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Aim: To explore how overcrowding affects children's health, environment and schooling. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with individual interviews among 20 participants with occupational experience from overcrowded Stockholm areas but diverse in professions, locations and employers. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed with Systematic Text Condensation. Results: Almost all participants expressed that overcrowding has a negative impact on children's health, environment and schooling – based on perceptions of precarious and different living conditions for children in overcrowded areas, for example, substandard homes, vulnerability, stress, exclusion, limited resources, lack of learning opportunities, gender differences, confinement, shame, insecurity, conflicts, risk of criminality, and bodily impact, both physical and psychological. Conclusions: Our qualitative evidence suggest that overcrowding has a negative impact on children's health, environment and schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Mullah Habibullah Sharif Kashani, a prominent scholar and jurist, was born in Kashan in 1261 AH. He attained the rank of mujtahid at the age of 16 and dedicated his life to teaching, writing, and guiding people. He trained numerous students and produced valuable works in various fields of knowledge. His notable works included Montaqed al-Manafe about jurisprudence, Lubab al-Alqab on biographies of scholars, Tashil al-Masaalikila al-Madarik fi Ru'us al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah, and Qawamis al-Durar. In addition to his numerous works, Mullah Habibullah Sharif Kashani also authored a collection of Persian quatrains and an Arabic qasida in praise of the Imam Mahdi, the twelfth Imam of Shiite. This work demonstrated his deep devotion and love towards Imam Mahdi. Mullah Habibullah' quatrains, in line with the requirements of the time, belonged to the category of protest and social quatrains. These quatrains provide valuable information about the society, the conditions, the people, and their circumstances at that time. Materials, Methods, and Results The ruba'i, an ancient Persian poetic form of a-four-line structure and an "aaba" rhyme scheme, has a high capacity for expressing profound and effective notions due to its simplicity and conciseness. This form has had diverse applications throughout the history of Persian literature, encompassing themes ranging from love and mysticism to wisdom, praise, and satire. Nevertheless, the ruba'i, owing to its structural characteristics, is also considered a suitable medium for expressing social and political themes. Mulla Habibullah's ruba'is serve as a comprehensive mirror of the social, economic, and political conditions of the Qajar era, particularly the epoch of the First World War and the famine of 1296 AH in Kashan. In addition to their literary values, these ruba'is are a valuable resource for understanding the living conditions of the people, their thoughts and critiques of a religious scholar in the face of social problems. Besides, they reveal a better comprehension of the political situation of that period. The content of Mulla Habibullah's ruba'is encompasses a wide range of themes. They include the description of God, the praise of the Prophet Muhammad, Imam Ali, and Imam Mahdi, the promotion of moral virtues, the lamentation of the time, the reflection of the poet's poverty, the famine of the era, a criticism of the city of Kashan, its people, women, various professions, and different social classes. Within his poems, he also criticizes the Sufis and their beliefs in the unity of existence. Considering jurisprudence, Quranic exegesis, and Hadith the best sciences, he himself seems to believe in the unity of vision. A notable aspect of Mulla Habibullah's ruba'is is his political inclination, which opposed the Russian and English governments. He also has a sidelong glance at the constitutional situation. One of the main reasons for Mulla Habibullah's opposition to the colonial governments of Russia and England was his concern about the weakening and elimination of the Islamic religion. He refers to the severe social conditions prevailing in the society and speaks of the widespread evil and corruption, poisoned family relationships, the oppression of the rulers, and the closure of scientific and religious schools. He then alludes to his own unfavorable financial situation in the later years of his life and expresses his expectation for assistance and attention from Kashan's people. However, he faces indifference and, thus, resorts to sarcasm and disparagement of the city of Kashan, considering it a city full of sedition. The author, then, proceeds to criticize various professions and social classes. He expresses his disapproval of the religious class in a serious tone and advises people to distance themselves from them. He also makes remarks about the judges and directs the most extensive criticism towards the apparent scholars and clerics. According to the evidences found in his other poems, Mulla Habibullah refers to these people with titles such as "ignorant negligent ones" and "followers of falsehood," accusing them of plundering people's wealth and corrupting their beliefs. In short, the poems by Mulla Habibullah present a bitter and stinging portrayal of the social and cultural crises resulting from the famine in Kashan. He expresses his candid and unvarnished criticisms towards all segments of society, from the rulers and religious scholars to common people, through a direct and uncompromising language. His poems serve as a valuable document for understanding the social and cultural conditions of Kashan during the famine period. They also helped recognize Mulla Habibulla's critical and reformist perspectives. Another theme in his ruba'is is his belief in Islam practiced by the Shia. He considers Imam Ali as the rightful successor of the Prophet and refers to this issue in numerous verses. In addition to the aforementioned themes, Mulla Habibullah's ruba'is also address topics such as women, the sanctity of not shaving one's beard, and moral advice. The poet's ethical recommendations are tailored to the requirements of the time and include calls for moderation, patience, and abstinence from seeking help from inferior and mean people. Conclusion Mulla Habibullah's ruba'iyats (quatrains) are valuable resources for understanding the social, economic, and political conditions of Kashan during the First World War and the great famine of 1296 AH. These ruba'iyats, beyond their literary aspects, present a bitter and stinging portrayal of the social and cultural crises of the era as well. In his poems, Mulla Habibullah expresses his direct criticisms of the colonial governments of Russia and England, Sufis and dervishes, the superficial scholars, and the people of Kashan. With a harsh and uncompromising language, he criticizes the prevailing corruption, injustice, poverty, and secularism in the society and calls for social reforms and the revival of religious values. Mulla Habibullah's ruba'iyats also reflect the devastating impacts of the famine on the lives of the people. He speaks of hunger, death, the collapse of families, and the spread of corruption. His poems show that the famine had severely shaken the moral and social foundations of the society. Thus, Mulla Habibullah's ruba'iyat serve as a historical document for understanding the critical conditions of Kashan during the great famine as well as for recognizing the critical and reformist perspectives of a religious scholar in the face of social problems. His poems present a bitter and stinging portrayal of the social and cultural crises of that era and call for social reforms and the revival of religious values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Discontinuity between health care delivery systems and community-based organizations is a significant barrier to improving population health. Objective: To describe the facilitators and barriers experienced by a health system–community partnership 15 months after implementation. Methods: Coalition members who led committees within the coalition or had active, sustained participation in coalition activities were invited to participate. Qualitative interviews used a semi-structured interview guide that elicited information on coalition functioning. A content analysis used inductive and deductive codes which were reviewed using a consensus process. Final themes centered on factors that facilitated or impeded the coalition's success in supporting community needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lessons Learned: Coalition stakeholder perspectives identified several critical factors: defined governance, a culture of trust that accelerates learning, reliable resources, and a health-care anchor organization committed to shared investment. Conclusions: Lessons from this endeavor contribute to a deeper understanding of successful practices for health system-community partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background information Mexico faces a great challenge in producing, storing, and distributing food to guarantee the food security of its population. Natural disasters, climate change and changes in land cover are dynamic drivers affecting food production. In this study, we propose a method for assessing food security by evaluating the amount of food in Mexico that is available to meet the demand of its population. An indicator of food availability based on environmental, social, production and food supply variables is proposed. Methods Food availability in Mexico's 2471 municipalities was assessed using five sub-indicators covering environmental and social conditions of production, food supply, caloric and protein sufficiency, and food supply. A database of 19 variables was integrated to calculate an index of food availability by municipality. Spatial analysis techniques were used to identify areas with specific needs and to formulate public policy recommendations. Results The availability of food is not a problem at all in 90% of the municipalities in the country. We found that the environmental and social conditions are suitable for producing food from agriculture and livestock and there are sufficient food outlets. The caloric demand and protein requirements of the population can be met in at least 87% of the municipalities. Thus, the environmental and social conditions are good in more than 85% of the municipalities. If food production and availability are sufficient; then, the problem of food insecurity may be due to other causes. Conclusions and recommendations The conclusion is that food insecurity in Mexico is influenced by additional factors. An urgent intervention is needed, including public policies to provide economic support to the most affected segments of the population.

Background: Families of youth involved in the juvenile justice system (YJJ) are integral to YJJ well-being, so it is important to consider the direct input of YJJ families as well as YJJ themselves in justice system reform efforts aiming to improve YJJ health outcomes. Objective: Our university research team partnered with one Midwest county's juvenile court, as well as YJJ family members, to form an advisory council to the juvenile court. We report lessons learned through a case study of this council. Methods: Researchers reviewed and analyzed council records, meeting minutes, and interviews of varied stakeholders, including system representatives, leaders of similar advisory councils, and individuals with lived experience of the juvenile justice system. Lessons Learned: Council sustainability required addressing participation barriers, valuing authentic experiences, seeking out system-based champions, and identifying concrete opportunities for members to be heard. Conclusions: Investments in community health partnerships with YJJ families could improve system efforts to meet YJJ needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The recent discussion of the social determinants of health, which has been promoted by the WHO as a way to approach global health conditions is neither a new nor a foreign subject for Latin American social medicine or collective health. Indeed, this approach to health derives from the principles of 19th century European social medicine which accepted that the health of the population is a matter of social concern, that social and economic conditions have an important bearing on health and disease, and that these relationships should be subjected to scientific enquiry. (Rosen, 1985:81) The specific socio-historical conditions of Latin America in the 1970’s fostered the development of an innovative, critical, and socially-based based health analysis, which was seen in an evolving theoretical approach with deep social roots. (Cohn, 2003) This analysis calls for scientific work which is committed to changing living and working conditions and to improving the health of the popular classes. (Waitzkin y col. 2001; Iriart y col. 2002). From its beginning, this school of socio-medical thought recognized that collective health has two main areas of research: 1) the distribution and determinants of health and disease and 2) the interpretation, technical knowledge, and specialized practices concerning health, disease, and death. The goal is to understand health and disease as differentiated moments in the human lifecycle, subject to permanent change, and expressing the biological nature of the human body under specific forms of social organization, all this in such a way as to allow discussion of causality and determination. (Breilh y Granda,1982; Laurell, 1982). Latin American social medicine criticized biomedical and conventional epidemiological approaches for isolating health and disease from social context, misinterpreting social processes as biological, conceptualizing health phenomena in individualistic terms, and adopting the methodological procedures of the natural sciences

Background: Living with two or more chronic conditions simultaneously—known as multimorbidity—has become increasingly prevalent as the aging population continues to grow. However, the factors that influence the development of multimorbidity are still not fully understood. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of multimorbidity among U.S. adults 50 years and older and identify associated factors with multimorbidity. Methods: We used data from four cycles from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2018) to examine the associations between social determinants of health and multimorbidity among American adults aged 50 years and older. A set of variables on socioeconomic status and health behaviors was chosen based on the social determinants of health conceptual framework developed by the World Health Organization. In our study, 4,552 participants were included. All analyses were accounted for a complex survey design and the use of survey weights. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associated factors with multimorbidity. Results: The average age was 63.1 years, and 52.9% were female. The average number of chronic conditions was 2.27. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 63.8%, with high cholesterol and hypertension being the most prevalent conditions. In the adjusted model, age, gender, household income, citizenship status, health insurance, healthcare access, body mass index, and smoking status were found to be associated with living with multimorbidity. Discussion: Our results indicate that continued efforts aimed at promoting smoking cessation and maintaining a healthy weight will be beneficial in preventing the onset of chronic conditions. Additional research is warranted to gain a deeper understanding of the interrelationships between gender, race/ethnicity, household income, citizenship status, health insurance, and healthcare access as social determinants of health in the context of multimorbidity. Further research will help us develop targeted interventions and policies to address disparities and improve health outcomes for individuals with multimorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Infectious diseases remain a major risk for refugees living in camps. Limited research has been undertaken into the burden and impact of infections in the current refugee crisis around the Mediterranean. This analysis examines the frequency and incidence rates of common infections, and use of antibiotics at a healthcare facility inside Moria refugee camp on the island of Lesvos, Greece, during the winter and summer seasons of 2019. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of routinely, prospectively collected service data from the main acute healthcare facility inside Moria camp. Results Of a total of 9601 consultations, 25.16% were for infections (winter: 31.53%, summer: 19.45%). Respiratory, skin and gastrointestinal infections were the most frequent, with incidence rates up to 3.5 times, 50 times and twice as high as those in Western Europe, respectively. Antibiotic prescribing was high (27.7% of all respiratory infections) with high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (40.2%), raising concerns about induction of antimicrobial resistance. Conclusions The burden of infectious diseases in refugee camps remains high throughout all seasons. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes should be adapted to refugee camp settings to prevent the development of unnecessary antimicrobial resistance. Improving living conditions and access to healthcare in refugee camps is likely to reduce infection rates and antimicrobial resistance among refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The risk of death due to tuberculosis (TB) in Brazil is high and strongly related to living conditions (LC). However, epidemiological studies investigating changes in LC and their impact on TB are lacking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of LC on TB mortality in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: This ecological study, using panel data on spatial and temporal aggregates, was conducted in 1,614 municipalities between 2002 and 2015. METHODS: Data were collected from the Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The proxy variable used for LC was the Urban Health Index (UHI). Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the effect of the UHI on TB mortality rate. Attributable risk (AR) was used as an impact measure. RESULTS: From 2002 to 2015, TB mortality rate decreased by 23.5%, and LC improved. The continuous model analysis resulted in an RR = 0.89 (95%CI = 0.82–0.96), so the AR was −12.3%. The categorized model showed an effect of 0.92 (95%CI = 0.83–0.95) in municipalities with intermediate LC and of 0.83 (95%CI = 0.82–0.91) in those with low LC, representing an AR for TB mortality of −8.7% and −20.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improved LC impacted TB mortality, even when adjusted for other determinants. This impact was greater in the strata of low-LC municipalities.

BACKGROUND: Medical neutrality is a normative arrangement that differentiates a zone of medical treatment disconnected from the field of politics. While medical neutrality aims to ensure impartial healthcare for all and to shield the healthcare personnel from political demands, it can also divert attention away from conflicts and their effects on health inequity. This article analyzes how healthcare professionals understand and negotiate the depoliticized space of the emergency department (ED) through their views on neutrality. It also examines how medical staff use depoliticized concepts of culture to account for differences in the health status of patients from disadvantaged groups. These questions are examined in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. METHODS: Twenty-four in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare personnel in a Jerusalem hospitals ED. All but one of the participants were Jewish. The interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and Grounded Theory. RESULTS: The ED staff endorsed the perspective of medical neutrality as a nondiscriminatory approach to care. At the same time, some medical staff recognized the limits of medical neutrality in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and negotiated and challenged this concept. While participants identified unique health risks for Arab patients, they usually did not associate these risks with the effects of conflict and instead explained them in depoliticized terms of cultural and behavioral differences. Culture served as a non-controversial way of acknowledging and managing problems that have their roots in politics. CONCLUSIONS: The normative demand for neutrality works to exclude discussion of the conflict from clinical spaces. The normative exclusion of politics is a vital but under-appreciated aspect of how political conflict operates as a structural determinant of health. Healthcare personnel, especially in the ED, should be trained in structural competency. This training may challenge the neglect of issues that need to be solved at the political level and enhance health equity, social justice, and solidarity.

Adolescent emergency department (ED) patients have unmet social needs that contribute to ED use. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of social needs navigation for adolescents on subsequent ED visits and community resource use and to identify characteristics associated with elevated social risk. Between July 2017 and August 2019, we used a random date generator to establish intervention and control group enrollment dates. All adolescents completed a social needs survey. Adolescents enrolled on intervention dates received in-person, risk-tailored social needs navigation. Those enrolled on control dates received a preprinted resource guide. We used chart review and follow-up calls to assess 12-month ED revisits and community resource use. Logistic regression was used to compare these outcomes between groups. We measured the association between ≥3 reported unmet needs and characteristics hypothesized a priori to be associated with elevated social risk (nonurgent visits, obesity, or any of nine "socially sensitive" chief complaints) using logistic regression. A total of 399 adolescents were randomized. There was no difference between groups in the number of ED revisits. There was increased community resource use in the intervention group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.5 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.5, 8.2]). Adolescents with a socially sensitive chief complaint had increased odds of ≥3 unmet needs (aOR: 2.2 [95% CI: 1.3, 3.6]), as did those with food insecurity in a post hoc analysis (aOR: 9.9 [95% CI: 4.0, 24.6]). Social needs navigation increased community resource use but not subsequent ED visits. Adolescents with socially sensitive chief complaints or food insecurity reported increased unmet needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to verify the influence of social conditions – living in nursing homes or attending social centres – on memory decline, risk of dementia and depression and social involvement of elderly living on Terceira Island - Azores. Different assessment scales were administered: Weschler Memory Scale – 3rd Edition, Dementia Rating Scale – 2, Geriatric Depression Scale – 15, and Social Involvement Scale. A multivariate analysis of variance showed that elderly participating in social centres had more positive outcomes than institutionalised ones regarding memory decline, risk of dementia, depressive symptoms, and level of social involvement. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that social condition was a factor for memory decline and risk of dementia, that the principal factor associated with depression was social involvement, and that the main factors related to social involvement were age and gender. These results suggest the importance of activities that promote social involvement in institutionalised elderly individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern world has encountered a problem of displaced persons and refugees. Due to wars and military conflicts, many people from all over the world are moving to European and American countries in search of places to live. DP status is one of the questions that European politicians try to resolve. However, this problem is not new for Europe. After World War II, European countries had already encountered DPs, organizing aid for them in social, economic, and other fields. The example of Ukrainians in Bavaria represents one of the DP conditions in postwar Europe. The aim of this paper is to analyse the position of Ukrainian DPs in post-war Bavaria from 1945-1947, as well as to characterize the main social conditions DPs faced there. This paper is based on documents that provide information about the main DP camps, aid organizations, and routes taken by Ukrainians to Bavaria. The lack of modern research on DPs after World War II confirms its relevance and emphasizes its novelty. Moreover, this article provides a basis for comparing the problem of Ukrainian DPs then and now in Europe. Therefore, the author aims to demonstrate in this article that Ukrainians were not repatriated because of their social activity. Taking into consideration the Ukrainian position in DP camps regarding education, the healthcare system, and other social fields, the article explains the reality of Ukrainian life in Bavaria. The conclusion of this article demonstrates that despite their DP status, Ukrainians in Bavaria began forming as a national minority after World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Although the association between adverse childhood conditions and health in later life has been relatively well established, little is known about how and through which mechanism this association develops. Building on the developmental adaptation model (Martin & Martin, 2002), the present study investigates the effects of distal and proximal influences on successful aging (SA). A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 475 adults aged 50 and above (Mean age = 72.13, SD = 10.46). SA was measured based on Rowe and Kahn's successful aging criteria model (1997) and an SA operationalization based on a number of multidimensional biopsychosocial indicators, including no disease and disability, active engagement with life, high physical and cognitive functioning, psychological well-being, life satisfaction and a one-item subjective SA question. Parental death had no direct effect on SA (β =.03, p =.629), whereas education had (β =.39, p <.001). Furthermore, perceived income level and social conditions were identified as two sequential mediators between both education and SA; and parental death and SA. The findings suggest that both early life and current factors contribute to explaining SA in a variety of ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lake Titicaca basin was one of the major centers for cultural development in the ancient world. This lacustrine environment is unique in the high, dry Andean altiplano, and its aquatic and terrestrial resources are thought to have contributed to the florescence of complex societies in this region. Nevertheless, it remains unclear to what extent local aquatic resources, particularly fish, and the introduced crop, maize, which can be grown in regions along the lakeshores, contributed to facilitating sustained food production and population growth, which underpinned increasing social political complexity starting in the Formative Period (1400 BCE to 500 CE) and culminating with the Tiwanaku state (500 to 1100 CE). Here, we present direct dietary evidence from stable isotope analysis of human skeletal remains spanning over two millennia, together with faunal and floral reference materials, to reconstruct foodways and ecological interactions in southern Lake Titicaca over time. Bulk stable isotope analysis, coupled with compound-specific amino acid stable isotope analysis, allows better discrimination between resources consumed across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Together, this evidence demonstrates that human diets predominantly relied on C3 plants, particularly quinoa and tubers, along with terrestrial animals, notably domestic camelids. Surprisingly, fish were not a significant source of animal protein, but a slight increase in C4 plant consumption verifies the increasing importance of maize in the Middle Horizon. These results underscore the primary role of local terrestrial food resources in securing a nutritious diet that allowed for sustained population growth, even in the face of documented climate and political change across these periods.

Social interaction in each housing is formed by the closeness of the space between houses, so that the pattern of housing distribution allows for differences in social conditions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the social condition factor on the influence of housing distribution patterns in the City of Tasikmalaya. This study uses the method of multiple regression statistics with research variables, namely housing distribution patterns, population growth, population density, the ratio of accessibility support facilities, the ratio of health facilities, the ratio of educational facilities and the ratio of economic facilities. Based on the results of social conditions have an influence on the pattern of housing distribution. This study has a multiple regression coefficient between several variables, namely 0.744, which means that there is a correlation between all variables X simultaneously with variable Y. The threshold value of the coefficient is 0.5 so that if it is more than that, it has a strong correlation. A strong correlation is related to social condition variables, namely population, population density, accessibility, health facilities, educational facilities and economic facilities.

Introducción: Dentro de las actividades del semillero de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo Informal (SST-IN) durante el año 2022 en la ciudad de Bogotá se trabajó sobre una iniciativa de investigación inspirada en las experiencias del semillero en su búsqueda de entendimiento de factores que contribuyan al trabajo digno en el contexto de informalidad laboral. Objetivo: Determinar las condiciones de trabajo de una muestra de bicidomiciliarios que trabajan con plataformas digitales de la ciudad de Bogotá, en el año 2022. Métodos: En esta investigación se utilizó la metodología de estudio de caso obteniendo datos con diversos instrumentos como entrevistas, observaciones, revisión de la literatura, enfocado en factores de riesgo, peligros, enfermedades y accidentes o incidentes a los que se exponen los trabajadores, se evaluaron los resultados de las condiciones subestándar que se han presentado en los bicidomiciliarios, con base en la matriz descrita por la Guía Técnica Colombiana GTC45, con alcance y propuestas de mejora a corto plazo para este grupo de trabajadores informales. Resultados: Se identificaron en los trabajadores de plataformas digitales diferentes riesgos a los cuales están expuestos durante su jornada laboral basadas en la GTC45 y a las condiciones que se enfrentan día a día, además de describir variables sociodemográficas y aspectos de percepción del riesgo. Conclusión: Los aspectos insatisfactorios se refirieron a los medios y condiciones de trabajo como el clima, el uso inadecuado de los elementos de protección personal y la falta de capacitación Introduction: Among the activities of the Safety and Health in Informal Work (SST-IN) seedbed during the year 2022 in the city of Bogota, a research initiative inspired by the experiences of the seedbed in its search for understanding factors that contribute to decent work in the context of labor informality was worked on. Objective: To determine the working conditions of a sample of bicycle workers who work with digital platforms in the city of Bogota, in the year 2022. Methods: In this research, the case study methodology was used, obtaining data with various instruments such as interviews, observations, literature review, focused on risk factors, hazards, diseases and accidents or incidents to which workers are exposed, evaluating results of sub-standard conditions that have occurred to the delivery bike workers, based on the matrix described by the Colombian Technical Guide GTC45, with scope and proposals for improvement in the short term for this group of informal workers. Results: Different risks to which digital platform workers are exposed to during their workday were identified based on the GTC45, and the conditions they face on a daily basis; in addition, sociodemographic variables and aspects of perception were described. Conclusion: The unsatisfactory aspects referred to work environments and conditions such as climate, inadequate use of personal protection elements and lack of training

Objective: In today's age, having military and war power can no longer be considered as a global power, but global power is achieved through knowledge and ways to achieve it. Due to the increasing development and production of knowledge, a new concept has been created under the title of knowledge city, which has attracted the attention of the world. Today, knowledge city is one of the important issues in urban development. A knowledge city is a city that has encouraged, continuous production of knowledge, continuous creativity, sharing, evaluation, renovation and updating of knowledge in order to develop knowledge. Considering the importance of knowledge in the city of knowledge, the aim of this research is to identify the impact of the key components of the city of knowledge in transferring knowledge. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. Library and field methods were used to collect information. The data collection tool in this research was a closed questionnaire that consists of 110 questions. In order to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the method of content validity with the opinion of experts has been used. In this research, two criteria of composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The professors of information science and epistemology, who had expertise in the field of knowledge management, formed the statistical community of this research. In the present study, 30 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method. In order to analyze the data, SPSS and PLS software were used. Findings: The findings indicate that the key components identified in Knowledge city include 7 components: social conditions, strategic conditions, technological conditions, political conditions, financial conditions, the component of environmental conditions, and finally the component of urban management. The present study investigated the effect of each of the components on knowledge transfer, which the components of strategic situation, political conditions, financial situation, and environmental conditions have a significant effect on knowledge transfer, and in contrast to the social conditions, the conditions Technological and urban management components have no effect on knowledge transfer. Conclusion: Based on the investigations, some components of knowledge city can be effective in knowledge transfer. It seems that there is a need to strengthen the foundation of the components of the strategic situation, the political situation, the financial situation, and the environmental conditions that have a positive and significant effect on knowledge transfer, because knowledge transfer can contribute to the development and the productivity of knowledge city has an important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based on an in-depth analysis of the Portuguese reality. The main question addressed concerns the effects of the pandemic on the social profile and conditions of participation, and higher education students' sense of belonging in Portugal. The changes resulting from the pandemic will also be considered in light of the policies that have been pursued and implemented at the national level with the aim of increasing and enhancing students' integration within the higher education community. The application of a longitudinal approach was made possible through institutional data and data produced by the EUROSTUDENT project. The results obtained clarify some of the immediate effects that the pandemic has had on higher education and on the social and academic conditions and contexts of students in Portugal. On a more structural level, these results also emphasise the importance of political choices in the process of democratisation and extending the system to new segments of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

يقدم البحث رؤية اجتماعية جديده لمفهوم "الشبع"، و"صوره الجسد السميـن" باعتبارهما الهدفان الرئيسان للدراسة، فدراسة البدانة اجتماعيا هامة جدا في مصر الآن، فقد أصبحت نحو10 ملايين امرأة بنسبة (39٪) من السيدات المصريات يعانين من البدانة حسب كشفت الخريطة العالمية للسمنة .لذا اعتمد البحث الراهن على منهج "دراسة الحالة" مستعين بأداة المقابلة المتعمقة في إجراء دراسة مكثفة وعميقة عن الشبع والبدانة وصوره الجسد، ونقترح به بعض المقولات النظرية التي تسد فجوه عدم وجود نظريه اجتماعية شامله للشبع بين دراسات علم الاجتماع الطبي وسوسيولوجيا الغذاء، وذلك بجمع المعلومات المتعلقة بعشره حالات تعانى من فرط الشبع والبدانة المفرطة، على شكل سيرة ذاتية تحتوي على أحداث في ماضي الحالة وحاضرها، يتم بها فهم شامل لتاريخ حالة الشبع والبدانة، وتحديد التطور الذي مرت بها الحالات في محيطهم الثقافي مع توضيح جميع المؤثرات التي أثرت في تكوين اتجاهاتهم وفلسفتهم في الأكل والخبرات التي اكتسبوها والأزمات والمشاكل الغذائية الثي أثرت في تكوين اتجاهاتهم، وحصل الباحثان على المعلومات من العينة ذاتها أو من محيطه .وتوصل البحث إلى أن الأفراط في الأكل وتجويع النفس وسيلتين لتأكيد التحكم والمطالبة بالاهتمام والتعبير عن الغضب وهما في النهاية وسيلتين مدمرتين للذات على الرغم من انهم لا يفعلان أي شيء لتغيير الأحوال الاجتماعية .Abstract The research provides a new social vision of the concept of "satiety", and"fat body image" as the main objectives of the study, the study of obesity is socially very important in Egypt now, about 10 million women (39%) of Egyptian women have become obese according to the global map of Obesity revealed . Therefore, the current research has relied on the "case study" approach, using the in-depth interview tool to conduct an intensive and in-depth study of satiety, obesity and body image, and we propose some theoretical statements that fill the gap of the lack of a comprehensive social theory of satiety between the studies of medical sociology and food sociology, by collecting information related to ten cases suffering from identify the development that the cases went through in their cultural environment, clarifying all the influences that influenced the formation of their trends, their philosophy of eating and the experiences they gained Crises and food problems influenced the formation of their trends, and the researcher obtained information from the individual himself or from his surroundings . The research found that overeating and starving oneself are two ways to assert control, demand attention and express anger, which are ultimately self-destructive, although they do not do anything to change social conditions .

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a rapidly growing public health problem, especially in disadvantaged populations. Major political interventions are required to mitigate the social and socioeconomic inequities that contribute to the development and progression of CKD and its disproportionate impact on low and middle-income countries.

Objectives The purpose of the article is a theoretical analysis of the process of introducing a new product to the market, taking into account economic and social aspects. Material and methods Induction was used as the main research method. It involves drawing general conclusions or establishing regularities on the basis of analysis of empirically established phenomena and processes. It is a type of inference based on details about the general properties of a phenomenon or object. In addition, the paper uses two general research methods, i.e. analytical and synthetic methods, characterized by a particular approach to the study of reality. Results First: the process of implementing new products/services should correlate with the company's development strategy Second: the development and introduction of new products/services as part of the company's activities must be in line with the development strategy and mission. Third: each in the process of planning and marketing of new products / services - distinguish eight stages (milestones of the process). Fourth: The consumer communication strategy should be carefully designed, written out, and then implemented step by step. Conclusions First: the various organizational cells/accounting, marketing, legal departments, as well as development and implementation departments/ must know the essence of the product/service to be introduced for sale. Second: business units must have knowledge of: sales strategy, P&L, forecasts of A&P budgets, forecast of product profitability and implementation schedule. Third: when preparing a recommendation for planning and budgeting sales of new products/services, the individual organizational units of the form should know specific parameters. Fourth: the various organizational units should have knowledge of the prepared sales strategy.

Indonesia is a country ranked fourth as the most populous country in the world, so it's no wonder there are many socio-economic problems. Development has several indicators, namely social conditions and economic conditions related to SDGs 3, 4, 8, 9 and 11 goals, where the goal to be achieved is to see which areas have optimal economic growth values. To encourage the achievement of SDGs in Indonesia, social conditions and economic conditions have a role to play in supporting economic growth. Economic growth in this study is described by the GRDP, namely the GRDP describes the total gross added value of each economic sector. By using a sustainability analysis technique, namely Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) using Tosmana software. Using the year of research in 2020 and research objects in 34 provinces. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the regions with optimal economic growth from social and economic conditions were North Sulawesi, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Lampung, West Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Bali, Kep. Riau, Central Java, East Java and West Java. The relationship between socio-economic conditions on economic growth is expected to provide an increase in economic growth and see what programs have been successfully implemented that can have a positive influence on social and economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]