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Out-of-school youth sport in the United States is bigger, more varied, and more impactful than ever before. In dialogue with existing scholarship, this paper uses multisite, collaborative fieldwork to identify core elements of program variation and develop a composite typology of this organizational field. The typology is based on a distinction between "sport-focused" programs and programs oriented toward nonsport social and developmental goals. Our primary insight is that programs within these domains exhibit two different organizational logics, one hierarchical, the other categorical. We also argue that variabilities of funding, social context, and reliance on public facilities are additional factors that impact the operation and effectiveness of these program types including their ability to address the racialized challenges of access, equity, and inclusion. Theorizing these differential configurations and their underlying characteristics can help parents, policymakers, practitioners (including coaches), and sports researchers engage youth sports more effectively under increasingly competitive neoliberal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What role should libraries play to ensure citizens develop the competencies they need to fulfill their vital civic roles in our democracy? Alarms raised over widening civic knowledge gaps have prompted a renewed commitment to building more civically literate, active citizens. Like their counterparts in schools and universities, librarians teach many of the skills and dispositions that citizens need to participate in civic life. Yet their information literacy frameworks equip twenty-first century learners primarily for success in college and career, not citizenship. With schools and colleges launching new initiatives to bolster civic participation, librarians must join forces with other civic literacy proponents to empower citizens to emerge as civic agents that cocreate their future together. While the nation's great experiment in democracy undergoes a momentous test, libraries must assert their role in fostering civic literacy as central to their mission as cornerstones of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organized immaturity, the reduction of individual capacities for public use of reason constrained by sociotechnological systems, constitutes a significant pushback against the project of Enlightenment. Forms of immaturity have long been a concern for philosophers and social theorists, such as Kant, Arendt, Fromm, Marcuse, and Foucault. Recently, Zuboff's concept of "surveillance capitalism" describes how advancements in digital technologies lead to new, increasingly sophisticated forms of organized immaturity in democratic societies. We discuss how sociotechnological systems initially designed to meet human needs can inhibit the multidimensional development of individuals as mature citizens. To counteract these trends, we suggest two mechanisms: disorganizing immaturity as a way to safeguard individuals' and collectives' negative freedoms (freedoms from), and organizing maturity as a way to strengthen positive freedoms (freedoms to). Finally, we provide an outlook on the five further articles that constitute the Business Ethics Quarterly Special Issue "Sociotechnological Conditions of Organized Immaturity in the Twenty-First Century." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, sensitivity to situational norms is understood as deriving from internal cognitive states that represent the rules for appropriate conduct. On an alternative view, norms are 'out there', in the practices and situations themselves, without being duplicated in the head. However, what does normativity look like when it is performed by people engaging with a concrete situation? A 'behaviour setting' offers a window onto these dynamics. This article presents an observational case study of normative coordination within a behaviour setting. Immersed in a scientific laboratory setting, the observations show how the normative demands of the overall behaviour setting can give shape to various places of action, or 'synomorphs', which invite the participants' activities. Responding to the different needs of each synomorph, in turn, maintains the behaviour setting. What connects these two reciprocal timescales of activity are the situationally sensitive activities of the participants. We end with several examples that bring such sensitivity to the interdependence of the norms of a behaviour setting to the fore. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explore behaviour settings that enable reasoning and the diversity of constraints that not only limit but also make these behaviour settings possible. We focus specifically on reasoning and surveying how behaviour settings allow for the generation of norms of action that are nevertheless differentiated by geographies and sociocultural systems. These geographies and sociocultural systems involve diverse trajectories for reasoning even within similar behaviour settings. We will touch on places for reasoning like Twitter, social movements, traditional knowledge and laboratories set up for experimentation on our reasoning abilities. We will show how these places and the behaviour settings that emerge in them can be studied in terms of the complexity of the interactions between their participants and in terms of enabling constraints. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For people in homelessness, access to social services may appear difficult and alienating, which often contributes to poor health and a risk of accelerated marginalization. Historically, day centres for people in homelessness have been characterized by an emphasis on providing refuge and momentary restitution, accommodating urgent basic needs. In this article, we present a case study of the design of a new day centre in Denmark that aspires to move beyond the historical place-for-being. Rather, the new day centre is to be a place-for-being-and-becoming, focusing on bridging the varied needs of people in homelessness with easy access to social services at the day centre. This article explores the creation of new behaviour settings along with the challenges and considerations in designing enabling spaces for people in societally marginalized positions, concurrently offering and supporting a sense of inclusion, the possibility to develop one's agency and experience of lived citizenship. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article recounts 6 years of empirical research in a humanitarian context on spatial behaviour using the behaviour settings theory. This research journey details the shortcomings of conventional architectural processes and the subsequent development of a human-centred behaviour setting methodology that drives behaviour change for adaptable spaces. The research work puts Barker's theory of behaviour settings into practice to show its significant methodological abilities in shaping behaviours through spaces. While the original theory was solely an analytical account of existing behaviours in certain settings, this study marks the first pragmatic exploration of the theory into both residential and refugee contexts. The methodology that is subsequently proposed is a complementary tool to account for the deficiencies of conventional architectural design processes. A method that enables one to fully immerse themselves in the environment, recognize specific architectural interventions, assess their effects and reiterate. It is a proposal for humanizing architecture, sympathizing its processes and personalizing its results for the users of any space. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People are spending more and more time interacting with virtual objects and environments. We argue that Roger Barker's concept of a 'behaviour setting' can be usefully applied to such experiences with relatively little modification if we recognize subjective aspects of such experiences such as presence and immersion. We define virtual behaviour settings as virtual environments where the partly or fully digital milieu is synomorphic with and circumjacent to embodied behaviour, as opposed to the fragmented behaviour settings of much-mediated interaction. We present two tools that can help explain and predict the outcomes of virtual experiences—the behaviour setting canvas (BSC) and model—and demonstrate their utility through examples. We conclude that the behaviour setting concept is helpful in both designing virtual environments and understanding their impact, while virtual environments offer a powerful new methodological paradigm for studying behaviour settings. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the notion of behaviour settings, coined by Roger G. Barker (Barker 1968, Ecol. Psychol. 28, 39–55 (10.1080/10407413.2016.1121744)), as a useful concept for the analysis of situations and communicative needs of persons after larynx removal surgery (laryngectomy). We claim that behaviour settings offer a way to characterize types of situations and types of participation, which, in turn, helps to identify aspects of communication where compensation is needed; these steps are crucial in the design process of reliable and context-sensitive speech aids. Moreover, we advocate complementing the behaviour setting concept as a unit of analysis with modern developments in the cognitive sciences, such as conversational analysis of co-operative actions (Goodwin 2017, Co-operative action (learning in doing: social, cognitive and computational perspectives). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (10.1017/9781139016735)) and the analysis of multi-perspectival experience (De Jaegher 2021, Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci. 20, 847–870 (10.1007/s11097-019-09634-5)). Such an integration of macro- and micro-level patterns should help discover the relevant relations and values in particular situations. We illustrate our claims with examples from Barker's own work and from our ongoing analyses of the everyday life of persons after laryngectomy. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological phenomena occur across a wide range of scales, ranging from small, quick events of neurology and biology, to broader, more prolonged unfoldings typical of extended cultural practices. Although theories deployed by psychologists of different stripes have tended to incorporate these different scales, this is typically done in a manner that is implicit, and often unsystematic. That is, typical psychological research is conducted in a manner that is 'scale-blind'. In this article, I explore some of the historical and more recent recognition of this scale-blindness and place it in the context of recent work on the concept and implications of scale. I conclude by elucidating some of the important ways in which behaviour settings theory, and the researchers who developed it, are explicit and disciplined in their approach to scale, and how such scale-aware work promises practical value in improving scientific practice. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1950s, Roger Barker's theory of behaviour settings has been useful for a wide number of disciplines. Few realize, however, that behaviour settings theory is also a methodology. Barker fully describes how to identify, describe and measure behaviour settings in his seminal book Ecological psychology: concepts and methods for studying the environment of human behavior (1968), and this method is further delineated in Phil Schoggen's Behavior settings: a revision and extension of Roger G. Barker's ecological psychology (1989). Nevertheless, beyond these two (rather expensive) books there are few other resources available to twenty-first century researchers who wish to systematically describe and measure behaviour in its ecological context using the principles of behaviour settings theory. In this article, I offer a practitioner's field guide to implementing the behaviour settings method, which includes a contemporary illustration of defining a behaviour setting using a recent observational study of an art gallery in Lethbridge, Canada. I discuss how researchers can use Barker's original methodology to determine what is a behaviour setting and how to define its boundaries, and I suggest best practices, offering practitioners the tools to replicate Barker's procedures. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviour settings approach was introduced as a means to study the variability of human beings' behaviour outside the lab. More recently, it has been argued that it also provides a fruitful avenue for developing situated accounts of cognition. This article will provide a proof of concept for the latter suggestion, focusing on the science of self-control. Self-control is the ability of individuals to pursue goals they value in the face of conflicting motivations. The hypothesis we bring forward is that this ability should be understood as a set of skills by which individuals modulate their relation to their environment, more specifically the behaviour settings they inhabit. With this conception of self-control in hand, we will take a critical look at well-known experiments involving delayed gratification tasks and propose concrete suggestions on how to improve them. This will bring us to the conclusion that the behaviour settings framework might have a valuable role to play in developing a situated science of self-control. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behaviour settings theory is the product of Roger Barker and Herbert F. Wright's decades-long Midwest Field Station research programme. The theory followed from the demonstration that the best predictor of a person's behaviour was the setting (i.e. location, timing and activity) in which their behaviour took place, rather than any individual trait (e.g. personality). Now little known in psychology, behaviour settings theory is often further obscured by being presented as a theory only, neglecting the clear methodology Barker provided for investigating the question: 'What do people do in everyday life?' This literature review takes a comprehensive look at Barker's contributions both within and outside of psychology. The corpus comprises both theoretical and empirical articles; however, our primary interest is in the empirical articles. We describe the who, when and where of behaviour settings research over the past half-century, and we identify branches and neighbours of behaviour settings research (e.g. manning theory, behaviour mapping and activity settings theory). Primarily, however, we attempt to answer the following questions: (i) Are any of Barker's tools for studying people in everyday settings being used currently? (ii) How accurately has Barker's theory been explained, or his methods applied? (iii) Does such work contribute to behaviour settings theory in a meaningful way? This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behaviour settings are sociocultural places defined by three main ecological aspects: the affordances of material structures, typical patterns of skilful action and socially situated norms. These aspects explain the observed regularities of human behaviour associated with the material characteristics of places. However, the focus of ecological theories on how individual agents attune their actions to the pre-established order of behaviour settings neglects the agents' active role in sustaining or motivating transformations in this order. We therefore propose an alternative enactive approach to behaviour settings that accounts for the role of agents as active supporters and transformers of behaviour settings. Based on the enactive concepts of agency, normativity and dialectics, we argue that agents, as participants of behaviour settings, simultaneously respond to multiple normative dimensions (e.g. biological, sensorimotor and interactive). To sustain the order of behaviour settings, agents sometimes need to inhibit other normative responses of their bodies, which sometimes is detrimental to one or many aspects of their lives. Nonetheless, agents can collectively trigger the transformation of behaviour settings. This transformation can occur dialectically as tensions between two or more norms to which human bodies respond are resolved, even if new tensions arise and the process of changing behaviour setting continues. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCyberspace is a primary battleground of the twenty-first century. Yet, grand strategists have been slow to address cyber strategy. We examine the implications of four prominent American grand strategies—restraint, deep engagement, liberal internationalism, and conservative primacy—for core topics in cyber strategy. Several unique features of cyberspace, including its nonviolent effects, pervasive secrecy, and the challenges of global governance, generate counterintuitive implications. For example, advocates of restraint, usually skeptical of conventional military force, should be more comfortable wielding cyber power, generating surprising convergences with conservative primacy. Conversely, liberal internationalists place importance on legitimating the use of force, rendering them more cautious than even proponents of the "restraint" strategy. We also briefly explore two newer grand strategies—progressivism and conservative populism—in order to show how our framework applies to emerging debates. Our approach can also help analyze how grand strategies extend to other emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been recognized as an important health crisis in the twenty first century. Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) play key roles in the dissemination of AMR plasmids. Novel strategies that combat AMR problem by targeting T4SS sprung up in recent years. Here, we focus on the strategy of male-specific phages that could target and kill bacteria carrying conjugative AMR plasmids encoding T4SSs. We reviewed the recent advances in male-specific phages, including anti-conjugation mechanisms, clinical isolation and identification methods, classification and characteristics, in vitro and in vivo anti-conjugation efficacy and improving strategies. Male-specific phages constitute exciting candidates for developing sustainable anti-resistance biocontrol applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate 21st-century hydroclimate changes over the United States (US) during winter and the sources of projection uncertainty under three emission scenarios (SSP2–4.5, SSP3–7.0, and SSP5–8.5) using CMIP6 models. Our study reveals a robust intensification of winter precipitation across the US, except in the Southern Great Plains, where changes are very small. By the end of the 21st century, winter precipitation is projected to increase by about 2–5% K−1 over most of the US. The frequency of very wet winters is also expected to increase, with 6–7 out of 30 winters exceeding the very wet threshold under the different scenarios. Our results suggest that the enhancement of future winter precipitation is modulated largely by coupled dynamic and thermodynamic responses, though partly offset by thermodynamic responses. Overall, our results highlight a high likelihood of increasing impacts from winter precipitation due to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates that Learning Action Cell (LAC) sessions are essential to teachers' ongoing professional development. Further research is required to characterize and identify the methods and obstacles involved in putting LAC into practice. The study investigates the implementation of LAC sessions in the district utilizing mixed method. There were 53 public elementary teachers and 22 participants who underwent interviews for the challenges they encountered in LAC implementation. Findings revealed that only one indicator which is fully implemented along Learner Diversity and Student Inclusion whereas other indicators that were implemented are Content and Pedagogy; Assessment and Reporting; 21st Century Skills and ICT Integration; and Curriculum Contextualization, Localization and Indigenization. Also, there were eight (8) extracted themes on the challenges encountered by the participants. These are time commitment, LAC implementation activities and LAC Plan; Non-participation to LAC session in online modality; overlapping of activities; redundancy of LAC topics; difficulty in internet connectivity; nonarticulation of LAC session objectives, and difficulty in learning methodology and program addressing learners' needs. Ultimately, the analysis comes to the conclusion that the school implements its LAC sessions using procedures. The developed framework may be implemented in this regard. It is noteworthy that larger-scale research of this kind is required, with the aim of implementing and assessing the study's output in terms of its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southern Himalayas, characterized by its dense population and hot, humid summers, are confronted with some of the world's most severe heat stress risks. This study uses the hourly ERA5 dataset (1979–2022) and CMIP6 projections (2005–2100) to evaluate past and future heat stress based on the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). This has significant implications for the management of occupational workloads in the southern Himalayas. Heat stress levels are classified into 6 categories (0 to 5) using WBGT threshold intervals of 23 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C, 30 °C, and 33 °C. With heat stress surpassing level 3 for almost half of the time, people are constrained to engage in less than moderate workloads to ensure their health remains uncompromised. Flow-analogous algorithm is employed to contextualize the unprecedented heat stress case in the summer of 2020 and the associated atmospheric circulation patterns from historical and future perspectives. The results show that over 80% of the time in 2020, heat stress levels were at 3 and 4. The identified circulation pattern explains 27.6% of the extreme intensity, and such an extreme would have been nearly impossible in pre-21st-century climate conditions under the identified pattern. Future projections under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios indicate that heat stress similar to what was experienced in 2020 will likely become a common occurrence across the southern Himalayas. Under a similar circulation pattern, the heat stress levels by the end of the 21st century would be elevated by at least one category compared to the climatic baseline in over 70% of the region, leading to an additional 120.5 (420.1) million daily population exposed to the highest heat stress level under the SSP2-4.5 (SSP5-8.5) scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has accelerated alpine glacier melting and led to an increased risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). This paper extracted glacial lake boundaries in the Tienshan Mountains of Central Asia from 1990 to 2023, analyzed their spatiotemporal variations and evaluated their risk levels under current and future scenarios. The results show that glacial lakes are predominantly distributed in the Central and Western Tienshan, accounting for 75% of the total number in the Tienshan region. The number and area of glacial lakes increased by 148% (from 1837 to 4557) and 71.83% (from 119.73 to 205.73 km2) during 1990 to 2023, with moraine lake expansion predominating. In the Western Tienshan, the high or very high risk of GLOF is 3–4 times that of other areas. By the middle of the twenty-first century, GLOF risk will continue to increase, especially in the Western Tienshan. This study can provide scientific foundation for disaster mitigation in the downstream areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant strides have been made in understanding El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics, yet its long-lead prediction remains challenging, especially for the El Niño events after 2000. Sea surface salinity (SSS) is known to affect ENSO development and intensity by influencing ocean stratification and heat redistribution and therefore, when combined with sea surface temperature (SST) data, can potentially enhance ENSO forecast skill. In this study, we develop a deep learning (DL) model that incorporates a multiscale-pyramid structure and spatiotemporal feature extraction blocks, and the model successfully extends effective ENSO forecast lead time to 24 months for 2000–2021 with reduced effect of the spring predictability barrier (SPB). Interpretable methods are then applied to reveal the time-dependent roles of SST and SSS in ENSO forecast. More specifically, SST is critical for short-medium lead forecasts (<1 year), while SSS is important for medium-long lead forecasts (>6 months). Furthermore, we track global SST and SSS spatiotemporal shifts related to subsequent ENSO development, highlighting the importance of ocean inter-basin and tropics-extratropics interactions. With increasing availability of satellite SSS observations, our findings unveil unprecedented potential for advancing ENSO long-lead forecast skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the impact of School Learning Action Cell (SLAC) implementation on the professional and personal development among elementary teachers. Descriptive-correlational research design and complete enumeration technique were used. Findings reveal that elementary teachers generally have agreed that SLAC implementation was extensive in terms of learner diversity, content and pedagogy, content assessment and reporting, 21st century skills and ICT integration and curriculum contextualization. They also concurred that the implementation of SLAC had a profound influence on their professional and personal development. However, the perceived impact on teachers when grouped according to the number of years was statistically insignificant. A notable disparity in the perceived impact of teachers on their personal growth when grouped according to sex was identified. In terms of their professional growth, no significant difference was observed. A significant relationship between the extent of implementation of SLAC and the perceived impact of SLAC implementation on personal and professional growth was evident. Recommendations included more SLAC sessions on learner diversity and content assessment. Reporting should be allocated in a gender-sensitive approach. Innovative and interactive strategies in the implementation of SLAC must be utilized to intensify its impact on the personal and professional growth of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelisols (permafrost-affected soils in US Soil Taxonomy) are extensive in Alaska, currently occurring on ∼45% of the land area of the state. Gelisol taxonomic criteria rely on the presence of near-surface (less than 2 m deep) permafrost, but ongoing climatic and environmental change has the potential to affect the presence of near-surface permafrost across much of Alaska throughout the 21st century. In this study, we utilized scenarios of near-surface permafrost loss and active layer deepening through the 21st century under low (SRES B1, RCP 4.5), mid- (SRES A1B), and high (SRES A2, RCP 8.5) emissions scenarios, in conjunction with the statewide STATSGO soil map, to generate spatially explicit predictions of the susceptibility of Gelisols and Gelisol suborders to taxonomic change in Alaska. We find that 15%– 53% of Alaskan Gelisols are susceptible to taxonomic change by mid-century and that 41%–69% of Alaskan Gelisols are susceptible to taxonomic change by the end of the century. The extent of potential change varies between suborders and geographic regions, with Gelisols in Northern Alaska being the most resilient to taxonomic change and Western and Interior Alaskan Gelisols most susceptible to taxonomic change. The Orthel suborder is likely to be highly restricted by the late 21st century, while Histels and Tubels are more likely to be of greater extent. These results should be taken into consideration when designing initial survey and re-mapping efforts in Alaska and suggest that Alaskan Gelisol taxa should be considered threatened soil taxa due to the proportional extent of likely loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demands of learning in the twenty-first century require being skilled in the use and comprehension of multiple documents. Some individual factors such as the metacognitive skill of theory of mind (ToM) are related to this ability. This study investigated the relationship between university students' ability to comprehend multiple documents, measured through an argumentative essay task, and their ToM. The participants were 84 undergraduates. We assessed their ToM (using the strange stories task) and their mental state talk (using a think-aloud protocol during the reading of multiple documents—MSTR—and through the content of their subsequent written essays—MSTW). The relation between students' ToM and their MSTW was mediated through MSTR. In addition, students' ToM was significantly associated with the quality of the essays, through MSTR, and the relation between MSTR and the argumentative quality was mediated through MSTW. MSTW was the only significant predictor of the quality of the essays. The involvement of ToM in multiple-document comprehension suggests, from an educational perspective, the possibility to support multiple-document comprehension by scaffolding mental state talk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an international scenario of political crisis, and with democracies weakened by the impact of populism and disinformation, the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 provides a new scenario for the reactivation of war propaganda strategies. This article analyzes the digital discourse of President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky on Telegram—a messaging network that favors one-way communication, immediacy, and access to communities of followers—in terms of war propaganda during the first year of the conflict, focusing on variables such as propaganda functions and techniques, the representation of the leader and the enemy, or the use of national symbols. The data-gathering technique is content analysis, which is applied to the study of the 2,075 publications made by the Ukrainian leader in the period analyzed (February 24, 2022-February 23, 2023). Results indicate a strategic orientation towards the internationalization of the conflict and the defense of a management orientation based on the mobilization of Ukraine, as well as personalized leadership and the persistence of techniques and trends of classic war propaganda in the digital political discourse of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, we examine the institutional affiliations of Isis contributors and editors in the second half of the twentieth century and the first decades of the twenty-first, and analyze what the articles and book reviews in Isis suggest about contributors' engagement with the field of science studies more broadly. For much of the late twentieth century, we argue, Isis was a US-dominated journal, in terms of both the affiliations of its contributors and the intellectual trends it engaged with. Methodological developments in European science and technology studies (STS), for example, were generally not reflected in Isis 's research content until many years after they were originated, although the Isis book reviews frequently considered books by STS researchers. This US dominance has begun to change in recent years, however, with the establishments of editorial offices outside the United States and an increasing number of contributions from scholars outside the US. Current citation patterns in Isis reveal that the journal's research articles reflect strong engagement with STS more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes abortion experiences with misoprostol during the first decade of the 21st century in Argentina, before the legalization of the practice and the publication of the World Health Organization manuals on medication dosage. Based on in-depth interviews with women who underwent medical abortions during those years, we inquire about the mechanisms of information circulation and clandestine purchase of the drug. In addition, the article delves into experiences on the use of medication, confidence in the procedure, and the pain felt by these women from the theoretical perspective of the sociology of emotions. Among the most relevant findings is that women build networks and links to overcome the problems surrounding the practice of abortion because of the difficulty of obtaining the medication in the context of legality and illegality and the lack of information about the procedure itself and to develop a reliable method based on their own experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediation has become a contemporary conflict resolution mechanism in the 21st century that offers an alternative to traditional legal processes. This qualitative study explores the experiences of mediation users in three courts in the Central Region of Ghana, with a focus on procedural fairness. Grounded in the theory of procedural fairness, the study examines how Ghanaian and African conceptions of fairness influence mediation practice. The study found that the Ghanaian and African understanding of procedural fairness is rooted in specific situations—taking into account parties' demands in generating settlement agreements, allowing parties to select their mediators, involving important personalities in mediation, ensuring the fair settlement of cases, and deciding who should speak first. Participants evaluated procedural fairness within the context of confidentiality, neutrality, party empowerment, and the assurance of being heard. These evaluations align with what has been reported in Western literature. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on conflict resolution by providing insights into the significance of procedural fairness within mediation practice, with specific reference to Ghana. The findings underscore the importance of aligning mediation processes with principles of procedural fairness, offering valuable lessons for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers who seek to optimize the efficacy and fairness of mediation as a conflict resolution mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Korean missile program has gained undeniable momentum in the twenty first century, highly sensitive to dialogues within the region. One could argue South Korea is accustomed to these repetitive launches splashing into the Pacific Ocean, at times nearing two dozen in a year, but the republic has its sets of policy alternatives when responding to the neighbor's aggression. To understand South Korea's decision-making mechanism, I utilize the 'Poliheuristic Theory' developed by Mintz. A decision matrix consisting of three policy alternatives (passive by-standing, reaching out, joint drills) is applied to three crisis moments from 2013, 2017, 2022. Primary and secondary sources like defense ministry press releases and news reports are used for data collection. The North's tests are closely observed by the South but usually not responded to provocations. When South Korea decides to respond, the tendency is to carry the issue to the international audience by citing U.N. Convention, Armistice Agreement, etc. The presence of the U.S. military in the peninsula plays a crucial role, as seen from the remarkably increased tests after the U.S. declared it would lessen military involvement. Several domestic and regional criteria (the Sunshine Policy, eventual unification possibility, U.S. military presence, asymmetrical capabilities, regional status quo) has possible influence over leaders' responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global Anglophone culture of the twenty-first century has seen a popular resurgence of serialized fiction not witnessed since the English-language apogee of the Victorian serialized novel, as embodied in the monthly packets of chapters published by Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, George Eliot, Anthony Trollope, and others. This time around, it is weekly televisual and streaming installments that debut the eagerly awaited episodes and seasons of our culture's most influential long-format narratives. Despite any residual disrespect for television/streaming as a cultural medium, this transposition of serial narratives from print to screen does not always entail a reduction or simplification of fictive narratives' literary capacity for implicit socioeconomic critique, or for subtle and illuminative registers of the era's political unconscious. There is no Anglophone televisual series of the 2020s that better illustrates the potential of long-format streaming narrative to parallel the critical power of the best Victorian serial novels than showrunner Jesse Armstrong's Succession (HBO, 2018 – 23). The aim of this essay is to ground an interpretation of Succession in the thematic and formal homologies that it shares with the best nineteenth-century serial novels in general, and Trollope's The Way We Live Now (1873 – 74) in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we continue to define anthropology for the 21st century, I argue that ethics—what we mean by ethics, how we invoke ethics, and how we demonstrate our ethics—should be at the center of our conversation. Through this presidential address, I offer a challenge to center an ethics of care in our work that derives not from the Common Rule or broad policies of US institutions, but rather is derived from our responsibility for the impact of our actions, whether intentional or unintentional, and is situated in the moral narratives of the communities that we serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bay of Bengal is emerging as an important geopolitical theatre in the twenty first century in parallel to the developments in the broader Indo-Pacific region. In parallel to this development small states, especially the small island states situated in geographically strategic locations are emerging as strategic objects that can be shaped and used in various ways to enhance major powers' strategic positions. Amidst this backdrop, this paper locates Sri Lanka within the Bay of Bengal geopolitical discourse. It argues that Sri Lanka, a strategically located island state, is emerging as an important partner, especially as a port, for the Asian powers who are competing to gain influence. It contributes to the growing literature on small states and establishes that the importance of small island states located in strategic geographical locations increases as they can be used as strategic ports for the great powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study premised that outdoor learning situates within a unique ontological category of where learning happens, distinct from curricular (what) and pedagogical (who/how) concerns of learning. By shifting preservice teacher learning experiences during mandatory teacher education methods courses outdoors, we conjured a boundary object for where learning occurs. We collected and analysed preservice teacher reflections generated from the outdoor learning experiences. Three overarching outdoor learning dimensions (OLD) were distilled from 90 reflection-outputs: outdoors as 1) experience, 2) concept, and 3) place. Discussion considered purposes of outdoor where in teacher preparation for 21st century learning in relation to the aim of inhabitancy, through the lens of useful learning. Useful learning was scoped as learning concerned with health and wellbeing, pro-environmental actions and beliefs, and experiential/inquiry-based learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that China and Türkiye are direct successors of former empires, i.e., the Qing and Ottoman Empires, they share common feelings of century-long Western humiliation, constrained maritime space, and unfinished territorial unification in modern times. However, the two countries chose divergent paths of modern national building, which result in their turbulent bilateral relations in the 20th century. While the old structural disagreements are not completely fading away, China and Türkiye have tended to build a more cooperative relations in 21st century as both of them struggle to adapt to the common challenges of neoliberal world order, which leads to more convergences than divergences in their second nation building process. Based on this historical comparison, this paper suggests that the nation building processes and its reflections on foreign affairs are the structural factor in China-Türkiye relations, which defined potential issues of cooperation and division between the two countries in different times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late Harry Garuba and Biodun Jeyifo are considered to be the most outspoken critics against the generational model of writing the history of Nigerian literature. These academics raised objections against the national-generational framework on the premises that it is ambiguous, unstable, temporally reductive, and uses a rudimentary age-grading system to explain away a complex literary history in which different writers are constantly churning out works of different genres and stylistic compositions at different times regardless of the generation to which they have been constricted. Drawing from their highly antagonistic outlooks, this article further criticizes the disadvantageous character of the generational model adopted in Nigerian literary history by critically examining how twenty-first-century literary developments disrupt historiographically constructed generations in Nigerian literature. The article also subtly proposes that a fourth generation be instituted or the generational model be altogether scrapped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the coal industry in the Northeast of England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been the subject of extensive study by historians over many years, most research has focussed mainly on larger centres of the coal trade such as Newcastle upon Tyne and Sunderland. Less well known is the significant contribution to coal exports made by some of the smaller communities and harbours along the Northumberland and Durham coasts. During the latter years of the seventeenth and early years of the eighteenth century the small coastal village of Cullercoats, just North of Tynemouth, became a significant coal and salt exporting port following the development of a colliery at nearby Whitley. Customs records of Cullercoats coal exports were included, as a Lesser Creek, in the Exchequer Port Books of Newcastle upon Tyne. Two Newcastle Exchequer Port Books containing complete records of Cullercoats coastal exports for 1702–1703 and overseas exports for 1698–1699 have survived, these include the names of the people and ships involved and provide a fascinating insight into the impact of the coal trade upon a small coastal port and it's local community. Although its coal trade was relatively short lived, Cullercoats continued to thrive as a flourishing fishing port and during the nineteenth, twentieth and into the twenty-first centuries as a popular holiday resort frequented by many well-known and successful artists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the theoretical and empirical interest of protest slogans and writings for social movement research. It shows how this material can contribute to a better understanding of collective identities, emotions, and claims made in contemporary demonstrations. Theoretically, it invites researchers to go beyond the actual 'words' to invest these slogans as political performances: increasingly individualized and diversified, these writings carry a public staging and a political discourse that can address multiple audiences. Therefore, they give access to the individual and collective voices expressed within contemporary social movements – and the way they interplay. To take into account their diversity, the article proposes a typology of the main political functions of these writings – whether they aim to lay claims, to proclaim, to mobilize or to witness, which will determine their very form and their favored support. Secondly, the article revisits the ethical and methodological issues raised by the collection and analysis of protest writings for the empirical study of social movements. It examines different ways of mining their potential for comparison and mixed method device, through either textual, visual or qualitative analysis. To do so, it draws on the experience and results of an international study of youth social movements in the second decade of the twenty-first century, to which this method was widely applied to identify and compare the fundamental rhetorics of these post-2008 protests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the history of the customs laboratories in the United States between the 1870s and the 1930s, focusing especially on the decades up to World War I. It pays attention to the various dimensions of these laboratories, in particular the context of their creation. The first customs laboratory was established in New York in 1878, and over the subsequent years, similar laboratories were set up across the country. The evolution of this network was influenced by factors such as the increasing specialization of these spaces, their geographic distribution, and changes in their organization and scope. The article also explores the types of imported merchandise analyzed in these labs; the roles of their staff, especially customs chemists, both within and outside these laboratories; their impact on the circulation of goods and in generating revenue from taxation; and the main challenges faced by customs chemists in adapting and standardizing their work. After discussing the necessity of customs laboratories in the United States, the article examines their progressive specialization, with a detailed study of the customs laboratory in New York. This laboratory was the largest and most significant due to its location and longevity. Finally, the paper considers the relationship between customs labs and the law, and how these spaces adapted to new challenges during the first third of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical cyclone (TC) winds control design wind speeds for much of the eastern United States. Those winds are likely to intensify with climate change, but climate change was not considered in the ASCE 7-22 design wind speed maps, potentially causing many structures to be designed with unacceptably high levels of risk. In this study, we investigate (1) the increases in design wind speed due to climate change; and (2) the resulting risk to structures if climate change is not considered. We estimated the design wind speeds for US counties affected by TCs along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts using nonstationary methods based on a set of synthetic TCs (1,000–1,500 year simulations) downscaled from the latest global climate projections (CMIP6) for the high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). It was found that over the 21st century, 50-year return period winds would increase by an average of around 10% along the US Gulf and Atlantic coasts. Depending on the risk category, design lifetime, and year of construction, design wind speeds (targeting lifetime exceedance probability) are projected to increase by an average of 3%–6% for all counties studied and 6%–15% for coastal counties. For Risk Category II–IV structures, depending on the design lifetime and year of construction, 8%–36% of all counties studied and 25%–66% of coastal counties would experience projected lifetime exceedance probabilities that were at least two risk categories too low; for example, in up to 26% of all counties studied and 54% of coastal counties, a Risk Category III structure would be effectively designed as Risk Category I or lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing geopolitical and environmental situation in the world forced many countries and businesses to adapt and develop new economic concepts. By combining economic sustainability and virtually continuous economic development in itself, the term "green economy" has become popular during the ongoing "crisis of the 2020s" among governments, businesses, think tanks, and economists. Azerbaijan, being part of the global economic and political network, is also affected by the socioeconomic turmoil of the third decade of the 21st century. Many roadmaps, presidential decrees, and draft law acts have been passed in order to maintain the continuous development of the country and diversify its economy. Green economy is a new subject in the economic history of Azerbaijan. Currently, the terms green economy and sustainable development are applied to two economic regions in Azerbaijan, which consist of former uncontrolled areas due to war. However, the ongoing success of "green" economic applications in those regions can pave the way for the remaining economic regions of Azerbaijan to obtain green growth. Research has been applied to the potential applications of green economy in the Baku and Absheron-Khizi economic regions of Azerbaijan. Climate change and pollution have considerable effects on the ecology of Azerbaijan, and consequently, these two regions have been greatly affected by the massive concentration of people and intensive industrialization of these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines techniques for integrating science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education practices into elementary classroom experiences while building 21st century workforce skills and learning. These include teamwork and communication, challenging students to engage in critical thinking and problem-solving, creating opportunities to develop a growth mindset, giving students time to tinker and explore, and integrated approach to connecting content to real-world issues.

Societal Impact Statement: Political interests and power structures shape state‐led crop conservation and food policy. As a crop that relates to culture and belonging, the chile crop is ideal for exploring how food security policy and crop conservation schemes integrate aspects beyond staple crops, calories and/or electoral incentives. What do these schemes mean for the food and ingredients we love? Reflecting from this perspective can be useful to grasp, re‐frame and create more effective and inclusive food policies—ones that embody and valorise flavour, identities and territories beyond statements on paper. Summary: In line with the Food and Agriculture Organisation's (FAO) international action plan for crop genetic resources, the Mexican state inaugurated the National System of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (SINAREFI) in 2002. In this paper, I explore SINAREFI's interest in landraces and in situ conservation through the case of chile pepper, set under the Ministry of Agriculture's interests of promoting industrial agriculture and paternalistic food security welfare programmes.Through the analyses of existing literature on food security in Mexico state programmes, archival work and interviews, this article analyses how discourses on food security shape research trajectories, some of which are inevitably constrained by current market‐based agricultural systems.By exploring the state's chile research and conservation programme, this work demonstrates the complexity of international food security discourse and its application domestically. Particularly, this analysis highlights the limitations of state crop research and conservation efforts imposed by contradictory agricultural policies. In the case of chile, its link to Mexican culture and diet uncovers an important, but often overlooked, aspect of food security: flavour.In the case of chile, a non‐staple but culturally symbolic crop, welfare programmes remained paternalistic and focused on caloric intake despite the transformation of national discourse on food security towards the integration of landraces and local cultures through the inauguration of SINAREFI. This case study reflects on the limits of current framings and strategies regarding food security and the need to direct policies towards local food sovereignty to achieve the necessary stability for food security to endure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union, an independent Belarus came into being, with a large Polish diaspora within its borders. Initially, the country embarked on a path of democratic and market reforms, and cooperation with Poland seemed promising. In 1994, Alexander Lukashenko won the presidential election. From that point on, a shift toward an authoritarian political system and a reversal of market reforms began. Poland and Belarus began to diverge in terms of their chosen political and economic systems and strategic foreign partners. It became increasingly difficult for Warsaw to "get along" with Minsk. The Polish diaspora became somewhat hostage to the international situation and the Belarusian dictator. This article presents the basic problems faced by the Polish diaspora in Belarus under Lukashenko's rule in terms of preserving its national identity, culture, and language, and it establishes prospects for further developments. We analyze current (independent and official) news, official Belarusian statistics, estimates from independent experts, and relevant literature (primarily Polish and Belarusian). We present the genesis of the Polish diaspora and attempt to determine its current size. We discuss the Poles' changing situation under Lukashenko's rule, his personal attitude toward the Polish minority, and the role of the Polish diaspora in the regime's propaganda. We devote significant space to the issue of freedom of education in the Polish language as, in our opinion, one of the most important conditions for preserving national identity. We reference recent events triggered by the wave of mass public protests that followed the 2020 presidential election, which involved an escalation of the Lukashenko regime's actions against the Polish diaspora. We hypothesize that the conditions for the functioning of the Polish diaspora are currently the worst since the establishment of the Belarusian state, and the continued persistence of such a situation seriously threatens the linguistic and cultural distinctiveness of Poles in Belarus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Perífrasis. Revista de Literatura, Teoría y Crítica is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Educators view active learning as a pedagogical enabler for preparing students for the demands of today’s workplaces and equipping students with 21st century skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, and teamwork. However, there seems to be a noticeable incongruity between the eagerness on the development of 21st century skills and the learning spaces where these skills are intended to be acquired. The significance of learning spaces and their potential for facilitating or impeding students’ active engagement should not be overlooked. Considering the indispensability of technology in today's world, its integration becomes crucial not only in today's pedagogy and curriculum but also in the design of learning spaces. This study aims to investigate teachers’ perspectives of teaching in a technology-enhanced active learning (TEAL) classroom by exploring their experiences of using the TEAL classrooms, the factors affecting their experiences, and how these factors shape teaching experiences from the viewpoint of teacher participants. This study adopts a mixed methods approach where quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis are incorporated to address the research questions. Findings of the study suggest that the majority of classroom users had a positive overall impression of the TEAL classrooms with some discussing the challenges they encountered. Analysis of the data shows both classroom-related and non-classroom related factors influencing teachers’ teaching experiences. Classroom-related factors encompass aspects such as classroom layout and the technology embedded within the classroom environment. On the other hand, non-classroom related factors are classified into course-related, teacher-related, and student-related factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of the vegetation fire (VF) regime are strongly influenced by geographical variables such as regional physiographic settings, location, and climate. Understanding the VF regime is extremely important for managing and mitigating the impacts of fires on ecosystems, communities, and human activities in forest fire-prone regions. The present study thereby aimed to explore the potential effects of the confounding factors on VF in India to offer actionable and achievable solutions for mitigating this concurring environmental issue sustainably. A global burn area (250 m) data (Fire-CCIv5.1) and fire radiative power (FRP) were used to investigate the dynamics of VF across seven different divisions in India. The study also used the maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, population density, and intensity of human modification to model forest burn areas (including grassland). The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-6 (CMIP6) was used to predict the burn area for 2030 and 2050 future climate scenarios. The present study accounted for a sizable increasing trend of VF during 2001–2019 period. The highest increasing trend was found in central India (513 and 343 km2 year−1 in the forest and crop fire, respectively), followed by southern India (364 km2 year−1 in forest fire), and upper Indo-Gangetic plain (128 km2 year−1 in crop fire). The FRP has varied significantly across the divisions, with the north-eastern Himalayas exhibiting the highest FRP hotspot. The maximum and minimum temperatures have the greatest influence on forest fires, according to Random Forest (RF) modeling. The estimated pre-monsoonal burn area for 2050 and 2050 future scenarios suggested a more frequent forest fire occurrence across India, particularly in southern and central India. A comprehensive forest fire control policy is therefore essential to safeguard and conserve forest cover in the regions, affected by forest fire periodically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harold Hotelling (1895–1973) was a major contributor to twentieth-century American economics. The overall thrust of his research, and his view of the role of mathematics in the discipline, have so far received little attention. Based on an unprecedented examination of his work and professional archives, this article provides a thorough analysis of Hotelling's background and contribution to economics. A self-taught economist in the 1920s, Hotelling built a research program that, despite apparently being highly technical, was primarily conceived as applied science to solve concrete social and economic issues, from spatial competition to natural resource exhaustion and public utility regulation. Although Hotelling's research was not exempt from criticism, it remains profoundly inspiring for the twenty-first century, from both a theoretical and epistemological point of view. When we remember that he trained the greatest, from Kenneth J. Arrow to William Vickrey, his career and ideas are all the more worthy of consideration. (JEL B21, B23, B31) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)