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Deltamethrin (Del), a widely administered pyrethroid insecticide, has been established as a common contaminant of the freshwater environment and detected in many freshwater ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the changes in brain transcriptome and metabolome of crucian carp after exposure to 0.6 μg/L Del for 28 days. Elevated MDA levels and inhibition of SOD activity indicate damage to the antioxidant system. Moreover, a total of 70 differential metabolites (DMs) were identified using the liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, including 32 upregulated and 38 downregulated DMs in the Del‐exposed group. The DMs associated with chronic Del exposure were enriched in steroid hormone biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism for prostaglandin G2, 5‐oxoeicosatetraenoic acid, progesterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, and hydrocortisone. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that chronic Del exposure caused lipid metabolism disorder, endocrine disruption, and proinflammatory immune response by upregulating the pla2g4, cox2, log5, ptgis, lcn, and cbr expression. Importantly, the integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics indicated that the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway and steroid hormone biosynthesis were decisive processes in the brain tissue of crucian carp after Del exposure. Furthermore, Del exposure perturbed the tight junction, HIF‐1 signaling pathway, and thyroid hormone signaling pathway. Overall, transcriptome and metabolome data of our study offer a new insight to assess the risk of chronic Del exposure in fish brains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) expressing cytokeratin (CK) 7 or CK19 has a cholangiocyte phenotype that stimulates HCC proliferation, metastasis, and sorafenib therapy resistance This study aims to noninvasively predict cholangiocyte phenotype-positive HCC and assess its prognosis after hepatectomy. Methods: Between January 2010 and May 2022, preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI was performed on consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy and had pathologically confirmed solitary HCC. Two abdominal radiologists separately assessed the MRI features. A predictive model for cholangiocyte phenotype HCC was created using logistic regression analysis and five-fold cross-validation. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to calculate the model performance. Kaplan–Meier and log-rank methods were used to evaluate survival outcomes. Results: In total, 334 patients were included in this retrospective study. Four contrast-enhanced MRI features, including "rim arterial phase hyperenhancement" (OR = 5.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.9–12.0, 10 points), "nodule in nodule architecture" (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.1–5.9, 7 points), "non-smooth tumor margin" (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 0.8–2.9, 3 points), and "non-peripheral washout" (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.3–1.0, − 3 points), were assigned to the cholangiocyte phenotype HCC prediction model. The area under the curves for the training and independent validation set were 0.76 and 0.73, respectively. Patients with model-predicted cholangiocyte phenotype HCC demonstrated lower rates of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) after hepatectomy, with an estimated median RFS and OS of 926 vs. 1565 days (p < 0.001) and 1504 vs. 2960 days (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Contrast-enhanced MRI features can be used to predict cholangiocyte phenotype-positive HCC. Patients with pathologically confirmed or MRI model-predicted cholangiocyte phenotype HCC have a worse prognosis after hepatectomy. Critical relevance statement: Four contrast-enhanced MRI features were significantly associated with cholangiocyte phenotype HCC and a worse prognosis following hepatectomy; these features may assist in predicting prognosis after surgery and improve personalized treatment decision-making. Key points: • Four contrast-enhanced MRI features were significantly associated with cholangiocyte phenotype HCC. • A noninvasive cholangiocyte phenotype HCC predictive model was established based on MRI features. • Patients with cholangiocyte phenotype HCC demonstrated a worse prognosis following hepatic resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) is widely used for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, with unsatisfactory sensitivity, complex ancillary features, and inadequate integration with gadoxetate disodium (EOB)‐enhanced MRI. Purpose: To modify LI‐RADS (mLI‐RADS) on EOB‐MRI. Study Type: Secondary analysis of a prospective observational study. Population: Between July 2015 and September 2018, 224 consecutive high‐risk patients (median age, 51 years; range, 26–83; 180 men; training/testing sets: 169/55 patients) with 742 (median size, 13 mm; interquartile range, 7–27; 498 HCCs) LR‐3/4/5 observations. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo, diffusion‐weighted spin‐echo based echo‐planar, and 3D T1‐weighted gradient echo sequences. Assessment: Three radiologists (with 5, 5, and 10 years of experience in liver MR imaging, respectively) blinded to the reference standard (histopathology or imaging follow‐up) reviewed all MR images independently. In the training set, the optimal LI‐RADS version 2018 (v2018) features selected by Random Forest analysis were used to develop mLI‐RADS via decision tree analysis. Statistical Tests: In an independent testing set, diagnostic performances of mLI‐RADS, LI‐RADS v2018, and the Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA) guidelines were computed using a generalized estimating equation model and compared with McNemar's test. A two‐tailed P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Results: Five features (nonperipheral "washout," restricted diffusion, nonrim arterial phase hyperenhancement [APHE], mild–moderate T2 hyperintensity, and transitional phase hypointensity) constituted mLI‐RADS, and mLR‐5 was nonperipheral washout coupled with either nonrim APHE or restricted diffusion. In the testing set, mLI‐RADS was significantly more sensitive (72%) and accurate (80%) than LI‐RADS v2018 (sensitivity, 61%; accuracy 74%; both P < 0.001) and the KLCA guidelines (sensitivity, 64%; accuracy 74%; both P < 0.001), without sacrificing positive predictive value (mLI‐RADS, 94%; LI‐RADS v2018, 94%; KLCA guidelines, 92%). Data Conclusion: In high‐risk patients, the EOB‐MRI‐based mLI‐RADS was simpler and more sensitive for HCC than LI‐RADS v2018 while maintaining high positive predictive value. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) is widely accepted as a reliable diagnostic scheme for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in at‐risk patients. However, its application is hampered by substantial complexity and suboptimal diagnostic sensitivity. Purpose: To propose data‐driven modifications to the LI‐RADS version 2018 (v2018) major feature system (rLI‐RADS) on gadoxetate disodium (EOB)‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve sensitivity and simplicity while maintaining high positive predictive value (PPV) for detecting HCC. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: Two hundred and twenty‐four consecutive at‐risk patients (training dataset: 169, independent testing dataset: 55) with 742 LR‐3 to LR‐5 liver observations (HCC: N = 498 [67%]) were analyzed from a prospective observational registry collected between July 2015 and September 2018. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T/T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo, diffusion‐weighted spin‐echo based echo‐planar and three‐dimensional (3D) T1‐weighted gradient echo sequences. Assessment: All images were evaluated by three independent abdominal radiologists who were blinded to all clinical, pathological, and follow‐up information. Composite reference standards of either histopathology or imaging follow‐up were used. Statistical Tests: In the training dataset, LI‐RADS v2018 major features were used to develop rLI‐RADS based on their associated PPV for HCC. In an independent testing set, diagnostic performances of LI‐RADS v2018 and rLI‐RADS were computed using a generalized estimating equation model and compared with McNemar's test. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The median (interquartile range) size of liver observations was 13 mm (7–27 mm). The diagnostic table for rLI‐RADS encompassed 9 cells, as opposed to 16 cells for LI‐RADS v2018. In the testing set, compared to LI‐RADS v2018, rLI‐RADS category 5 demonstrated a significantly superior sensitivity (76% vs. 61%) while maintaining comparably high PPV (92.5% vs. 94.1%, P = 0.126). Data Conclusion: Compared with LI‐RADS v2018, rLI‐RADS demonstrated improved simplicity and significantly superior diagnostic sensitivity for HCC in at‐risk patients. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being the largest extant amphibian in the world, the IUCN Critically Endangered Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus is a charismatic species with great international public interest. While threats such as commercial overexploitation and habitat degradation have been extensively documented to affect natural populations of A. davidianus, still no information is available about the species sensitivity to climate change.Here, we develop an ensemble of species distribution models (SDMs) for A. davidianus and projected its habitat suitability under present‐day and future climate change scenarios. We based our SDMs on bioclimatic and topographic predictors, and recent (2012–2018) field‐collected occurrence data across the whole distribution range of the species.The ensemble SDMs exhibited good predictive capacity and suggested that slope, maximum temperature of warmest month, precipitation of driest month, and isothermality are the most influential predictors in determining distribution patterns in this species. The projections of our models point to a pronounced impact of climate changes over A. davidianus, with more than two‐thirds of its suitable range expected to be lost in all scenarios of future climates tested.In concert with the numerous other threats that are affecting this species, climate change poses a serious hindrance to the long‐term survival of A. davidianus. We emphasise the urgent need of undertaking strict measures to manage this species and safeguard the few remaining available suitable habitats. We suggest that adaptive management strategies including designation of new reserves should be considered to mitigate the impacts of climate change on A. davidianus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of the expression and regulation of growth-related genes in the muscles of Chinese perch is of great interest to aquaculturists because of the commercial value of the species. The transcriptome annotation of the skeletal muscles is a crucial step in muscle growth-related gene analysis. In this study, we generated 52 504 230 reads of mRNA sequence data from the fast muscles of the Chinese perch by using Solexa/Illumina RNA-seq. Twenty-one amino acid transporter genes were annotated by searching protein and gene ontology databases, and postprandial changes in their transcript abundance were assayed after administering a single satiating meal to Chinese perch juveniles (body mass, approximately 100 g), following fasting for 1 week. The gut content of the Chinese perch increased significantly after 1 h and remained high for 6 h following the meal and emptied within 48–96 h. Expression of eight amino acid transporter genes was assayed in the fast muscles through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. Among the genes, five transporter transcripts were markedly up-regulated within 1 h of refeeding, indicating that they may be potential candidate genes involved in the rapid-response signaling system regulating fish myotomal muscle growth. These genes display coordinated regulation favoring the resumption of myogenesis responding to feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indiscriminate use of deltamethrin in agriculture and aquaculture can lead to residues increased in many regions, which poses negative impacts on intestinal health of aquatic organisms. Although the potential toxicity of deltamethrin have recently attracted attention, the comprehensive studies on intestinal injuries after chronic deltamethrin exposure remain poorly understood. Herein, in a 28-day chronic toxicity test, crucian carp expose to different concentrations of deltamethrin (0, 0.3, and 0.6 μg/L) were used as the research object. We found that the morphology changes and increased goblet cells in intestinal tissue, and the extent of tissue injury increased along with the increasing exposure dose of deltamethrin. Additionally, the genes expression of antioxidant activity (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and catalase (CAT)), inflammatory response (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)), and tight junctions (Claudin 12 (CLDN12), and tight junction protein 1 (ZO-1)) dramatically increased. Meanwhile, the apoptosis and autophagy process were triggered through caspase-9 cascade and autophagy related 5 (ATG5)- autophagy related 12 (ATG12) conjugate. Besides, chronic deltamethrin exposure increased the amount of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobiota, while decreased Fusobacteriota abundance, resulting in intestinal microbiota function disorders. In summary, our results highlight that chronic exposure to deltamethrin cause serious intestinal toxicity and results in physiological changes and intestinal flora disturbances. • Chronic deltamethrin exposure leads to histopathological lesions in intestine tissue of crucian carp. • Chronic deltamethrin exposure affected antioxidant activity, inflammatory response, and tight junction in intestine tissue. • Chronic deltamethrin exposure induced apoptosis and autophagy in intestine tissue of crucian carp. • Chronic deltamethrin exposure caused intestinal microbiota disturbances of crucian carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more evidences proved that deltamethrin (Del) exposure induced adverse effects and damaged immune function to the aquatic animals in the parasite killing process with increasing insecticide application. However, little is currently known of the negative effect on mucosal immunity, especially in gills tissue. Therefore, this study was aimed to reveal the tissue injury and immunotoxicity in the gill of gibel carp following acute deltamethrin exposure. The LC50 of deltamethrin on gibel carp at 96 h was determined to be 6.194 μg/L, and then juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) (8.8 ± 1.0 g) were exposed to four Del exposure groups (0.61, 1.22, 2.44, and 4.88 μg/L) for 12 h and 24 h. We measured the lysozyme (LYZ) contents and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and found that with increased concentration of Del exposure, the LYZ contents were found to increase in the 1.22 μg/L Del group initially significantly and then gradually significantly decrease in the 4.88 μg/L Del group. And the activities of MPO were significantly lifted in a dose-dependent manner. The histological analysis showed that Del exposure caused serious desquamation and necrosis in the surface of epithelial cells, accompanied by interlamellar cellular mass degenerative. In addition, the mucous cells were significantly decreased in the high Del concentration group (2.44 μg/L and 4.88 μg/L Del group) by AB-PAS staining. Additionally, totally 2857 DEGs (including 1624 up-regulated and 1233 down-regulated genes) were identified between the control group and 4.88 μg/L Del exposure group using transcriptional analysis. Among these, some genes involved in innate immune molecules, complement activation, apoptosis-related molecules, cytokine, and adaptive immune molecules, were also down-regulated. Importantly, we found immune system process and tumor necrosis factor receptor (superfamily) binding pathways were downregulated based on the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. Meanwhile, we detected the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α , IFN-γ , IL-1β, and IL-8), anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β), LYZ , IgM , and Hsp70 in the gills tissue at 12 h and 24 h after Del exposure, which were consistent with our sequencing results. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the gills injury and immunotoxicity were induced by Del exposure and provided novel insight for explaining to some extent why Del-exposure fish are more susceptible to concurrent or secondary viral or bacterial infections. • More and more evidences proved that deltamethrin exposure induced gills injury and immunotoxicity in gibel carp. • Most of the immune-related genes are identified in Carassius auratus gibelio responding to deltamethrin exposure. • Gills tissue is essential for evaluation of the deltamethrin -induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the hybrid ofCyprinus capio Furong(♀) × Carassius auratus red var.(♂) was characterized first in this study. The total length of the mitochondrial genome ofFurong-crucianwas identical to the female parent as 16,581 bp, and the overall base composition was 31.87% A, 24.81% T, 27.56% C and 15.76% G, with a slight A + T bias. It contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 2 main non-coding regions (the control region and the origin of the light-strand replication). This study discovered the 99.3% sequence identity between the hybrid and its female parent, which confirmed the maternal inheritance pattern followed by the mitochondrial genome of the hybrid. However, the sequence alignment of mitochondrial genomes between the hybrid and its female parent revealed a total of 109 variable sites in 18 genes or regions, especially 32 sense mutations in 9 PCGs. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of this hybridFurong-crucianmay provide an important dataset for further study in mitochondrial inheritance mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the hybrid ofCyprinus carpio L. mirror(♀)× Cyprinus Carpio var. singuonensis(♂) was characterized first in this study. The total length of the genome was identical to the female parent as 16,581 bp, and the overall base composition was 31.80% A, 24.85% T, 27.55% C and 15.80% G, with a slight A + T bias. It contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 2 main non-coding regions (the control region and the origin of the light-strand replication). This study discovered the 99.70% sequence identity between the hybrid and its female parent, which confirmed the maternal inheritance pattern followed by the mitochondrial genome of the hybrid. However, the sequence alignment of mitochondrial genomes between the hybrid and its female parent revealed a total of 47 variable sites in 15 genes or regions, especially 25 sense mutations in 6 PCGs. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hybridCyprinus capio Furongmay provide an important dataset for further study in mitochondrial inheritance mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The peripheral tissue pacemaker is responsive to light and other zeitgebers, especially food availability. Generally, the pacemaker can be reset and entrained independently of the central circadian structures. Studies involving clock-gene expressional patterns in fish peripheral tissues have attracted considerable attention. However, the rhythmic expression of clock genes in skeletal muscle has only scarcely been investigated. The present study was designed to investigate the core clock and functional gene expression rhythms in crucian carp. Meanwhile, the synchronized effect of food restrictions (short-term fasting) on these rhythms in skeletal muscle was carefully examined. In fed crucian carp, three core clock genes (Clock, Bmal1a, and Per1) and five functional genes (Epo, Fas, IGF1R2, Jnk1, and MyoG) showed circadian rhythms. By comparison, four core clock genes (Clock, Bmal1a, Cry3, and Per2) and six functional genes (Epo, GH, IGF2, Mstn, Pnp5a, and Ucp1) showed circadian rhythms in crucian carp muscle after 7-day fasting. In addition, three core clock genes (Clock, Per1, and Per3) and six functional genes (Ampk1a, Lpl, MyoG, Pnp5a, PPARα, and Ucp1) showed circadian rhythms in crucian carp muscle after 15-day fasting. However, all gene rhythmic expression patterns differed from each other. Furthermore, it was found that the circadian genes could be altered by feed deprivation in crucian carp muscle through the rhythms correlation analysis of the circadian genes and functional genes. Hence, food-anticipatory activity of fish could be adjusted through the food delivery restriction under a light–dark cycle. These results provide a potential application in promoting fish growth by adjusting feeding conditions and nutritional state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 16 sets of primers were used to amplify contiguous, overlapping segments of the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ofDanio chrysotaenitusin order to characterize and compare their mitochondrial genomes. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,608 bp and deposited in the GenBank with accession numbers KP407138. The organization of the mitochondrial genomes was similar to those reported from other Mountain carp fishes mitochondrial genomes containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA, and 22 transfer RNAs) and a major non-coding control region (D-loop region). Most genes were encoded on the H-strand, except for the ND6 and 8 tRNA genes, encoding on the L-strand. The nucleotide skewness for the coding strands ofDanio chrysotaenitus(AT-skew = 0.10, GC-skew = −0.25) is biased toward T and G. The complete mitogenome may provide important date set for the study of genetic mechanism ofDanio chrysotaenitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofParasinilabeo assimilishas been determined in this study. The gene composition, arrangement and transcriptional orientation inP. assimilismitogenome were identical to most vertebrates. The complete mitogenome ofP. assimiliswas 16,602 bp in size with 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. Two start codon patterns and three stop codon patterns were found in protein-coding genes. Only the tRNA-Ser2 could not fold into a typical clover-leaf secondary structure due to the lack of the dihydrouridine arm. Sequence alignment results suggest that the complete mitogenome ofP. assimilisis an efficient tool to study molecular phylogenetics, biogeography and adaptive evolution of this lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofVanmanenia pingchowensiswas determined in this study. The gene composition, arrangement and transcriptional orientation inV. pingchowensismitogenome were identical to most vertebrates. The complete mitogenome ofV. pingchowensiswas 15,560 bp in size with 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. Two start codon patterns and three stop codon patterns were found in protein-coding genes. Only the tRNA-Ser2 could not fold into a typical clover-leaf secondary structure for lacking the dihydrouridine arm. Sequences alignment results suggest that the complete mitogenome ofV. pingchowensisis an efficient tool to study molecular phylogenetics, biogeography and adaptive evolution of this lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]