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Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is the most common cause for non-relapse mortality postallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, there are no well-defined biomarkers for cGVHD or late acute GVHD (aGVHD). This study is a longitudinal evaluation of metabolomic patterns of cGVHD and late aGVHD in pediatric HSCT recipients. A quantitative analysis of plasma metabolites was performed on 222 evaluable pediatric subjects from the ABLE/PBMTC1202 study. We performed a risk-assignment analysis at day + 100 (D100) on subjects who later developed either cGVHD or late aGVHD after day 114 to non-cGVHD controls. A second analysis at diagnosis used fixed and mixed multiple regression to compare cGVHD at onset to time-matched non-cGVHD controls. A metabolomic biomarker was considered biologically relevant only if it met all 3 selection criteria: (1) P ≤ .05; (2) effect ratio of ≥1.3 or ≤0.75; and (3) receiver operator characteristic AUC ≥0.60. We found a consistent elevation in plasma α-ketoglutaric acid before (D100) and at the onset of cGVHD, not impacted by cGVHD severity, pubertal status, or previous aGVHD. In addition, late aGVHD had a unique metabolomic pattern at D100 compared with cGVHD. Additional metabolomic correlation patterns were seen with the clinical presentation of pulmonary, de novo, and progressive cGVHD. α-ketoglutaric acid emerged as the single most significant metabolite associated with cGVHD, both in the D100 risk-assignment and later diagnostic onset analysis. These distinctive metabolic patterns may lead to improved subclassification of cGVHD. Future validation of these exploratory results is needed. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02067832.

Busulfan (Bu) is a common component of conditioning regimens before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and is known for high interpatient pharmacokinetic (PK) variability. This study aimed to develop and externally validate a multicentric, population PK (PopPK) model for intravenous Bu in pediatric patients before HSCT to first study the influence of glutathione‐s‐transferase A1 (GSTA1) polymorphisms on Bu's PK in a large multicentric pediatric population while accounting for fludarabine (Flu) coadministration and, second, to establish an individualized, model‐based, first‐dose recommendation for intravenous Bu that can be widely used in pediatric patients. The model was built using data from 302 patients from five transplantation centers who received a Bu‐based conditioning regimen. External model validation used data from 100 patients. The relationship between body weight and Bu clearance (CL) was best described by an age‐dependent allometric scaling of a body weight model. A stepwise covariate analysis identified Day 1 of Bu conditioning, GSTA1 metabolic groups based on GSTA1 polymorphisms, and Flu coadministration as significant covariates influencing Bu CL. The final model adequately predicted Bu first‐dose CL in the external cohort, with 81% of predicted area under the curves within the therapeutic window. The final model showed minimal bias (mean prediction error, −0.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −3.1% to 2.0%) and acceptable precision (mean absolute prediction error percentage, 18.7%; 95% CI, 17.0%–20.5%) in Bu CL prediction for dosing. This multicentric PopPK study confirmed the influence of GSTA1 polymorphisms and Flu coadministration on Bu CL. The developed model accurately predicted Bu CL and first doses in an external cohort of pediatric patients.

Various reduced-intensity conditioning regimens are in use for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HSCT) in patients with idiopathic severe aplastic anemia (SAA). We describe the use of fludarabine, Campath, and low-dose cyclophosphamide (FCClow) conditioning in 15 children undergoing related or unrelated donor transplants. Total body irradiation (TBI) of 2 Gy was added for unrelated donor HSCT. At a median follow-up of 2.3 years, the failure-free survival was 100%, with low rates of infection and toxicity. There was no occurrence of grade III to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). All patients had full donor myeloid chimerism post-HSCT, even with mixed chimerism in the T cell lineage. The absence of chronic GVHD and long-term stable mixed donor T cell chimerism confirms immune tolerance following FCClow (± TBI) conditioned transplantation in children with SAA.

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a well-recognized and potentially life-threatening complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). SOS arises from endothelial cell damage and hepatocellular injury mostly due to the transplantation conditioning regimens but also to other patient, disease, and treatment-related factors. Understanding risk factors associated with the development of SOS is critical for early initiation of treatment or prophylaxis. The knowledge about genetic contribution is limited; few studies investigated so far selected a set of genes. To get more comprehensive insight in the genetic component, we performed an exome-wide association study using genetic variants derived from whole-exome sequencing. The analyses were performed in a discovery cohort composed of 87 pediatric patients undergoing HSCT following a busulfan-containing conditioning regimen. Eight lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified after correction for multiple testing and subsequently analyzed in a validation cohort (n = 182). Three SNPs were successfully replicated, including rs17146905 ( P = .001), rs16931326 ( P = .04), and rs2289971 ( P = .03), located respectively in the UGT2B10, BHLHE22, and KIAA1715 genes. UGT2B10 and KIAA1715 were retained in a multivariable model while controlling for nongenetic covariates and previously identified risk variants in the GSTA1 promoter. The modulation of associations by conditioning regimens was noted; KIAA1715 was dependent on the intensity of the conditioning regimen, whereas the effect of UGT2B10 was equally applicable to all of them. Combined effect of associated loci was also observed ( P = .00006) with a genotype-related SOS risk of 9.8. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the genetic component of SOS at an exome-wide level and identifying novel genetic variations conferring a higher risk of SOS, which might be useful for personalized prevention and treatment strategies. (C) 2019 American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Introduction Intravenous hydration may be utilized to prevent nephrotoxicity and facilitate drug elimination in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. Prolonged hydration protocols may lead to delayed initiation and completion of therapy, lengthening hospital admissions. Rapid hydration protocols have been implemented to reduce the time required for patients to meet parameters for chemotherapy administration. This study aims to evaluate a rapid hydration protocol implemented at the Alberta Children's Hospital (ACH). Methods Starting January 2018 through May 2018, data was prospectively collected for pediatric oncology acute care and ambulatory patients at ACH receiving methotrexate (MTX), cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, or ifosfamide. The primary outcome was the time to achieve pre-determined urine parameters prior to chemotherapy administration. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of cycles that achieved urine parameters and the efficacy of each rapid hydration step. Results A total of 22 cycles were included, 13 for MTX and 9 for non-MTX chemotherapy. Median time to meet all urine parameters was 120 min (range 30–600 min). Two cycles (15%) failed rapid hydration in the MTX group, while no cycles required further hydration in the non-MTX group. Adverse events potentially attributable to hydration were mild and did not require intervention. Conclusion The ACH rapid hydration protocol resulted in reduced time to meet target urine parameters. The results of this quality assurance review support the continued use of rapid hydration prior to chemotherapy administration.

Background/Objectives. Despite advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD), cerebrovascular and cognitive consequences can be lifelong. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is an established curative therapy and recent studies have demonstrated efficacy with reduced toxicity nonmyeloblative (NMA) regimens, but little is known about neuropsychological outcomes. The objective of this study was to describe neuropsychological, behavioral, and quality of life outcomes with medical correlates in children with SCD who received an NMA matched sibling donor (MSD) HCT. Design/Methods. This retrospective cohort analysis of nine patients with hemoglobin SS SCD underwent MSD HCT using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) NMA protocol. Results. Mean full scale intellectual functioning (FSIQ) was average pre-HCT (FSIQ=92.1, SD 9.0; n=8) and 2 years post-HCT (mean FSIQ=96.6; SD 11.1; N=9). Neuropsychological functioning was largely average across all cognitive domains. Moderate improvements were seen in processing speed and verbal memory (Cohen’s d=0.50-0.57) post-HCT, and declines occurred in measures of attention and fine motor speed and dexterity (Cohen’s d=0.70-0.81). Parents reported improved quality of life (Cohen’s d=0.91), less impact of SCD on their family, and less worry about their child’s future (Cohen’s d=1.44). Exploratory analysis showed relationships between pre-HCT hemoglobin (r=0.74, p

The most frequent complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is acute Graft versus Host Disease (aGVHD). Proliferation and differentiation of donor T cells initiate inflammatory response affecting the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Besides recipient–donor HLA disparities, disease type, and the conditioning regimen, variability in the non-HLA genotype have an impact on aGVHD onset, and genetic variability of key cytokines and chemokines was associated with increased risk of aGVHD. To get further insight into the recipient genetic component of aGVHD grades 2–4 in pediatric patients, we performed an exome-wide association study in a discovery cohort (n = 87). Nine loci sustained correction for multiple testing and were analyzed in a validation group (n = 168). Significant associations were replicated for ERC1 rs1046473, PLEK rs3816281, NOP9 rs2332320 and SPRED1 rs11634702 variants through the interaction with non-genetic factors. The ERC1 variant was significant among patients that received the transplant from HLA-matched related individuals (p = 0.03), bone marrow stem cells recipients (p = 0.007), and serotherapy-negative patients (p = 0.004). NOP9, PLEK, and SPRED1 effects were modulated by stem cell source, and serotherapy (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ERC1 and PLEK SNPs correlated with aGVHD 3-4 independently of non-genetic covariates (p = 0.02 and p = 0.003). This study provides additional insight into the genetic component of moderate to severe aGVHD.

Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections can have serious consequences during the period of aplasia and lymphopenia following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Large pediatric cohort studies examining the effect of antiviral prophylaxis against these viruses are scarce. The present study aimed to analyse the potential effect of antiviral prophylaxis (acyclovir and famciclovir) on active post-transplant EBV and CMV infection in a pediatric cohort of allogeneic HSCT recipients. Methods: We used data from the TREASuRE cohort, consisting of 156 patients who had a first allogeneic HSCT, enrolled in four pediatric centers in Canada between July 2013 and March 2017. Follow-up was performed from the time of transplant up to 100 days post-transplant. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between antiviral prophylaxis with acyclovir and/or famciclovir and EBV and CMV DNAemia was estimated using multivariate Cox regression models. Results: The post-transplant cumulative incidence of EBV and CMV DNAemia at 100 days of follow-up were, respectively, 34.5% (95% CI: 27.6–42.6) and 19.9% (95% CI: 14.5–27.1). For acyclovir, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for CMV and EBV DNAemia was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.24–1.26) and 1.41 (95% CI: 0.63–3.14), respectively. For famciclovir, the adjusted HR were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.30–2.29) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.36–1.72) for CMV and EBV DNAemia, respectively. Conclusion: The antivirals famciclovir and acyclovir did not reduce the risk of post-transplant CMV and EBV DNAemia among HSCT recipients in our pediatric population.

Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can cause severe disease following hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), including post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). The objective was to analyze risk factors associated with post-transplant EBV outcomes among pediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients. Methods We used data from 156 pediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients enrolled in the Canadian multicenter TREASuRE study. Cox and Prentice-Williams-Petersen models were used to analyze risk factors for post-transplant EBV events including occurrence and recurrence of EBV DNAemia, increase in EBV viral load (EBV-VL), and preemptive use of rituximab, an effective therapy against PTLD. Results Females were at higher risk for increasing EBV-VL (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 2.83 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.33-6.03]) and rituximab use (HR = 3.08 [1.14-8.30]), but had the same EBV DNAemia occurrence (HR = 1.21 [0.74-1.99]) and recurrence risks (HR=1.05 [0.70-1.58]) compared to males. EBV DNAemia was associated with recipient pre-transplant EBV seropositivity (HR = 2.47 [1.17-5.21]) and with graft from an EBV-positive donor (HR = 3.53 [1.95-6.38]). Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) was strongly associated with all EBV outcomes, including the use of rituximab (HR = 5.33 [1.47-19.40]). Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) significantly decreased the risk of all EBV events including the rituximab use (HR = 0.13 [0.03-0.63]). Conclusion This study in pediatric allogeneic HSCT patients reveals a reduced risk of all EBV outcomes with the use of MMF. Risk factors for EBV events such as EBV-VL occurrence and recurrence include EBV positivity in the donor and recipient, and use of ATG, whereas risk factors for the most severe forms of EBV outcome (EBV-VL and the use of rituximab) include female sex and ATG use.

Factors affecting the success of peripheral blood stem cell collection (SCC) in children are not well characterized. We reviewed 218 stem cell collections among 199 pediatric donors, of which 35 were from healthy sibling donors and 164 were for autologous collections. Successful SCC, defined as a CD34+ cell count of ≥2 × 106 /kg of recipient weight per intended transplant, occurred in 188 of 199 donors (94%). Ideal SCC defined ≥5 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg of recipient per intended transplant, occurred in 147 (74%) patients. Failure of collection occurred in 11 (6%) patients and was significantly associated with an autologous collection for a brain tumor diagnosis (P = .003) and a pre-apheresis peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ count

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and late acute graft-versus-host disease (L-aGVHD) are understudied complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children. The National Institutes of Health Consensus Criteria (NIH-CC) were designed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of cGVHD and to better classify graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) syndromes but have not been validated in patients

BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with renal complications starting as early as infancy. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) treatments using newer nonmyeloablative (NMA) conditioning regimens show promising results in treating SCD in the pediatric population, but renal outcome parameters after transplantation have not been described. AIM To describe baseline renal parameters as well as short- and long-term renal outcomes in pediatric patients with SCD who underwent NMA-HSCT. METHODS A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who received NMA-HSCT in Alberta, Canada. Short-term renal outcomes evaluated were: (1) acute kidney injury (AKI), (2) fluid overload (FO), and (3) hypertension. Long-term outcomes evaluated were: (1) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) development and at last follow-up with hyperfiltration defined as eGFR ≥ 150 mL/min/1.73 m2 , (2) proteinuria, and (3) hypertension. RESULTS The mean follow-up time was 128.6 weeks (standard deviations, 69.3). No posttransplant AKI events or FO were observed. eGFR remained > 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 at last follow-up in all patients, whereas hyperfiltration was present in eight (44.4%) and four (22.2%) patients pre- and post-HSCT, respectively, which are significantly different (P

Background Germline pathogenic variants impairing the caspase recruitment domain family member 11 (CARD11)–B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 10 (BCL10)–MALT1 paracaspase (MALT1) (CBM) complex are associated with diverse human diseases including combined immunodeficiency (CID), atopy, and lymphoproliferation. However, the impact of CARD11 deficiency on human B-cell development, signaling, and function is incompletely understood. Objectives This study sought to determine the cellular, immunological, and biochemical basis of disease for 2 unrelated patients who presented with profound CID associated with viral and fungal respiratory infections, interstitial lung disease, and severe colitis. Methods Patients underwent next-generation sequencing, immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, signaling assays by immunoblot, and transcriptome profiling by RNA-sequencing. Results Both patients carried identical novel pathogenic biallelic loss-of-function variants in CARD11 (c.2509C>T; p.Arg837∗) leading to undetectable protein expression. This variant prevented CBM complex formation, severely impairing the activation of nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and MALT1 paracaspase activity in B and T cells. This functional defect resulted in a developmental block in B cells at the naive and type 1 transitional B-cell stage and impaired circulating T follicular helper cell (cTFH) development, which was associated with impaired antibody responses and absent germinal center structures on lymph node histology. Transcriptomics indicated that CARD11-dependent signaling is essential for immune signaling pathways involved in the development of these cells. Both patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantations, which led to functional normalization. Conclusions Complete human CARD11 deficiency causes profound CID by impairing naive/type 1 B-cell and cTFH cell development and abolishing activation of MALT1 paracaspase, NF-κB, and JNK activity. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation functionally restores impaired signaling pathways.

Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is carried in the blood of most adults, and transfusion-related infections have been reported. EBV is particularly deleterious in immunosuppressed transplant patients. The aim was to determine if EBV transmission occurred through leukodepleted blood product transfusion in pediatric recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT). Study design and methods This prospective Canadian multi-center cohort study includes 156 allogeneic HSCT pediatric recipients. The association between EBV and transfusion was analyzed using Cox regressions. EBV infection, defined by a PCR+ test in the blood of seronegative recipients of an EBV-negative graft, was monitored in order to correlate the recipient EBV strain with that of the blood donors. EBV genotypes were determined by PCR amplification followed by DNA sequencing at two loci (EBNA3b and LMP1). Results No statistically significant associations were found between transfusions and EBV. One case of post-transplant EBV infection was identified among the 21 EBV-seronegative recipients receiving an EBV-negative graft. A total of 22 blood donors were retraced to determine whether the recipient's EBV strain matched that of a donor. One donor strain showed 100% sequence homology at the EBNA3b locus, but differed by one or two point mutations and by a 132-bp deletion at the LMP1 locus. The blood donor in question was alone among the 22 donors to show amplifiable virus in plasma. Blood from this donor readily produced an immortalized lymphoblastoid cell line in culture. Conclusion While considered a rare event, EBV transmission through transfusion may occur in the context of severe immunosuppression.

Human graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) biology beyond 3 months after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is complex. The Applied Biomarker in Late Effects of Childhood Cancer study (ABLE/PBMTC1202, NCT02067832) evaluated the immune profiles in chronic GVHD (cGVHD) and late acute GVHD (L-aGVHD). Peripheral blood immune cell and plasma markers were analyzed at day 100 post-HSCT and correlated with GVHD diagnosed according to the National Institutes of Health consensus criteria (NIH-CC) for cGVHD. Of 302 children enrolled, 241 were evaluable as L-aGVHD, cGVHD, active L-aGVHD or cGVHD, and no cGVHD/L-aGVHD. Significant marker differences, adjusted for major clinical factors, were defined as meeting all 3 criteria: receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve ≥0.60, P ≤ .05, and effect ratio ≥1.3 or ≤0.75. Patients with only distinctive features but determined as cGVHD by the adjudication committee (non-NIH-CC) had immune profiles similar to NIH-CC. Both cGVHD and L-aGVHD had decreased transitional B cells and increased cytolytic natural killer (NK) cells. cGVHD had additional abnormalities, with increased activated T cells, naive helper T (Th) and cytotoxic T cells, loss of CD56bright regulatory NK cells, and increased ST2 and soluble CD13. Active L-aGVHD before day 114 had additional abnormalities in naive Th, naive regulatory T (Treg) cell populations, and cytokines, and active cGVHD had an increase in PD-1− and a decrease in PD-1+ memory Treg cells. Unsupervised analysis appeared to show a progression of immune abnormalities from no cGVHD/L-aGVHD to L-aGVHD, with the most complex pattern in cGVHD. Comprehensive immune profiling will allow us to better understand how to minimize L-aGVHD and cGVHD. Further confirmation in adult and pediatric cohorts is needed.

Various reduced-intensity conditioning regimens are in use for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HSCT) in patients with idiopathic severe aplastic anemia (SAA). We describe the use of fludarabine, Campath, and low-dose cyclophosphamide (FCC

IntroductionPain negatively affects the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of adolescents with cancer. The Pain Squad+ smartphone-based application (app), has been developed to provide adolescents with real-time pain self-management support. The app uses a validated pain assessment and personalised pain treatment advice with centralised decision support via a registered nurse to enable real-time pain treatment in all settings. The algorithm informing pain treatment advice is evidence-based and expert-vetted. This trial will longitudinally evaluate the impact of Pain Squad+, with or without the addition of nurse support, on adolescent health and cost outcomes.Methods and analysisThis will be a pragmatic, multicentre, waitlist controlled, 3-arm parallel-group superiority randomised trial with 1:1:1 allocation enrolling 74 adolescents with cancer per arm from nine cancer centres. Participants will be 12 to 18 years, English-speaking and with ≥3/10 pain. Exclusion criteria are significant comorbidities, end-of-life status or enrolment in a concurrent pain study. The primary aim is to determine the effect of Pain Squad+, with and without nurse support, on pain intensity in adolescents with cancer, when compared with a waitlist control group. The secondary aims are to determine the immediate and sustained effect over time of using Pain Squad+, with and without nurse support, as per prospective outcome measurements of pain interference, HRQL, pain self-efficacy and cost. Linear mixed models with baseline scores as a covariate will be used. Qualitative interviews with adolescents from all trial arms will be conducted and analysed.Ethics and disseminationThis trial is approved by the Hospital for Sick Children Research Ethics Board. Results will provide data to guide adolescents with cancer and healthcare teams in treating pain. Dissemination will occur through partnerships with stakeholder groups, scientific meetings, publications, mass media releases and consumer detailing.Trial registration numberNCT03632343(ClinicalTrials.gov).

PURPOSE Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is an aggressive, early-childhood brain tumor without standard effective treatment. To our knowledge, we conducted the first AT/RT-specific cooperative group trial, ACNS0333, to examine the efficacy and safety of intensive postoperative chemotherapy and focal radiation to treat AT/RT. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients from birth to 22 years of age with AT/RT were eligible. After surgery, they received 2 courses of multiagent chemotherapy, followed by 3 courses of high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell rescue and involved-field radiation therapy. Timing of radiation was based on patient age and disease location and extent. Central testing of tumor and blood for SMARCB1 status was mandated. Tumor molecular subclassification was performed retrospectively. The primary analysis was event-free survival (EFS) for patients < 36 months of age compared with a cooperative groups’ historical cohort. Although accrual was based on the therapeutic question, potential prognostic factors, including age, tumor location, M stage, surgical resection, order of therapy, germline status, and molecular subtype, were explored. RESULTS Of 65 evaluable patients, 54 were < 36 months of age. ACNS0333 therapy significantly reduced the risk of EFS events in patients < 36 months of age compared with the historical cohort ( P < .0005; hazard rate, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.66). Four-year EFS and overall survival for the entire cohort were 37% (95% CI, 25% to 49%) and 43% (95% CI, 31% to 55%), respectively. Timing of radiation did not affect survival, and 91% of relapses occurred by 2 years from enrollment. Treatment-related deaths occurred in 4 patients. CONCLUSION The ACNS0333 regimen dramatically improved survival compared with historical therapies for patients with AT/RT. Clinical characteristics and molecular subgrouping suggest prognostic differences. ACNS0333 results lay a foundation on which to build future studies and incorporate testing of new therapeutic agents.

Carnitine is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial import and oxidation of fatty acids. High-dose chemotherapy and radiation, often required for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), leads to tissue damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in carnitine metabolism. The aim of this pilot cohort study was to describe plasma and urinary carnitine profiles during pediatric HSCT and their relationships with clinical outcomes. Plasma and urinary carnitine samples were collected from 22 pediatric patients before and through day 180 post-HSCT. Associations were observed between graft-versus-host disease and an elevated plasma total carnitine (P=0.019), and also increased plasma acyl:free carnitine ratio with veno-occlusive disease (P=0.016). Mortality was observed in those with their highest urinary total carnitine losses on day 0 (P=0.005), and in those with an abnormal day 28 plasma ratio either above or below the reference range (P=0.007). Changes in carnitine profiles were more reflective of metabolic stress and negative outcomes than of inadequate dietary intake. Associations observed direct larger studies to assess the validity of carnitine profiles as a prognostic indicator and also to assess whether prophylactic carnitine supplementation pre-HSCT could reduce mitochondrial injury and urinary losses and help mitigate inflammatory and metabolic comorbidities of HSCT.

We enrolled 150 patients in a prospective multi-center study of children with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) comparing detection of measurable residual (MRD) disease by a “Difference from Normal” flow cytometry (ΔN) approach with assessment of Wilms tumor 1 (WT-1) gene expression without access to the diagnostic specimen. Prospective analysis of the specimens using this approach showed that 23% of patients being screened for HSCT had detectable residual disease by ΔN (0.04–53%). Of those patients who proceeded to transplant as being in morphologic remission, 10 had detectable disease (0.04–14%) by ΔN. The disease free survival of this group was 10% (0–35%), compared to 55% (46–64

Osteoporotic fractures are a significant cause of morbidity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Our objective was to determine the incidence and predictors of fractures and recovery from osteoporosis in pediatric ALL over 6 years following glucocorticoid initiation. Vertebral fractures (VF) and vertebral body reshaping were assessed on annual spine radiographs, low-trauma non-VF were recorded at regular intervals and spine bone mineral density (BMD) was captured every 6 months for 4 years and then annually. A total of 186 children with ALL were enrolled (median age 5.3 years; range, 1.3 to 17.0 years). The cumulative fracture incidence was 32.5% for VF and 23.0% for non-VF; 39.0% of children with VF were asymptomatic. No fractures occurred in the sixth year and 71.3% of incident fractures occurred in the first 2 years. Baseline VF, cumulative glucocorticoid dose, and baseline lumbar spine (LS) BMD Z-score predicted both VF and non-VF. Vertebral body reshaping following VF was incomplete or absent in 22.7% of children. Those with residual vertebral deformity following VF were older compared to those without (median age 8.0 years at baseline [interquartile range {IQR}, 5.5 to 9.4] versus 4.8 years [IQR, 3.6 to 6.2], p = 0.04) and had more severe vertebral collapse (median maximum spinal deformity index 3.5 [IQR, 1.0 to 8.0] versus 0.5 [IQR, 0.0 to 1.0], p = 0.01). VF and low LS BMD Z-score at baseline as well as glucocorticoid exposure predicted incident VF and non-VF. Nearly 25% of children had persistent vertebral deformity following VF, more frequent in older children, and in those with more severe collapse. These results suggest the need for trials addressing interventions in the first 2 years of chemotherapy, targeting older children and children with more severe vertebral collapse, because these children are at greatest risk for incident VF and subsequent residual vertebral deformity. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Traditionally in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), cyclosporine doses are individualized using cyclosporine trough concentrations (C0) while area under the concentration vs time curve (AUC...

Purpose Intensive multi-modal regimens have improved survival for patients with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, however relapse rates remain high. A better understanding of clinical and pathologic features associated with tumor relapse is critical to risk-stratifying patients. Patients and Methods ACNS0333 treatment consisted of multi-agent chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, lasting approximately 6 months. Variables including patient age, sex, tumor location, M-stage, degree of resection, order of therapy, germline status, and molecular subgroup were analyzed. Cumulative incidence (CI) of event free survival due to relapse was evaluated for each variable. Results Thirty-three of 65 evaluable patients had tumor relapse. For the entire cohort, the CI of relapse was 21.8% at 6 months, 40.6% at one year and 50.3% at 4 years. For patients with infratentorial tumors, CI of relapse was 26.3%, 34.2% and 37.2%, at 6 months, 1 and 4 years respectfully compared to 15.3%, 49.9%, and 69.7% for those with supratentorial tumors (p 0.051). Patients with SHH subtype had no relapses in the first 6 months and CI of relapse of 37.5% at 4 years, while those with TYR and MYC subgroups had CI of relapse of 33.3% and 26.7% at 6 months and 46.3% and 73.3% at 4 years respectfully (p 0.088). Patients with germline mutations had a cumulative incidence of relapse of 20% at 6 months and 60% at 12 months compared to 22.6% and 37.7% respectfully for those without. No obvious trends were noted based on other analyzed variables. Conclusions ACNS0333 was not powered to determine prognostic indicators of relapse, however, this data suggest interesting trends based on tumor location, subtype and germline status. Infratentorial location and SHH subtype maybe associated with lower risk of relapse. Larger data sets must be compiled to further investigate these variables, perform multivariate analyses and inform risk-stratification on future trials.

Pediatric chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) contributes to poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality in long term survivors of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Given the insidious nature of cGvHD, diagnosing cGvHD in children according to the National Institutes of Health Consensus Criteria (NIH-CC) can be challenging, particularly in the early phase of disease development. Diagnostic cGvHD biomarkers could aid in diagnosis. The Applied Biomarkers of Late Effects / Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Consortium (ABLE / PBMTC 1202) study was a prospective, multi-institution study at 27 pediatric HSCT centers that evaluated biomarkers of cGvHD. Detailed clinical evaluation of cGvHD, including central adjudication when necessary, occurred as per the NIH-CC. Of the 302 enrolled children, 233 were included in this diagnostic cGvHD biomarker analysis, including 43 with cGvHD and 190 non-cGVHD controls. Peripheral blood was drawn into a STRECK tube at the onset of cGvHD and before escalation of immune suppression, sent overnight to a central laboratory, and evaluated by flow cytometry. Five flow cytometric antibody panels consisting of 76 combinations of cell surface markers were used to delineate subpopulations of T, Regulatory T (Tregs, CD4+CD127LowCD25+), B, NK, and myeloid cells. We analyzed each marker in two ways. First, to control for normal post-HSCT immune reconstitution, we divided cGvHD subjects into early- (day 0-120), mid- (day 121-240), and late-onset (>day 240) and compared their marker values against non-cGVHD controls at day 100, 6-months, and 12-months, respectively, using fixed effect linear regression models. Second, we compared the marker values of all cGvHD subjects at diagnosis against the marker values of non-cGvHD controls at all three time points and used mixed effect linear regression models to account for within-subject correlations. A cellular subpopulation was considered a clinically relevant and potential diagnostic cGvHD biomarker if all 4 criteria were met: a) the effect ratio (mean marker value of cGvHD subjects over non-cGvHD controls) was ≥1.3 or ≤0.75, b) the p-value was ≤.05, c) the receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve was ≥0.60, and d) the marker was detected by both the mixed effect model and in the same direction across all measurement time points in the fixed effect models. Using these criteria, 8 cellular subpopulations arose as potential diagnostic biomarkers of pediatric cGvHD (Table). Key subsets identified in cGvHD patients included decreased proportions of naïve helper T cells (CD4+CD45RA+, PD1-CD4+CD45RA+, CCR7+CD4+CD45RA+, CD27+CD4+CD45RA+), decreased naïve and recently emigrated Tregs (CD31+CD45RA+, PD1-CD45RA+), and decreased non-cytolytic regulatory NK cells (CD56BrightCD335High, CD56BrightPerforinLow). CD4+ recent thymic emigrants (CD4+CD31+CD45RA+), markers of thymopoeisis, were also significantly decreased in cGvHD (p=0.01) but did not meet all the required biomarker criteria. Evaluation of specific subsets of pediatric cGvHD showed that CD21LowCD19+ B cells were lower in patients with pulmonary (n=12) compared to a mucocutaneous predominant phenotype (n=31) (p=0.048). Cases of progressive cGvHD (n=18), characterized by concurrent acute GvHD features (overlap syndrome), had decreased proportions of CD19 B cells, T3 transitional B cells (CD38LowCD10-) and mature naïve B cells (IgD+CD27-), decreased naïve helper T cells (CCR7+CD4+CD45RA+) and increased activated NK cells (CD56dimCD69+) (all p Using a well characterized cohort of pediatric patients with cGvHD, the ABLE / PBTMC 1202 study showed that a variety of subpopulations of naïve helper T cells, Tregs, and regulatory NK cells were associated with cGvHD. Additional B-cell markers were associated with progressive cGvHD in children. These data support alterations in thymopoeisis and decreases in regulatory T- and NK-cell populations underlying pediatric cGvHD. Future work includes the addition of non-cellular plasma markers into a clinically applicable diagnostic biomarker algorithm to aid clinicians in the accurate diagnosis of pediatric cGvHD, as well as further validation in the ABLE 2.0 / Pediatric Transplant Cellular Therapy Consortium 1901 study. Disclosures Wahlstrom: Pharmacyclics: Current Employment. Pulsipher:Mesoblast: Honoraria; Adaptive: Research Funding; Miltenyi: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bellicum: Honoraria; Jasper: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria.

Children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are at high risk of life-threatening bacterial and fungal infection. However, little is known about the prevalence or severity of adenovirus infection in this population. Objective was to describe the characteristics, treatments and outcomes of adenovirus infection in children with newly diagnosed AML.We performed a retrospective chart review based upon 2 multicenter cohort studies that focused on identifying risk factors for infection in children with AML. Inclusion criteria were patients with de novo AML who were ≤18 years of age at diagnosis with a clinical specimen positive for adenovirus.Among the 235 patients with AML, 12 (5.1%) had positive adenovirus testing. The most common site of isolation was stool (n = 11, 91.6 %), and the most frequent symptom was diarrhea (n = 11, 91.6 %). Two patients received specific treatment for adenovirus, namely intravenous immunoglobulin only in 1 patient and both intravenous immunoglobulin and inhaled ribavirin in a second patient. In 11 patients, adenovirus resolved uneventfully without recurrence, including 10 that received no adenovirus-specific therapy. However, 1 patient developed sepsis syndrome in the setting of disseminated adenoviral infection and died from multiorgan failure.In children with AML, adenovirus infection was rare and typically not associated with severe disease, even without specific treatment. However, disseminated and fatal disease can occur in this population. Further investigations are needed to identify pediatric AML patients at particular risk for severe adenovirus infection and to determine optimal treatment approaches in these patients.

10020 Background: Low-dose metronomic topotecan (mTP) represents a novel approach to chemotherapy delivery which, in preclinical models, may work synergistically with pazopanib (PZ) in targeting angiogenesis. This study was designed to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of mTP/PZ in pediatric patients with solid tumors, while describing the safety and toxicity of this regimen. Methods: A phase I dose-escalation, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) study of mTP/PZ was conducted at ten sites across Canada, enrolling pediatric patients aged 2-21 years with relapsed/refractory solid tumors. Patients were treated with oral mTP and PZ suspension daily without interruption in 28-day cycles, with dose escalation in accordance with the rolling-six design. Five dose levels (0.12/125, 0.16/125, 0.22/125, 0.22/160, and 0.3/160 mg/m2/day of mTP/PZ) were evaluated. PK studies were performed on day 1 and at steady state, and PD studies included circulating angiogenic factors VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGF, endoglin and placental growth factor. Results: Thirty patients (pts) were enrolled, of whom 26 were evaluable for dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), with median age 12 years (3-20). The most common diagnoses included osteosarcoma (8), neuroblastoma (NB, 7), Ewing sarcoma/PNET (4), and rhabdomyosarcoma (4). The most common grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) related to protocol therapy were neutropenia (18%), thrombocytopenia (11%), lymphocytopenia (11%), AST elevation (11%), and lipase elevation (11%). Only 2 cycle-1 DLTs were observed on study, both at the 0.3/160 mg/m2 mTP/PZ dose level (2/5 pts) comprising persistent grade 3 thrombocytopenia and grade 3 ALT elevation. No AEs experienced beyond cycle-1 required treatment discontinuation. Best response was stable disease in 10/25 pts (40%) for a median duration of 6.4 months (1.7-45.1). One patient with refractory NB achieved stable disease for 45 months and continued on mTP/PZ via compassionate access after study closure. PK and PD results are pending at this time. Conclusions: The combination of oral mTP and PZ is safe and tolerable in pediatric patients with solid tumors, with a RP2D of mTP 0.22 mg/m2/day and PZ suspension 160 mg/m2/day. Ten patients achieved stable disease for a median of 6 months. The lack of objective responses suggests that this combination is likely of limited benefit for relapsed disease, but may play a role as maintenance therapy. Clinical trial information: NCT02303028.

La presente investigación contiene un marco de adaptación de la ingeniería de la Usabilidad al proceso de desarrollo ágil Scrum, aplicado en el Departamento de Planificación del ECU911 de la ciudad de Machala. Este proyecto surge de la necesidad que afronta actualmente la ingeniería de software por ausencia de usabilidad en los productos software desarrollados en la institución mencionada. Una vez definida las líneas de investigación, y profundizar en la teoría de la usabilidad en el proceso de desarrollo ágil y Scrum. Se redactó una propuesta teórica de la adaptación del marco y posterior se realizó su implementación mediante un caso práctico con personal del ECU911, para luego ser validado mediante encuestas. Finalmente se procede a formular las conclusiones que recopilan respuestas a varias preguntas planteadas en este artículo

Purpose This study aimed to estimate the burden of morbidity, in terms of health-related quality of life (HRQL), in survivors of high-risk neuroblastoma (NBL) after myeloablative chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Patients and methods A national population-based survey was undertaken of survivors of high-risk NBL (N = 99), diagnosed between 1991 and 2010 and treated with HSCT. Parents completed a proxy questionnaire incorporating two HRQL measures, Health Utilities Index (HUI) 2 and 3. Children >12 years of age provided self-assessments. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to assess differences. Comparative data were obtained from previously published work and Statistics Canada's 1998 National Population Health Survey. Results On a scale of 0 (being dead) to 1.0 (perfect health), mean HRQL utility scores were 0.89 (SD = 0.11) in HUI2 and 0.84 (SD = 0.18) in HUI3. Parents reported morbidity in sensation (52.5%), pain (30.3%), cognition (28.0%), and emotion (24.2%) in HUI2 and in hearing (38.4%), pain (30.3%), cognition (27.3%), and speech (23.2%) in HUI3. HRQL was not significantly different compared to NBL survivors treated without HSCT, but was less than in nontransplanted survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Wilms tumor, and children in the general population, yet higher than in survivors of brain tumors. Conclusions HRQL is compromised in high-risk NBL survivors treated with and without HSCT. A differential effect on hearing reflects additional exposure to platinum-based chemotherapy. These results should inform long-term care and the development of new therapeutic interventions.

Adverse reactions (ARs) during the infusion of cellular therapy products (CTPs) are common in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We retrospectively studied pediatric patients undergoing autologous and allogeneic HSCT to determine the incidence and grade of ARs during stem cell infusion and their predictors. We analyzed data from 213 patients (120 allogeneic and 93 autologous) who received at least 1 CTP, totaling 361 infusion episodes. Serious ARs, defined as grade 2 and 3, occurred in 25 and 11% of infusions, respectively. No grade 4 or 5 ARs were noted. Independent risk factors for developing a serious AR included stem cell source (PBSC vs marrow (odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4-9); cord vs marrow (OR 7.3, 95% CI: 1.3-40), overall P=0.0001) but manipulated CTPs were protective (OR 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.7, P=0.004). Unlike previous adult studies, WBC and granulocyte content were not found to be risk factors in this pediatric population. These data suggest that children tolerate higher WBC content during infusion of CTPs and support the use of manipulated CTP, as indicated, to reduce the risk of adverse infusion reactions.

Introduction: There is strong experimental and clinical data to indicate the critical involvement of immune evasion in relapsed leukemia in children. A well-defined characteristic of refractory leukemia is the accumulation of genetic aberrations and mutations that may act as drivers or passengers in the process of tumor recurrence. Many of these mutations get translated into proteins that contain tumor-specific immune-stimulatory epitopes (neoantigens) that can elicit host antitumor immune responses. Although, in general, the mutation rate is lower in pediatric tumors, recent studies have shown that almost 90% of pediatric leukemias carry potentially actionable neoepitopes. In this study, we describe the results from a comprehensive experimental approach of neoantigen prediction coupled with antigen processing and HLA-binding prediction algorithms with in vitro validation assays for the generation of neoantigen vaccines against high-risk leukemias in children. Methods: DNA and RNA from leukemia cells and matched fibroblasts were obtained. Raw reads were aligned to human reference genome and somatic variants (SNVs) were called using Strelka v1.0.1441. RNA-seq data from leukemic cells were used to predict neoantigen expression levels resulting from SNVs using STAR (2.4.1)12 and Cufflinks v2.2.1. Normalized expression data were then cross-referenced with the list of SNVs to identify leukemia-specific mutant proteins. HLA typing for each sample was carried out from RNA-seq data using seq2HLA v2.2. Using the patient's HLA phenotype, we then used NetMHCons v1.1 to predict short peptides derived from leukemia-specific mutant proteins that will bind to autologous HLA Class I molecules. These 8/9-mers were filtered to predict a high likelihood of proteasomal or immune-proteasomal processing and transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) using NetChop v3.1 and the immune epitope database (IEDB), respectively. The peptides identified were rank-ordered based on the composite immunogenicity score derived from MHC class I binding affinities, proteasomal processing and TCR binding predictions and synthesized accordingly. Peripheral blood derived dendritic cells (DCs) and CD8+ T-cells were isolated and expanded in culture with relevant cytokines. The DCs were pulsed with peptides and then co-cultured with CD8+ T-cells. After five days, the primed CD8+ T-Cells were separated, washed and exposed to the patient's leukemic cells at varying ratios and the leukemia specific CD8+ T-cell activation was quantified by IFN gamma secretion using ELISpot assays. Results: In the leukemia specimen studied, approximately 5% of all on-target germline mutations were found only in leukemic cells. Tumor mutational burden was, on average, 0.34 mut/Mb. Analysis of the highest ranking synthetic peptides (approximately 10 per leukemia sample) showed leukemia-specific activation of patient's T-cells as measured by the mean number of spots observed in ELISpot assays. For example, in patient one (15 year old male, high-risk ALL, one year off therapy), 14 individual short sequences were identified and corresponding peptides were synthesized. Among these, three peptides were not soluble and three peptides showed significant activity above controls. Maximum leukemia specific T-cell activation was noted with peptide #7 QQSALVLL (mean 135 ELISpots compared to 72 in controls, p Discussion: Completed data, including the vaccine peptide sequences and corresponding activities showed the feasibility of identifying pediatric leukemia neoantigen sequences in personalized mutational landscapes of these patients. In addition, we have provided an in vitro experimental approach to validate the potential of such vaccines in future clinical studies and this methodology can also be used to identify agents for effective combinations such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. A clinical trial using these strategies is in development for the treatment of high-risk leukemia in children. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of vertebral fractures (VF) and glucocorticoid (GC) exposure on height deficits in children during treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). METHODS: Children with ALL treated without cranial radiation therapy (n = 160; median age, 5.1 years; 58.1% male) were followed prospectively for 6 years. Spinal deformity index (SDI) was used to quantify VF status. RESULTS: Baseline height z score ± SD was 0.3 ± 1.2. It fell by 0.5 ± 0.4 in the first 6 months for boys and by 0.4 ± 0.4 in the first 12 months for girls (P < 0.01 for both) and then subsequently recovered. The prevalence of VF peaked at 1 year (17.6%). Among those with VF, median SDI rose from 2 [interquartile range (IQR): 1, 7] at baseline to 8 (IQR: 1, 8) at 1 year. A mixed model for repeated measures showed that height z score declined by 0.13 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.24; P = 0.02) for each 5-unit increase in SDI during the previous 12 months. Every 10 mg/m(2) increase in average daily GC dose (prednisone equivalent) in the previous 12 months was associated with a height z score decrement of 0.26 (95% CI: 0.20 to 0.32; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: GC likely plays a major role in the observed height decline during therapy for ALL. Because only a minority of children had VF, fractures could not have contributed significantly to the height deficit in the entire cohort but may have been important among the subset with VF.

Sickle cell disease is a potentially debilitating hemoglobinopathy associated with early mortality. The only established curative therapy is hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with a matched sibling donor. The National Institutes of Health nonmyeloablative regimen of alemtuzumab/300 cGy total body irradiation and prolonged sirolimus exposure for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was administered to 16 children and adolescents. Infused products were unmanipulated granulocyte colony stimulating factor mobilized peripheral blood stem cells. All patients achieved mixed donor-recipient engraftment with no cases of secondary graft failure to date. Two patients have donor myeloid chimerism in the range of 30% to 40%. No sickling crises post-HCT have been observed. Event-free and overall survival rates are 100% with median follow-up of 19.5 months. No cases of GVHD have been observed. Sirolimus weaning was possible in all but one eligible patient to date. Ongoing follow-up and a larger prospective clinical trial are required to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of this regimen in children.

Osteoporotic fractures are a significant cause of morbidity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Our objective was to determine the incidence and predictors of fractures and recovery from osteoporosis in pediatric ALL over 6 years following glucocorticoid initiation. Vertebral fractures (VF) and vertebral body reshaping were assessed on annual spine radiographs, low-trauma non-VF were recorded at regular intervals and spine bone mineral density (BMD) was captured every 6 months for 4 years and then annually. A total of 186 children with ALL were enrolled (median age 5.3 years; range, 1.3 to 17.0 years). The cumulative fracture incidence was 32.5% for VF and 23.0% for non-VF; 39.0% of children with VF were asymptomatic. No fractures occurred in the sixth year and 71.3% of incident fractures occurred in the first 2 years. Baseline VF, cumulative glucocorticoid dose, and baseline lumbar spine (LS) BMD Z-score predicted both VF and non-VF. Vertebral body reshaping following VF was incomplete or absent in 22.7% of children. Those with residual vertebral deformity following VF were older compared to those without (median age 8.0 years at baseline [interquartile range {IQR}, 5.5 to 9.4] versus 4.8 years [IQR, 3.6 to 6.2], p = 0.04) and had more severe vertebral collapse (median maximum spinal deformity index 3.5 [IQR, 1.0 to 8.0] versus 0.5 [IQR, 0.0 to 1.0], p = 0.01). VF and low LS BMD Z-score at baseline as well as glucocorticoid exposure predicted incident VF and non-VF. Nearly 25% of children had persistent vertebral deformity following VF, more frequent in older children, and in those with more severe collapse. These results suggest the need for trials addressing interventions in the first 2 years of chemotherapy, targeting older children and children with more severe vertebral collapse, because these children are at greatest risk for incident VF and subsequent residual vertebral deformity. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Among 235 children with acute myeloid leukemia, 17 experienced 19 perianal infections. Among 12 episodes with definite abscess, 75% were severely neutropenic. Sixteen diagnostic imaging evaluations were performed; diagnostic yield was similar between computerized tomography of pelvis (5 of 10) and ultrasound (3 of 5). Consistent management approaches to perianal infection should be developed.

Little is known about the impact of enrollment on therapeutic clinical trials on adverse event rates. Primary objective was to describe the impact of clinical trial registration on sterile site microbiologically documented infection for children with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We conducted a multicenter cohort study that included children aged ≤18 years with de novo AML. Primary outcome was microbiologically documented sterile site infection. Infection rates were compared between those registered and not registered on clinical trials. Five hundred seventy-four children with AML were included of which 198 (34.5%) were registered on a therapeutic clinical trial. Overall, 400 (69.7%) had at least one sterile site microbiologically documented infection. In multiple regression, registration on clinical trials was independently associated with a higher risk of microbiologically documented sterile site infection [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.53; p = 0.040] and viridans group streptococcal infection (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.08-1.98; p = 0.015). Registration on trials was not associated with Gram-negative or invasive fungal infections. Children with newly diagnosed AML enrolled on clinical trials have a higher risk of microbiologically documented sterile site infection. This information may impact on supportive care practices in pediatric AML.

Although transplant practices have changed over the last decades, no information is available on trends in incidence and outcome of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) over time. This study used the central database of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) to describe time trends for cGVHD incidence, nonrelapse mortality, and risk factors for cGVHD. The 12-year period was divided into 3 intervals, 1995 to 1999, 2000 to 2003, and 2004 to 2007, and included 26,563 patients with acute leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Multivariate analysis showed an increased incidence of cGVHD in more recent years (odds ratio = 1.19, P

// Marc Ansari 1,2 , Patricia Huezo-Diaz Curtis 1,2,* , Chakradhara Rao S. Uppugunduri 1,2,* , Mohammed Aziz Rezgui 3 , Tiago Nava 1,3,5,6 , Vid Mlakar 1,2 , Laurence Lesne 1,2 , Yves Theoret 3,4,5 , Yves Chalandon 7 , Lee L. Dupuis 8 , Tao Schechter 8 , Imke H. Bartelink 9,17 , Jaap J. Boelens 9 , Robbert Bredius 10 , Jean-Hugues Dalle 11 , Saba Azarnoush 11 , Petr Sedlacek 12 , Victor Lewis 13 , Martin Champagne 14 , Christina Peters 15 , Henrique Bittencourt 3,4,5,16 and Maja Krajinovic 3 - 5,16,18 1 Department of Pediatrics, CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland 2 Department of Pediatrics, Onco-Hematology Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland 3 Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 4 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 5 Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 6 Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 7 Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Hematology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland 8 Department of Haematology/Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 9 Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands 10 Department of Pediatrics, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands 11 Pediatric Hematology Department, Robert Debre Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France 12 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Teaching Hospital, 2nd Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 13 Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 14 Department of Hematology, Hospital Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 15 Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, St Anna Children’s Hospital, Vienna, Austria 16 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 17 Department of Medicine, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA 18 On Behalf of the Pediatric Disease Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Leiden, The Netherlands * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Patricia Huezo-Diaz Curtis, email: // Keywords : busulfan, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics, toxicity, hematopoietic stem cell transplantion Received : July 18, 2017 Accepted : July 23, 2017 Published : August 27, 2017 Abstract Busulfan (BU) dose adjustment following therapeutic drug monitoring contributes to better outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Further improvement could be achieved through genotype-guided BU dose adjustments. To investigate this aspect, polymorphism within glutathione S transferase genes were assessed. Particularly, promoter haplotypes of the glutathione S transferase A1 ( GSTA1 ) were evaluated in vitro, with reporter gene assays and clinically, in a pediatric multi-center study (N =138) through association with BU pharmacokinetics (PK) and clinical outcomes. Promoter activity significantly differed between the GSTA1 haplotypes (p