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Enterotoxemia, caused by Clostridium perfringens, is one of the most common problems of small ruminants’ industry worldwide. C. perfringens is considered to be a normal resident of the intestines and when the intestinal environment changed, proliferates in large numbers and produces enterotoxins. Vaccination against C. perfringens enterotoxins is of paramount importance for preventing enterotoxemia in small ruminants. Therefore, detection of local enterotoxin types produced by C. perfringens could help deciding the suitable vaccine program. The present study was aimed to determine the types of C. perfringens and their toxins prevalent in small ruminant of Samsun province, Northern Turkey. For this purpose, 221 intestinal samples from sheep and goats with sudden death and/or suspected from enterotoxemia were examined by ELISA for detection of C. perfringens enterotoxins. According to ELISA results, 45.2% of the samples (100/221) were positive for enterotoxemia caused by C. perfringens. Overall, 133 enterotoxins were detected in this 100 positive samples. When evaluating the individual enterotoxins; alfa (a), beta (ß), and epsilon (ε) toxin were detected in 72.9%, 4.5%, and 22.6%, respectively. According to toxin types, 65 for C. perfringens type A (65.0%), 1 for type C (1.0%), 5 for type C (5.0%), and 29 for type D (29.0%) were determined. In conclusion, it was determined that enterotoxemia was high (45.2%), C. perfringens A and D type dominant strain in sheep and goats in Samsun province. A suitable vaccination program against C. perfringens type A and type D may provide adequate protection against the enterotoxemia of small ruminants in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multiple sclerosis patients have exacerbated the Covid-19 infection similarly to the general population in the Turkish MS & Covid-19 cohort. • Immunomodulatory treatments used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis are not related to the severity of Covid-19 infection. • High age, high EDSS, and having a progressive MS type are risk factors for severe Covid-19 infection. • Young age and low comorbidity caused an overall mild course of Covid-19 infection in the Turkish MS population. The pandemic of the new type of corona virus infection 2019 [Covid-19] also affect people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS). Currently, the accumulating information on the effects of the infection regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics of the disease, as well as outcomes within different DMTs¸ enable us to have better practices on the management of the Covid-19 infection in pwMS. To investigate the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and to reveal the relationship between the demographic-clinical and therapeutic features and the outcome of Covid-19 infection in a multi-center national cohort of pwMS. The Turkish Neurological Society-MS Study Group in association with the Italian MuSC-19 Study Group initiated this study. A web-based electronic Case Report Form (eCRF) of Study-MuSC-19 were used to collect the data. The demographic data and MS histories of the patients were obtained from the file tracking forms of the relevant clinics. 309 MS patients with confirmed Covid-19 infection were included in this study. Two hundred nineteen (219) were females (70.9%). The mean age was 36.9, ranging from 18 to 66, 194 of them (62.8%) were under 40. The clinical phenotype was relapsing-remitting in 277 (89.6%) and progressive in 32 (10.4%). Disease duration ranged from 0.2 years to 31.4 years. The median EDSS was 1.5, ranging from 0 to 8.5. The EDSS score was<= 1 in 134 (43%) of the patients. 91.6% of the patients were on a DMT, Fingolimod was the most frequently used drug (22.0%), followed by Interferon (20.1%). The comorbidity rate is 11.7%. We were not able to detect any significant association of DMTs with Covid-19 severity. The Turkish MS-Covid-19 cohort had confirmed that pwMS are not at risk of having a more severe COVID-19 outcome irrespective of the DMT that they are treated. In addition, due to being a younger population with less comorbidities most had a mild disease further highlight that the only associated risk factors for having a moderate to severe COVID-19 course are similar with the general population such as having comorbid conditions and being older. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]