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A novel method was developed to detect double-$\Lambda$ hypernuclear events in nuclear emulsions using machine learning techniques. The object detection model, the Mask R-CNN, was trained using images generated by Monte Carlo simulations, image processing, and image-style transformation based on generative adversarial networks. Despite being exclusively trained on $\prescript{6\ }{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm{He}}$ events, the model achieved a detection efficiency of 93.8$\%$ for $\prescript{6\ }{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm{He}}$ and 82.0$\%$ for $\prescript{5\ }{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm{H}}$ events in the produced images. In addition, the model demonstrated its ability to detect the $\prescript{6\ }{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm{He}}$ event named the Nagara event, which is the only uniquely identified double-$\Lambda$ hypernuclear event reported to date. It also exhibited a proper segmentation of the event topology. Furthermore, after analyzing 0.2$\%$ of the entire emulsion data from the J-PARC E07 experiment utilizing the developed approach, six new candidates for double-$\Lambda$ hypernuclear events were detected, suggesting that more than 2000 double-strangeness hypernuclear events were recorded in the entire dataset. This method is sufficiently effective for mining more latent double-$\Lambda$ hypernuclear events recorded in nuclear emulsion sheets by reducing the time required for manual visual inspection by a factor of five hundred.

High-cadence, multiwavelength observations have continuously revealed the diversity of tidal disruption events (TDEs), thus greatly advancing our knowledge and understanding of TDEs. In this work, we conducted an intensive optical-UV and X-ray follow-up campaign of TDE AT2023lli, and found a remarkable month-long bump in its UV/optical light curve nearly two months prior to maximum brightness. The bump represents the longest separation time from the main peak among known TDEs to date. The main UV/optical outburst declines as $t^{-4.10}$, making it one of the fastest decaying optically selected TDEs. Furthermore, we detected sporadic X-ray emission 30 days after the UV/optical peak, accompanied by a reduction in the period of inactivity. It is proposed that the UV/optical bump could be caused by the self-intersection of the stream debris, whereas the primary peak is generated by the reprocessed emission of the accretion process. In addition, our results suggest that episodic X-ray radiation during the initial phase of decline may be due to the patched obscurer surrounding the accretion disk, a phenomenon associated with the inhomogeneous reprocessing process. The double TDE scenario, in which two stars are disrupted in sequence, is also a possible explanation for producing the observed early bump and main peak. We anticipate that the multicolor light curves of TDEs, especially in the very early stages, and the underlying physics can be better understood in the near future with the assistance of dedicated surveys such as the deep high-cadence survey of the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST)., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures,accepted for publication by ApJL

In this paper, we consider complex-valued solutions of the planar Schr\"odinger-Newton system, which can be described by minimizers of the constraint minimization problem. It is shown that there exists a critical rotational velocity $0<\Omega^*\leq \infty$, depending on the general trapping potential $V(x)$, such that for any rotational velocity $0\leq\Omega<\Omega^*$, minimizers exist if and only if $00$ is the unique positive solution of $-\Delta u+u-u^3=0$ in $\mathbb{R}^2$. Moreover, under some suitable assumptions on $V(x)$, applying blow-up analysis and energy estimates, we present a detailed analysis on the concentration behavior of minimizers as $a\nearrow a^*$., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2212.00234 by other authors

This paper is devoted to the $L^2$-constraint variational problem \begin{equation*} We study $L^2$-normalized solutions of the following inhomogeneous fractional Schr\"{o}dinger equation \begin{equation*} (-\Delta)^{s} u(x)+V(x)u(x)-a|x|^{-b}|u|^{2\beta^2}u(x)=\mu u(x)\ \ \mbox{in}\ \ \R^{N}. \end{equation*} Here $s\in(\frac{1}{2},1)$, $N>2s$, $a>0$, $00$ such that minimizers exist for $0a^*$. In the case of $a=a^*$, one can obtain the classification results of the existence and non-existence for constraint minimizers, which are depended strongly on the value of $V(0)$. For $V(0)=0$, the limiting behavior of nonnegative minimizers is also analyzed when $a$ tend to $a^*$ from below.

We consider the minimizers of $L^{2}$-critical inhomogeneous variational problems with a spatially decaying nonlinear term in an open bounded domain $\Omega$ of $\mathbb{R}^{N}$ which contains $0$. We prove that there is a threshold $a^{*}>0$ such that minimizers exist for $0a^{*}$. In contrast to the homogeneous case, we show that both the existence and nonexistence of minimizers may occur at the threshold $a^*$ depending on the value of $V(0)$, where $V(x)$ denotes the trapping potential. Moreover, under some suitable assumptions on $V(x)$, based on a detailed analysis on the concentration behavior of minimizers as $a\nearrow a^*$, we prove local uniqueness of minimizers when $a$ is close enough to $a^*$.

We propose to develop a wide-field and ultra-high-precision photometric survey mission, temporarily named "Earth 2.0 (ET)". This mission is designed to measure, for the first time, the occurrence rate and the orbital distributions of Earth-sized planets. ET consists of seven 30cm telescopes, to be launched to the Earth-Sun's L2 point. Six of these are transit telescopes with a field of view of 500 square degrees. Staring in the direction that encompasses the original Kepler field for four continuous years, this monitoring will return tens of thousands of transiting planets, including the elusive Earth twins orbiting solar-type stars. The seventh telescope is a 30cm microlensing telescope that will monitor an area of 4 square degrees toward the galactic bulge. This, combined with simultaneous ground-based KMTNet observations, will measure masses for hundreds of long-period and free-floating planets. Together, the transit and the microlensing telescopes will revolutionize our understandings of terrestrial planets across a large swath of orbital distances and free space. In addition, the survey data will also facilitate studies in the fields of asteroseismology, Galactic archeology, time-domain sciences, and black holes in binaries., Comment: 116 pages,79 figures

A systematic study of the in-medium correction factor ($F$) on nucleon-nucleon elastic cross section is performed within the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model. The effects of the beam energy dependence of $F$ on the directed, elliptic flow and nuclear stopping in $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions with energy ranging from $0.09$ to $0.8A$ GeV are explored. It is found that the directed, elliptic flow and nuclear stopping at relatively low energies are very sensitive to $F$, and the sensitivity gradually weakens with increasing beam energy. The beam energy dependent in-medium correction factor $F$ is deduced from the comparison of the excitation functions of the directed, elliptic flow and nuclear stopping between the calculated results and the FOPI experimental data., Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures

It is shown that the inclusion of hadronic interactions, and in particular nuclear potentials, in simulations of heavy ion collisions at the SPS energy range can lead to obvious correlations of protons. These correlations contribute significantly to an intermittency analysis as performed at the NA61 experiment. The beam energy and system size dependence is studied by comparing the resulting intermittency index for heavy ion collisions of different nuclei at beam energies of $40A$, $80A$ and $150A$ GeV. The resulting intermittency index from our simulations is similar to the reported values of the NA61 collaboration, if nuclear interactions are included. The observed apparent intermittency signal is the result of the correlated proton pairs with small relative transverse momentum $\Delta p_{t}$, which would be enhanced by hadronic potentials, and this correlation between the protons is slightly influenced by the coalescence parameters and the relative invariant four-momentum $q_{inv}$ cut., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures

We study systematically the topological charge density and the chiral density correlations in the early stage of high energy nuclear collisions: the intial condition is given by the McLerran-Venugopalan model and the evolution of the gluon fields is studied via the Classical Yang-Mills equations up to proper time $\tau\approx 1$ fm/c for an $SU(2)$ evolving Glasma. Topological charge is related to the gauge invariant $\bm E \cdot \bm B$ where $\bm E$ and $\bm B$ denote the color-electric and color-magnetic fields, while the chiral density is produced via the chiral anomaly of Quantum Chromodynamics. We study how the correlation lengths are related to the collision energy, and how the correlated domains grow up with proper time in the transverse plane for a boost invariant longitudinal expansion. We estimate the correlation lengths of both quantities, that after a short transient results of the order of the typical energy scale of the model, namely the inverse of the saturation scale. We estimate the proper time for the formation of a steady state in which the production of the chiral density in the transverse plane per unit rapidity slows down, as well as the amount of chiral density that would be present at the switch time between the Classical Yang-Mills evolution and the relativistic transport or hydro for the quark-gluon plasma phase., Comment: Statistics has been improved. A few comments on the Gauss Law and the gauge invariance of the results have been added. This version corresponds to the one accepted for publication on Phys. Rev. D

The difference in elliptic flow $v_{2}$ between protons and antiprotons, produced in $^{197}\text{Au}+^{197}\text{Au}$ collisions at center-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5-12~\text{GeV}$, is studied within a modified version of the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model. Two different model scenarios are compared: the cascade mode and the mean field mode which includes potential interactions for both formed and pre-formed hadrons. The model results for the elliptic flow of protons and the relative $v_{2}$ difference between protons and antiprotons obtained from the mean field mode agree with the available experimental data, while the $v_{2}$ difference is near zero for the cascade mode. Our results show that the elliptic flow splitting, observed for particles and antiparticles, can be explained by the inclusion of proper hadronic interactions. In addition, the difference in $v_{2}$ between protons and antiprotons depends on the centrality and the rapidity window. With smaller centrality and/or rapidity acceptance, the observed elliptic flow splitting is more sensitive to the beam energy, indicating a strong net baryon density dependence of the effect. We propose to confirm this splitting at the upcoming experiments from Beam Energy Scan (BES) Phase-\Rmnum{2} at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) at Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) and Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA)., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, submitted

A new scheme to study the properties of finite nuclei is proposed based on the Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (DBHF) approach starting from a bare nucleon-nucleon interaction. The relativistic structure of the nucleon self-energies in nuclear matter depending on density, momentum and isospin asymmetry are determined through a subtracted T-matrix technique and parameterized, which makes them easily accessible for general use. The scalar and vector potentials of a single particle in nuclei are generated via a local density approximation (LDA). The surface effect of finite nuclei can be taken into account by an improved LDA (ILDA), which has successfully been applied in microscopic derivations of the optical model potential for nucleon-nucleus scattering. The bulk properties of nuclei can be determined in a self-consistent scheme for nuclei all over the nuclear mass table. Calculated binding energies agree very well with the empirical data, while the predicted values for radii and spin-orbit splitting of single-particle energies are about 10 \% smaller than the experimental data. Basic features of more sophisticated DBHF calculations for finite nuclei are reproduced.

This paper presents GEneric iNtent Encoder (GEN Encoder) which learns a distributed representation space for user intent in search. Leveraging large scale user clicks from Bing search logs as weak supervision of user intent, GEN Encoder learns to map queries with shared clicks into similar embeddings end-to-end and then finetunes on multiple paraphrase tasks. Experimental results on an intrinsic evaluation task - query intent similarity modeling - demonstrate GEN Encoder's robust and significant advantages over previous representation methods. Ablation studies reveal the crucial role of learning from implicit user feedback in representing user intent and the contributions of multi-task learning in representation generality. We also demonstrate that GEN Encoder alleviates the sparsity of tail search traffic and cuts down half of the unseen queries by using an efficient approximate nearest neighbor search to effectively identify previous queries with the same search intent. Finally, we demonstrate distances between GEN encodings reflect certain information seeking behaviors in search sessions.

The Coulomb effect, an essential ingredient in nuclear systems, is quantitatively investigated for certain Skyrmions within the Skyrme model. To do this we calculate the Coulomb energy from numerically generated multi-Skyrmions and, simultaneously, introduce an effective alpha-like particle approximation for large Skyrmions with baryon number $B$, where $B$ is a multiple of four. The calculated Coulomb energies and the corresponding fitted curve from this approximation match well with the results from the numerical method, as well as the behavior of the Coulomb energy in the semi-empirical mass formula. The Skyrme model correctly reproduces the well known results for the Coulomb energy of nuclei. This suggests that the alpha-particles can be used as the fundamental degrees of freedom in the Skyrme model. The Coulomb effect on the binding energy of the Skyrmions increases with baryon number but has a small effect overall. However, the effect could be significantly more pronounced for loosely bound Skyrme models.