical significance between groups at the same time point (all P >0.05). There was no nerve injury in the observation group, while 2 cases (9.0%) of nerve paralysis occurred in the control group. No incision infection and checkrein deformity of the Hallux was found in the two groups. Conclusion: The modified posteromedial approach via lateral side of flexor hallucis longus can obtain good operative field exposure, and does not increase muscle and soft tissue injury, with shorter operative time and fewer complications, without nerve injury and checkrein deformity, it is a safe approach for the treatment of posterior Pilon fracture.

Objective: To observe the effect of healthy volunteers different work rate increasing rate cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on the sub-peak parameters . Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to a moderate (30 W/min), a relatively low (10 W/min) and relatively high (60 W/min) three different work rate increasing rate CPET on different working days in a week. The core indicators related to CPET sub-peak exercise of 12 volunteers were compared according to standard Methods: anaerobic threshold (AT), oxygen uptake per unit power (ΔVO 2 /ΔWR), oxygen uptake eficiency plateau,（OUEP), the lowest average of 90 s of carbon dioxide ventilation equivalent (Lowest VE/ VCO 2 ), the slope of carbon dioxide ventilation equivalent (VE/ VCO 2 Slope) and intercept and anaerobic threshold oxygen uptake ventilation efficiency value (VO 2 / VE@AT) and the anaerobic threshold carbon dioxide ventilation equivalent value (VE/ VCO 2 @AT). Paired t test was performed on the difference of each parameter in the three groups of different work rate increasing rate. Results: Compared with the relatively low and relatively high work rate increasing rate group, the moderate work rate increasing rate group uptake eficiency plateau, (42.22±4.76 vs 39.54±3.30 vs 39.29±4.29) and the lowest average of 90 s of carbon dioxide ventilation equivalent (24.13±2.88 vs 25.60±2.08 vs 26.06±3.05) was significantly better, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); Compared with the moderate work rate increasing rate group, the oxygen uptake per unit work rate of the relatively low and relatively high work rate increasing rate group increased and decreased significantly ((8.45±0.66 vs 10.04±0.58 vs 7.16±0.60) ml/(min·kg)), difference of which was statistically significant (P<0.05); the anaerobic threshold did not change significantly ((0.87±0.19 vs 0.87±0.19 vs 0.89±0.19) L/min), the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Relatively low and relatively high power increase rate can significantly change the CPET sub-peak sports related indicators such as the effectiveness of oxygen uptake ventilation, the effectiveness of carbon dioxide exhaust ventilation, and the oxygen uptake per unit work rate. Compared with the moderate work rate increasing rate CPET, the lower and higher work rate increasing rate significantly reduces the effectiveness of oxygen uptake ventilation and the effectiveness of carbon dioxide exhaust ventilation in healthy individuals. The standardized operation of CPET requires the selection of a work rate increasing rate suitable for the subject, so that the CPET sub-peak related indicators can best reflect the true functional state of the subject.

Objective: To verify that the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performed by clinical subjects is the maximum extreme exercise, we designed The Max test（Max）during clinical CPET. We used Max to verify the accuracy of the quantitative CPET evaluation result, and whether it is feasible and safe to use the specific value of a certain index as the standard for stopping CPET. Methods: Two hundred and sixteen cases from Fuwai Hospital were selected during June 2017 to January 2019,including 41 healthy person（control group） and 175with cardiovascular diseases（patient group）,The patients had a CPET peak RER ≤ 1.10, or the peak heart rate and peak blood pressure were basically non-responsive.The Max was first attempted in 60 subjects,and this study is further expanded . When the CPET ended, they had a 5-minute break, then the Max, during which, they cycled with a velocity of ≥ 60 r/min, at a constant intensity equivalent to to 130% of peak work,until exhausted.The difference and percentage difference between the peak heart rate and the peak oxygen uptake were calculated. ①If the percentage difference of heart rate and oxygen uptake are all less than -10%,then the Max is defined as failure,otherwise it is succesful. 2 If the percentage difference is between -10%~10%, then the Max is successful, which proved that the CPET is precise.③If the difference is ≥10%, the Max is successful, which proves that the CPET is non-extreme exercise. Results: Patient group's Peak VO 2 (L/min,ml/(min·kg)),anaerobic threshold (L/min,ml/(min·kg),%pred),Peak VO 2 /HR(ml/beat, % pred),Peak RER,Peak SBP,Peak WR,peak heart rate,OUEP （ratio,%pred） were lower than those of the control group(P<0.05)．The VE/ VCO 2 Slope （ratio,%pred）and Lowest VE/ VCO 2 （ratio,%pred） were higher in the patient group than in the control group (P<0.05)．No adverse events occurred during the CPET and Max in all cases. Among the 216 cases,Max was successful in 198 cases(91.7%)．CPET was proved to be maximum extreme exercise for 182 cases,non-maximum extreme exercise for 16 cases,and failed in 18 cases(8.3%)． Conclusion: For CPET with a low peak RER and a maximum challenge,the Max can confirm the accuracy of the objective quantitative assessment of CPET. Max is safe and feasible,and that deserved further research and clinical application.

Objective: Observe the increased anatomical dead space of the mask, summarize the law of exercise induced oscillatory breathing (EIOB) in the results of CPET's new 9 figure, and analyze its incidence and age groups that are prone to oscillatory breathing. Methods: After signed the informed consent form by guardian, 501 children from pre-school to middle-school, aged 3~14 year, performed Harbor-UCLA standard protocol CPET with strict quality control in the CPET laboratory of Liaocheng Children's Hospital since 2014. CPET data was interpreted second by second from the breath by breath collection, averaged by 10s and then display by 9 plots. We analyzed the trends, pattern, incidence and age difference for EIOB and gas leakage. Results: The incidence of EIOB was the highest in the 3 to 6-year-old group, which was 42%. The 7 to 10-year-old group was 29.4% and the 11- to 14-year-old group was 29.9%. The three groups were tested by chi-square (x 2 =7.512), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). 14 out of 508 children had air leakage during CPET, the incidence rate was 2.7%. Conclusion: The phenomenon of oscillatory breathing (OB) in children may be caused by the increased anatomical dead space of the mask, and it is not caused by disease. To improve the quality of CPET and to reduce clinical misdiagnosis, it is recommended to use a mouthpiece to decrease the dead space rather than the musk.

Objective: The cardiopulmonary function of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) was severely limited, but the holistic integrative exercise pathophysiology is still unclear. Methods: After signed the consent form, Eighty three patients with severe CHF from October 2016 to October 2017 in Fuwai Hospital were performed Ramp incremental loading program CardioPulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET), and 12 normal subjects served as control. CPET were performed according to standard of Harbor-UCLA MC and the circulatory, respiratory and metabolic parameters during CPET were measured and analyzed. Results: Peak oxygen uptake (Peak VO 2 ) in CHF (14.33±2.69) ml/(min·kg), (44.25±14.74)%pred was significantly lower than control ((29.42±5.46) ml/(min·kg), (83.88±6.28)%pred). Other core parameters of CPET such as anaerobic threshold (AT), peak oxygen pulse, oxygen uptake efficiency platform (OUEP), the lowest of carbon dioxide output ventilation ratio (Lowest VE/VCO 2 ), and carbon dioxide output ventilation slope (VE/VCO 2 Slope) in CHF were significantly different with the control group(P<0.01). The core parameters of lung function, such as forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV 1 /FVC, and carbon monoxide diffusion (DLCO) were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Systolic blood pressure during all stages of CPET in CHF was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05); Heart rate at AT, peak and recovery stages were significantly lower than control (P<0.01). Minute ventilation, tidal volume and respiratory frequency at rest, warm-up were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). Tidal volume at recovery was significantly higher than control (P<0.05). VO 2 at AT, peak and recovery stages in CHF were significantly higher than control (P<0.01). Oxygen pulse at AT and peak were significantly higher than control (P<0.01). Pulse oxygen saturation during all stages of CPET in CHF were significantly lower than control (P<0.01). Conclusion: The decreased holistic functional capacity of cardiogenic CHF dominantly due to circulatory limitation, and secondly due to respiratory and metabolic limitation.

Objective: To observe the effect of healthy volunteers different work rate increasing rate cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on the peak exercise core indicators and the changes of respiratory exchange rate (RER) during exercise, to explore the effect of different work rate increasing rate on CPET peak exercise related indicators. Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to a moderate (30 W/min), a relatively low (10 W/min) and relatively high (60 W/min) three different work rate increasing rate CPET on different working days in a week. The main peak exercise core indicators of CPET data: VO 2 , VCO 2 , work rate (WR), breathe frequency(Bf), tidal volume (VT), ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), Oxygen pulse(O 2 P), exercise time and RER for each period of CPET were analyzed using standard methods. The ANOVA test and paired two-two comparison was performed on the difference of each index in the three groups of different work rate increasing rate. Results: Compared with the moderate work rate group, the peak work rate of the lower and higher work rate groups were relatively lower and higher, respectively ((162.04±41.59) W/min vs (132.92±34.55) W/min vs (197.42±46.14) W/min, P<0.01); exercise time was significantly prolonged and shortened ((5.69 ± 1.33) min vs (13.49 ± 3.43) min vs (3.56 ± 0.76) min, P<0.01); peak RER (1.27 ± 0.07 vs 1.18 ± 0.06 vs 1.33 ± 0.08, P<0.01~P<0.05) and the recovery RER maximum (1.72±0.16 vs 1.61±0.11 vs 1.81±0.14, P<0.01~P<0.05) were significantly decreased and increased. Conclusion: Different work rate increasing rate of CPET significantly change the Peak Work Rate, exercise time, Peak RER, and maximum RER during recovery. The CPET operator should choose an individualized work rate increasing rate that is appropriate for the subject, and also does not use a fixed RER value as a basis for ensuring safety, the subject's extreme exercise, and early termination of exercise.

Objective: The objective is to find the characteristics of arterial blood sample waveform in different respiration models. Methods: Six post-operative patients with normal heart function and negative Allen test, were 4 male and 2 female, (59.00±16.64)year, (71.67±0.37)kg, left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) (61.33±2.16)%, had been placed the arterial catheterization and central venous catheterization for continuous collecting arterial in 3 different kinds of respiration models: normal breathing, no breathing and deep breathing. We selected two breaths cycles of waveform from each patient for data calculations of magnitudes and time interval. Compare the adjacent highest and lowest values of patients to verify whether there are periodic wave-like signal changes in arterial and venous blood gas in the three breathing states. In addition, statistical t-test analysis was performed on the change amplitude of the periodic wave-like signal of the patient's arterial and venous blood gas to compare whether there is a difference. Results: The heart beat numbers for drawing blood into pipe were 15-16, and all covered more than 2 breathing cycles. There were significant changes of arterial PaO 2 (i.e. the highest high values compare to the next lowest values, P<0.05) in three different breathing models(normal, no breathing and high breathing), the magnitudes of which were (9.96±5.18)mmHg, (5.33±1.55)mmHg and (13.13±7.55)mmHg, with (8.09±2.43)%, (5.29±2.19)% and (10.40±2.68)% from their mean respectively. PO 2 in venous blood gas did not show wavy changes under normal breathing, 20 s breath holding and high tidal volume ventilation. The amplitudes were (1.63 ± 0.41) mmHg, (1.13 ± 0.41) mmHg and (1.31 ± 0.67) mmHg, which were (3.91 ± 1.22)%, (2.92 ± 1.12)%, (3.33 ± 1.81)%, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of arterial blood gas under the same state, but there was no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: With continuous beat-by-beat arterial blood sampling and ABG analyzing method in three different breathing models, We obtain a clear evidence of the biggest periodic parameters ABG waveform in high breathing models, which followed by normal breathing models, no breathing was the smallest, and the wave variation amplitude of venous oxygen partial pressure was not obvious in the three respiratory states, which implies the oscillatory information of the arterial blood with comes from the gas exchanging in the lung.

Objective: The fetus has no actual respiration, and the newborn begins to breathe after birth. We assume that the first breath dominantly generated by hypoxia. In this study, the changes and lowest limit of blood oxygen partial pressureof umbilical artery (PuaO 2 ) after chemoreceptor were analyzed to explore the mechanism of neonatal spontaneous breathing. Methods: With signed consent form by all fetal parents before birth, 14 newborns successfully completed the umbilical artery or vein catheterization and drawn blood according to the heartbeat. All blood samples analyzed by blood gas analyzer,calculated and analyzed the similarities and differences between umbilical vein(Puv) and umbilical artery(Pua). Results: Although we completed 14 newborns, there were only 9 cases of umbilical artery samples and 8 cases of umbilical vein samples were collected. Only 3 cases collected both Pua and Puv blood samples at the same time (see serial paper II). PuaO 2 in gradually decreased with time (heartbeat frequency), until Pua contracted after spontaneous breathing produced about 8~10 heartbeats, and then could not get enough blood samples. Only 3 newborns were able to take blood samples after spontaneous breathing for 8~10 heartbeats, and their PuaO 2 were jumped to 186.0, 137.0 and 93.8 mmHg respectively. The mean value of PuaO 2 was (25.94±6.79, 18.04~37.51)mmHg, the highest value was (29.11±6.46, 23.00~45.90)mmHg, and the lowest value was (21.34±5.54, 14.00~33.60)mmHg. Although PuvO 2 decreased gradually with time (heartbeat) too, most of them also showed the tendency of alternately rising and falling with the regularity of mother's respiration. The mean value of PuvO 2 was (53.35±21.35, 32.56~100.73)mmHg, the highest value was (90.38±48.44, 43.40~153.00)mmHg, and the lowest value was (36.96±14.90, 24.80~73.80)mmHg. Although there were large individual differences, the mean, highest and lowest values of PuvO 2 were significantly higher than those of PuaO 2 (P<0.05); although PuvCO 2 slightly lower than PuaCO 2 , it was no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: PuaO 2 decreases gradually with time before spontaneous breathing after the delivered fetus as a newborn, and it induces the first inhalation to start spontaneous breathing when it reaches the threshold of triggering breathing.