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One of the primary goals of the palaeosciences is to produce robust understandings of palaeoecologies of extinct ecosystems. The time has arrived where such palaeoecologies can be significantly improved—agent-based models (ABMs) that synthesize our modern understandings of animal ecology with past conditions provide a unique opportunity for this. The Palaeo-Agulhas Plain (PAP), a now submerged landscape off the south coast of South Africa, formed a novel ecosystem during the lower sea levels of the Pleistocene. Here we provide a review of the utility of ABMs for understanding herbivores in prehistoric environments using the Paleoscape Model. The Paleoscape Model is fortunate to have features models of climate, geology and vegetation upon which we can understand how herbivores used the PAP environment. To incorporate aspects of herbivore behaviour and habitat suitability into the model requires analogies from extant systems. In addition to reconstructions of the availability of resources and associated risks, data on herbivore behaviour and physiology are imperative to our understanding of these systems. Behaviour, driven by changes in the environment, is interpreted by species, leading to selection of suitable habitats ultimately driving the herbivore's decisions within ABMs. Finally, we discuss herbivore integration into these models that can be used in numerous other scenarios (past, present and future). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout much of the Quaternary, lower sea levels in the southern Cape of South Africa exposed a different landscape to what we see today, the Palaeo‐Agulhas Plain (PAP). The PAP was dominated by large‐bodied and gregarious grazing species contrasting with the small‐bodied predominantly solitary species we find in the region today. The distribution of these herbivores would likely have been driven by similar drivers we see in contemporary herbivore ecology. Importantly, the occurrence of early humans and their associated technology would have also influenced the probability of herbivores occurring in an area. Here we create a predictive model for large herbivores using probability of occurrence of functional grouping in relation to environmental drivers and humans. We show how early humans influenced the distribution of large herbivores on the PAP alongside other environmental drivers. In the fynbos biome, probability of occurrence was highest for the medium‐sized social mixed feeders' functional group in the thicket for small non‐social browsers, large browsers, and non‐ruminants and in grasslands for water‐dependent grazers. In our models, human influence affected functional groups to varying degrees but had the strongest effect on medium‐sized social mixed feeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utility of the concept of aditionality during the examination of the impact of external effects of cost-benefit analysis on the evaluation of regional economic policy is discussed.

Evaluation of the 'Cohesion policy' of the European Union (EU) is discussed. The evaluation is found necessary as the EU has to effectively monitor developmental programs funded by it.

A study on rate of employment achieved by foreign-owned startups based in north-east England is presented. The study relates to the period from 1985 to 1998. It is observed that most of the foreign-owned companies achieve the projected job creation targets. However, larger plants lag a bit.

Herbivore distribution throughout Africa is strongly linked to mean annual precipitation. We use that relationship to predict functional group composition of herbivore communities during the last glacial maximum (ca. 21 ka) on the now submerged Palaeo-Agulhas Plain (PAP), South Africa. We used metabolic large herbivore biomass (MLHB) from 39 South African protected areas, in five functional groups (characterized by behavior and physiology). We examined how modern factors influenced MLHB and considered the effects of biome, annual rainfall, percentage winter rainfall, and protected area size. Overall, biome was the most important factor influencing the relationship between MLHB and rainfall. In general, MLHB increased with rainfall, but not for the grassland biome. Outside grasslands, most functional groups' metabolic biomass increased with increasing rainfall, irrespective of biome, except for medium-sized social mixed feeder species in savanna and thicket. Protected area size was influential for medium-sized social mixed feeders and large browsers and rainfall influenced medium-sized social mixed feeders, offering some perspectives on spatial constraints on past large herbivore biomass densities. These results improve our understanding of the likely herbivore community composition and relative biomass structure on the PAP, an essential driver of how early humans utilized large mammals as a food resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation of UK's regional policy focuses on its major economic and social benefits, approaches to solving regional problems, and ways by which such policy can be made more effective. Designed primarily to reduce unemployment in the country, the regional policy may be viewed as a failure if the sole basis would be the increasing rate of unemployment in some regions in the UK. However, funding should also be considered. Thus, the government should strengthen its efforts to fully achieve regional and economic development in the country., INTRODUCTION UK regional policy has existed at varying levels of intensity for nearly seven decades.(1) Throughout its existence, the overriding objective has been to provide economic help to the country's [...]

Darryl R. Holden and J. Kim Swales' assertion that the effectiveness of subsidies is limited by various financial constraints is incorrect. Such an observation can only be valid in a homogenous production scenario. Moreover, a recent study reveals that the effectiveness of subsidies increases with the marginal cost of private funds and is higher in companies encountering financial constraints. The finding supports the observation that smaller firms benefit more from subsidies than larger ones.

The paper constructs a consistent series for UK central government expenditure on industrial subsidies over the post-war period, valuing incentives in grant equivalent terms from the position of a firm undertaking investment appraisal. The analysis includes direct subsidy payments, as well as tax allowances, and provides a disaggregation between those subsidies available on a national, regional and sectoral or firm specific basis. A time-series analysis of the assembled data shows important differences between these components, with regional assistance performing a long-run distributive role, while other elements perform a stabilisation function. The short-run patterns are broadly constant across governments, but the long-run relationships exhibit structural breaks related to both political and economic events., A study was conducted to create a consistent series for UK central government expenditure on industrial subsidies from 1946-1990. Incentives in grant equivalent terms were valued from the perspective of a firm performing investment appraisal. Time-series analyses results showed that regional assistance plays a long-run distributive role, while the other factors have a stabilizing function.

Regional policy instruments and industrial subsidies in the UK are analyzed using regression analysis to determine the time profile of assisted employment up to five years from the date it was given. The results show that both build-up and duration of subsidy-induced jobs vary between the form of assistance and the company receiving it. Assistance is ineffective in general among larger firms and whatever jobs manage accumulate are eventually lost at high rates.

The paper argues that in order to use macro-evaluation techniques to calculate the employment effect of a policy over some sub-period after policy commencement, it is necessary to determine the rate at which policy jobs are lost. Crucially, it is the rate at which jobs cease to be attributable to policy which is relevant, rather than the rate at which jobs are lost to firms. This point is demonstrated for the case of UK regional policy over the period 1971-81. It is shown that the measured employment effect of this policy is highly sensitive to assumptions about the rate of policy jobs loss, but insensitive to the period over which jobs exist prior to being lost. Under reasonable assumptions, it is argued that the employment effect of this policy over the 1970s was twice that previously thought.

The paper attempts to explain and identify differences in party political behaviour in office, in terms of the weight they attach to unemployment and inflation. Reasons are advanced to suggest that incumbents do not take-up the median voter position, but instead pursue differentiated policies (i.e. make choices) which are both consistent with their known ideology (preferences) and with maximizing their share of the vote at the next election. The model is fitted with UK data, and the results are encouraging, providing some support for the notion that parties pursue politically-motivated policies throughout their term of office and not just in the run-up to elections.

European Union (EU) enlargement of the mid-2000s is likely to have changed the motives for foreign direct investment (FDI) location between the existing Member States (the EU15) and the new entrants of Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs), but it is poorly understood. This paper uses the framework of Dunning's eclectic paradigm and data for 35,105 foreign investments in Europe not only to examine if the motives differ between these, but also how they are affected by the enlargement. Three asset-exploiting motives of market, resource and efficiency seeking are explored using a conditional logit model for the location choice. This is separately for greenfield and brownfield FDI, involving new facilities or jobs, where the latter is efficiency seeking from an expansion or a co-location of functions. The paper finds greenfield FDI in the CEECs seeks an export platform for the EU market and a low-skilled workforce but a national market and higher skills in the EU15. Brownfield FDI differs from this for expansions only, for which the EU market is important, reflecting scale economies. Surprisingly, EU enlargement has a much stronger effect on the FDI location motives in the EU15 by increasing the importance of the European market, which is possibly because the CEEC liberalisation was ongoing throughout the accession process. The paper finds evidence that the differences in the motives between the CEECs and EU15 are narrowing over time, but they are pronounced, and it is argued that they will persist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Colin Wren Many countries pursue competitiveness measures, but the proliferation of initiatives has given economic development policy an ad hoc appearance. This paper develops a framework in which this policy and these initiatives can be structured. It has at its heart the enterpreneurial process; the dissemination and take-up of new innovations; and the exploitation of the new industrial organisational forms. Recent advances in the digital ICT are considered in relation to the last of these stages. While no taxonomy of current economic development policy is undertaken, it is argued that the competitiveness measures represent a movement up these stages, from industrial development to entrepreneurship, and that there have been further policy shifts at the first stage.

Human populations in Western Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum were geographically constrained to glacial refugia by the severity of the climate and ecological risk factors. In this research we use an agent-based model of human mobility and interaction, based on ethnographic and archaeological data, to explore the impact of ecological risk on human population structure via a reconstructed landscape of habitat suitability. The agent-based model allows us to evaluate the size and location of glacial refugia, the size of the populations occupying them and the degree of genetic relatedness between people occupying these areas. To do this, we model the probability of an agent foraging groups’ survival as a function of habitat suitability. The model’s simulated “genomes” (composed of regionally specific genetic markers) allow us to track long-term trends of inter-regional interaction and mobility. The results agree with previous archaeological studies situating a large glacial refugium spanning southern France and northeastern Spain, but we expand on those studies by demonstrating that higher rates of population growth in this central refugium led to continuous out-migration and therefore genetic homogeneity across Western Europe, with the possible exception of the Italian peninsula. These results concur with material culture data from known archaeological sites dating to the Last Glacial Maximum and make predictions for future ancient DNA studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that a firm with multiple brands can obfuscate consumer search by excluding the brands of other firms from a consumer's consideration set. This is examined empirically by regressing price data for a leading U.K. motor insurance price comparison site (or "shopbot"). It finds that multibrand firms own three-quarters of brands in this market, and that allowing for other brand strategies, they post significantly lower and clustered prices relative to other firms. The firms also conceal their brand ownership, consistent with search obfuscation. The results are not otherwise explained and they have implications for market competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'digital divide' in online activities is believed to arise from differences in Internet access, but this paper advances an alternative explanation that is related to consumer search ability. It argues that this leads to greater price dispersion, causing some consumers to be discriminated against. It analyses price data for the UK Internet motor insurance market, collecting data on 32,255 prices for 110 sub-markets, where differences in price dispersion across these by age, occupation and sex of the driver are argued to reflect differences in search ability. Allowing for price dispersion to also depend on the insurance risk, it finds greater price dispersion for consumers with weaker search abilities, i.e. older, unemployed, retired or female consumers. As this is not explained by alternative hypotheses, the paper concludes that improved Internet access alone will not close the 'digital divide'. The implication is that policymakers should address the online search abilities of individuals as well as Internet access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Increasingly sophisticated hominin cognition is assumed to play an important role in major dispersal events but it is unclear what that role is. We present an agent-based model showing that there is a close relationship between level of foresight, environmental heterogeneity, and population dispersibility. We explore the dynamics between these three factors and discuss how they may affect the capacity of a hominin population to disperse. Generally, we find that high levels of environmental heterogeneity select for increased foresight and that high levels of foresight tend to reduce dispersibility. This suggests that cognitively complex hominins in heterogeneous environments have low dispersibility relative to cognitively less complex organisms in more homogeneous environments. The model predicts that the environments leading up to major episodes of dispersal, such as the initial hominin dispersal into Eurasia, were likely relatively low in spatial heterogeneity and that the dispersing hominins had relatively low foresight. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper analyses the location of foreign direct investment across the regions of Great Britain over 1985–2005 using the framework of discretized Markov chains. FDI is measured according to the regional share of inward investment projects, where a distinction is made between manufacturing and services, and industries with different FDI growth profiles. The paper finds convergence in location, which is strong in manufacturing arising from a North-to-South shift in location. This seems to be related to a weakening of UK regional policy, and suggests that while policy can overcome agglomeration economies, it is not self-sustaining. In services, there is some spreading out of FDI location, but no evidence of a South-to-North shift, which has implications for regional development. RÉSUMÉ La présente communication analyse l'emplacement d'investissements directe étrangers dans les différentes régions de Grande-Bretagne, au cours de la période 1985–2005, en utilisant le cadre de chaînes discrétisées de Markov. On mesure les IDE en fonction de la répartition régionale de projets d'investissements étrangers, où l'on fait la distinction entre les secteurs secondaire et tertiaire, et des industries à profil d'expansion des IDE. La présente communication établit une convergence du lieu, forte dans l'activité manufacturière, découlant d'un déplacement nord–sud des lieux : ceci semble indiquer un affaiblissement de la politique régionale du Royaume-Uni, mais aussi le fait que, bien que la politique puisse surmonter des économies d'agglomération, cette politique n'est pas auto-portante. Dans le secteur tertiaire, on relève un certain étalement des lieux d'IDE, mais non pas un déplacement nord–sud, ce qui comporte des implications sur le plan du développement régional. EXTRACTO Este estudio analiza la colocación de inversión extranjera directa a lo largo de las regiones de Gran Bretaña entre 1985–2005 empleando el marco de cadenas discretizadas de Markov. La FDI se mide conforme a la cuota regional de proyectos de inversión interior donde se distingue entre fabricación y servicios, e industrias con diferentes perfiles de crecimiento de FDI. El estudio descubre convergencia en la colocación, que es fuerte en fabricación y surge de un giro en colocación de ‘norte a sur’. Esto parece estar relacionado con un debilitamiento de la política regional británica, y sugiere que aunque la política puede superar las economías de aglomeración, no es autosuficiente. En cuanto a servicios, existe un cierto despliegue en la colocación de FDI, pero no hay evidencia de un giro de ‘sur a norte’, lo que tiene implicaciones para el desarrollo regional. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of European Journal of Archaeology is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)