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Lipids are ubiquitous macromolecules that play essential roles in several metabolic processes in plants, such as primary and secondary metabolism, energy storage, and lipid signaling, also being major constituents of membranes. Considering their importance, lipid contents, proportion, and composition are widely modulated in response to environmental conditions, which is even more important under unfavorable conditions such as abiotic stresses. In recent years, technological advances have allowed for the analysis of the global lipid profile, also known as lipidomics, which has emerged as a powerful tool for the comprehensive analysis of the modulation and roles of lipids under different conditions. This review provides a current overview of plant lipidomics research, covering the different lipid classes found in plants, analytical techniques, and the main lipid-related responses under temperature, water, salt, alkali, heavy metal, nutrient deficiency, light, and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassava is a staple food mainly produced with low management inputs, causing soil depletion and low yields. The use of organic inputs, such as humic substances (HSs), represents a sustainable alternative to increase cassava growth and production, mainly in semi-arid regions such as the Brazilian Northeast. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the foliar application of a biostimulant based on humic substances on the morphophysiology, production, and mineral nutrient contents of cassava. The biofortified cultivar BRS Dourada was grown under field conditions and foliar application of a biostimulant based on humic substances (BHSs, treated plants) or water (untreated, control). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four repetitions. At 225 days after planting, the growth, productivity, and mineral nutrient contents of soil, roots, and leaves were determined. No differences between treated and untreated plants were found for growth and productivity (average 15.2 t ha−1). On the other hand, BHS treatment reduced net carbon assimilation, water use efficiency, and carboxylation efficiency by 34%, 24%, and 47%, respectively. Moreover, BHS treatment reduced nutrient uptake from soil, and Na and K contents in roots and leaves, respectively. A foliar BHS application is not recommended for cassava production in the conditions evaluated here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrus pyrifolia is a common temperate fruit crop cultivated in Southern Brazil for fruit production. Although this plant species is found in several Brazilian states (Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul), it is predominantly concentrated in the smallholder farming system in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Our aim was to compare the soil biota community composition, soil chemical properties, and soil quality in two adjacent stands with different ages. Within each stand, we analysed the influence of four organic residue management practices. Our results indicated that both studied stands, influenced by different organic residue management practices, exhibited differences in soil biota community composition, soil chemical properties, and soil quality. Acaridae, Araneidae, Blattidae, Halictophagidae, and Opiliones were the main contributors, explaining 78.08% of the variance in the data. The 16‐year‐old stand, with compost utilization, displayed a high biodiversity of soil organisms, average soil chemical properties, and the highest values of soil quality, creating a habitat for predators and providing energy for litter transformers and ecosystem engineers in subtropical Acrisol. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the influence of old stands on soil biota community composition, soil chemical properties, ecosystem homeostasis, herbivory pressure, and prey‐predation relationships. This, in turn, may enhance interest in establishing new management plans for Pyrus pyrifolia stands in commercial orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exogenous application of bioregulators, such as salicylic acid (SA), has exhibited promising outcomes in alleviating drought stress. Nevertheless, its impact on culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.) remains unexplored. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess how SA impacts the growth, morphophysiology, and essential oil composition of culantro when subjected to drought. To achieve this, culantro plants were grown under three different watering regimes: well-watered, drought-stressed, and re-watered. Additionally, they were either treated with SA (100 µM) or left untreated, with water serving as the control. SA application did not mitigate the effects of drought in biomass production but increased biomass, leaf number, leaf area, and photosynthetic pigments under well-irrigated and re-watered conditions. After a drought period followed by re-watering, plants recovered membrane integrity independently of SA application. Water stress and the exogenous application of SA also modulated the profile of essential oils. This is the first report about SA and drought affecting growth and essential oil composition in culantro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many biogeochemical processes are modulated by dissolved organic matter (DOM), but the drivers influencing the chemodiversity of DOM compounds in Amazonian soils are poorly understood. It has also been theorized whether deforestation controls the decline of DOM. In this study, we collected soil samples from thirty sites across different regions of Brazil's Legal Amazon, and we investigated the trade-offs among soil physical–chemical properties and DOM chemodiversity. We employed optical spectroscopy, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, and multivariate analysis. Our results indicated that, despite variations in land use and soil physical–chemical properties, factors such as the deforested site, geometric mean diameter, weighted average diameter, and soil organic carbon were the main influencers of DOM chemodiversity variation. These findings highlight the importance of considering DOM chemodiversity as closely related to land use and its potential use in developing deforestation models for predicting soil quality decline in Brazil's Legal Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) have the ability to change the biochemical properties and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community structure in their rhizosphere. Organic acids, microbial activity, and AMF play a key role in the invader's spread and also has interactions with the soil chemical factors. Our aim here was to assess the rhizosphere's biochemical factors, AMF community composition, and soil chemical properties associated with Cryptostegia madagascariensis (IAPS) and Mimosa tenuiflora (endemic plant species) from the Brazilian Seasonal Dry Forest. The highest values of total glomalin (5.87 mg g−1 soil), root colonization (54.5%), oxalic and malic acids (84.21 and 3.01 μmol g−1, respectively), microbial biomass C (mg kg−1), Na+ (0.080 cmolc kg−1), Ca2+ (7.04 cmolc kg−1), and soil organic carbon (4.59 g kg−1) were found in the rhizosphere of C. madagascariensis. We found dissimilarities on AMF community structure considering the studied plant species: (i) Racocetra coralloidea, Dentiscutata heterogama, Dentiscutata cerradensis, Gigaspora decipiens, and AMF's richness were highly correlated with the rhizosphere of M. tenuiflora; and (ii). The rhizosphere of C. madagascariensis was highly correlated with the abundance of Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizoglomus aggregatum, Funneliformis mosseae, and Funneliformis geosporum. The results of our study highlight the importance of considering C. madagascariensis as potential hosts for AMF species from Glomerales, and a potential plant species that increase the bioavailability of exchangeable Na and Ca at semi‐arid conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degraded areas in Southern Brazil are undergoing rapid conversion from abandoned fields into agroforestry system. Our focus was to investigate the impact of land use and soil properties on soil fauna and quality in an agroforestry system and a natural ecosystem. The agroforestry system had the presence of Cicadidae (0.1 ind trap−1), Diplura (0.01 ind trap−1), Gryllidae (0.2 ind trap−1), Gyrinidae (0.07 ind trap−1), and Larvae (0.3 ind trap−1), and it presents lower SOC (less 44.3%) and higher total N (more 29.8%) and P contents (more 68.8%) when compared with the natural ecosystem. Richness and diversity declined (less than 16.3 and 31.8%, respectively) with increasing soil pH. Natural ecosystem showed the greatest diversity (H' = 2.44) of soil fauna. A negative correlation was observed between diversity and soil pH (−0.91), and positive correlations among diversity and SOC (0.97), richness (0.88), and dominance (0.93). In conclusion, fauna abundance, precipitation, and soil pH played essential roles in soil quality through ecosystem services, habitat, and energy provision, which in turn promoted the entire soil food web. Thus, the findings in the agroforestry system and natural ecosystem help us to understand how land uses impact soil fauna, and soil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptostegia madagascariensis is an invasive plant species that covers 11% of the Brazilian northeastern territory, but its role on the litter trait in tropical ecosystems remains unclear. Here, we analyzed and compared the litter deposition, litter nutrient content, soil organic matter, and the litter decay rate from invaded and non-invaded environments by C. madagascariensis at a tropical Cambisol. The PCA analysis revealed that litter deposition, litter quality, and soil organic matter were correlated with the invaded environment. We grew plant species in greenhouse conditions to obtain a standard litter material to use in our litter bags in field conditions. We found that litter decay rate was higher in the invaded environment than in the non-invaded one. Our results suggest that C. madagascariensis changes litter traits in tropical ecosystems that in turn create negative plant–soil feedback to the native species by creating a physical barrier on soil surface and to promote its own rhizosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruticulture in the Amazonian Rainforest is one of the main causes of deforestation, biodiversity loss, and soil erosion. Fruticulture plays a key role in the soil traits and soil organic matter (SOM) compartments by altering the soil ecosystem. Our aim was to assess the influence of Forest–Fruticulture conversion on soil traits, and SOM fractions in Brazil's Legal Amazon. The experiment was carried out in field conditions using four land uses as main treatments: Bixa orellana, Theobroma grandiflorum, Paullinia cupana, and the Amazon Rainforest. The soil physicochemical traits were analyzed using samples that were collected from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm soil depth by using grids (10 × 10 m) with 36 sampling points. Our results showed that the Fruticulture promoted an increase in bulk density, GMD, aggregate diameter, soil porosity, gravimetric moisture, sand, clay, carbon associated with humic acid, and, the sum of bases (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), while the Amazon Rainforest showed the highest values of silt, soil P content, SOC, p-SOC, m-SOC, carbon associated with fulvic acid, humine, and soil C stock. Overall, the fruticulture farming systems have negative effects on SOM compartments. The results of our study highlight the importance of considering fruticulture with endemic plant species by promoting soil fertility and soil aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The influence of a 3-years cultivation of legumes on macroarthropod community composition was investigated. Soil samples were taken from a field experiment which was conducted for three years to characterize the agronomic characteristics of eight cover crops: Crotalaria juncea L., Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don., Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC., Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., Dolichos lablab L., Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) J.A. Lackey, and Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk. The highest values of diversity in the macroarthropod community were found on the plot where M. pruriens was cultivated. Brachiaria decumbens cultivation showed lower values of species richness, Shannon's diversity index and Simpson's dominance index compared to the other studied plant species. Our findings suggest that the cultivation of legume cover crops can change positively the macroarthropod community composition. The results highlight the importance of considering the effects of legumes on the diversity of this biological component and their effect on plant growth and soil organic carbon contents. Thus, legumes may exploit positive feedback in semiarid conditions on a Regosol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis juliflora are two of the most problematic invasive plant species in the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest, but the mechanisms driving the biological invasion of this ecosystem is virtually unknown. This study assessed the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, in particular of Funneliformis mosseae, on the biological invasion process by P. aculeata and P. juliflora. F. mosseae is a cosmopolitan arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) frequently found in association with plants of different regions of the world. The present study was conducted to determine if F. mosseae is present in the soils from two invaded areas by P. aculeata and P. juliflora and to evaluate its contribution to the growth of these invasive plant species. Firstly, AMF colonization and AMF spore abundance was assessed in the roots and rhizosphere of both species in the field. Spores of F. mosseae were obtained from the soil samples and used to set up a greenhouse experiment to evaluate its effect on plant dry biomass and plant phosphorus concentration for both exotic plant species. We found that F. mosseae inoculation promoted the growth of the invaders and lead to a higher P concentration. Our results demonstrate that (a) AMF play an important role in the biological invasion process of the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest by P. aculeata and P. juliflora and (b) F. mosseae might be an important AMF species during the biological invasion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of stubble management and fertilization systems on soil chemical properties and rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) yield was investigated in a long-term field study. We compared soil pH, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, and rapeseed yield under two different stubble managements (stubble retention and stubble removed) and three fertilization systems (organic fertilization, mineral fertilization, and non-fertilization) in a long-term field experiment (5 years). We found that organic fertilization combined with stubble retained significantly increased soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorous. The highest values of rapeseed yield were found for the organic fertilization and stubble retention after the fifth year of their implementation. Mineral fertilization can maintain sustained rapeseed yield until the third year of its use, while the organic fertilization was able to maintain high rapeseed yield (>1500 kg ha) over a longer period (independently of the stubble management). Our findings suggest that inputs of organic matter can change positively the soil chemical properties and increase rapeseed yield. Our results also highlight the importance of considering the long-term effect of organic fertilization combined with stubble management on the yield of annual crops, in this case, rapeseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deforestation in the Amazonian rainforest is the main cause of biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and climate change. Land covers influence the soil properties, soil biota community composition, and litter properties by providing habitat and nutrients. Our aim here was to present a quantitative analysis of the soil biochemical properties, soil biota assemblage, and litter properties associated with four land covers (primary Amazon rainforest, pasture, Hevea brasiliensis , and deforested sites) from the Brazil's Legal Amazon, Rio Branco, Acre. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) grouped the land covers in four groups considering the dissimilarities on soil biota abundance between each other. The SEM models showed that deforestation increased the soil pH, and decreased SOC, TN, P, microbial N biomass, microbial C biomass, litter lignin content, litter N, C and P contents, and biodiversity indices (Margalef index, and α diversity). The results of our study highlighted the importance of considering land covers in Brazil's Legal Amazon, based on a sustainable way to improve soil quality and soil biodiversity, since even the studied monocropping system (pasture) showed decreases in habitat provision (litter deposition) and nutrient availability. Thus, the use of forest systems (H. brasiliensis) or the preservation of primary Amazon rainforest may positively influence the soil chemical properties, soil biota, and litter properties. • Deforestation increased soil pH, but decreased SOC, N, P, microbial biomass, and respiration. • Deforestation reduced the diversity indices, and uniformity index. • Litter deposition and quality were strongly related to soil biota abundance and diversity. • Pasture increased N and microbial respiration, while decreased all biodiversity indices. • Hevea brasiliensis increased Simpson's diversity index and litter C content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitis vinifera is a common plant species cultivated in Southern Brazil for vine production. Although this plant species is commonly found near the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, the V. vinifera plantation is cultivated in areas for a long-term thus changing the soil ecosystem and functional diversity. We aimed to compare the soil chemical properties, soil biota assemblage, litter traits, decay rate and priming effect in the two adjacent environments (e.g., grape vine plantation vs. natural ecosystem). Soil chemical properties, soil biota community composition, and litter traits of V. vinifera plantation were compared with an adjacent natural ecosystem (e.g., Mixed Ombrophilous Forest) from September 2019 to June 2021. Litter decay rate and priming effect was estimated by using native tree residues on litter bags in both studied environments. We also assessed the influence of soil biota on decay rate through a litterbag assay. Our results showed that both studied environments differed in soil chemical properties and soil biota community composition. However, in the V. vinifera plantation litter decay rate, and priming effect were higher, due to the presence and activities of soil organisms from Collembola - Paronellidae. Thermal amplitude, litter quality, and soil organisms' activity were the main factors contributing to the data variance. Both native tree residues, A. angustifolia and D. sellowiana , showed the highest decay rate and priming effect in the V. vinifera plantation. Our work increases the understanding of the soil food web and ecological processes (litter deposition and nutrient cycling) into subtropical ecosystems. The V. vinifera plantation following a monocropping system does not provide resources to create a well-developed soil food web, which overtime creates negative plant-soil feedback when compared to the natural ecosystem. However, our study opens a new perspective for a future agroforestry system using two endangered species from the Brazilian Mixed Ombrophilous Forest seeking for vine production, soil sustainability, and biodiversity conservation. • The high litter k-factor , and priming effect in the vineyard are related to the high abundance of Collembola-Paronellidae. • k and priming effect were increased by adding A. angustifolia , and D. sellowiana residues in the vineyard. • Thermal amplitude, litter N, lignin, and soil organisms were the main factors contributing to the data variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of long-term fertilization on macroarthropod community composition from a field study with wheat ( Triticum aestivum) was investigated. Soil samples were taken from a long-term field experiment which was conducted for 5 years to explore the effect of three treatments: control (non-fertilization), conventional (mineral fertilizers-NPK), and alternative (organic fertilizers-farmyard manure). The highest values of macroarthropod community composition were found in the alternative fertilization system after the 30 years of its utilization. After 30 years, the conventional fertilization system showed lower values for these studied variables compared to alternative fertilization system. Our findings suggest that inputs of organic matter source can change positively the macroarthropod community composition, and these results highlight the importance of considering the long-term effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on the diversity of this biological component and their effect on wheat growth and soil fertility. Thus, the long-term utilization of an alternative fertilization system with continuous input of organic matter may exploit positive situations of jointly beneficial biotic and abiotic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of long-term fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community composition was investigated. Soil samples were taken from a long-term field experiment which was conducted for 5 years to explore the effect of three treatments: control (non-fertilization), conventional (mineral fertilizers-NPK), and alternative (organic fertilizers-farmyard manure). The highest values of AMF community composition were found in the alternative fertilization system after the thirty year of its utilization. After the thirty year the conventional fertilization system showed lower AMF diversity compared to alternative fertilization system. In conclusion the alternative fertilization system enhanced mycorrhizal effectiveness that contributes to increase wheat growth after a long-term experiment. Our findings also suggest that inputs of organic matter source can change positively the AMF community composition, and these results highlight the importance of considering the long-term effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on the AMF community diversity. Thus, the long-term utilization of an alternative fertilization system with continuous input of organic matter may exploit positive situations of jointly beneficial biotic and abiotic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]