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Interleukin-10 (IL-10) promotes the formation and development of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Previous studies have elucidated the pathogenesis from the view of the immune-regulation function of CD4+ T-cells. However, the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood. In this study, our results showed that IL-10 deficiency reduced the percentage of macrophages in mouse MPE and regulated M1/M2 polarization in vivo and in vitro. The migration capacity of tumor cells was suppressed, and apoptosis was promoted when tumor cells were cocultured with MPE macrophages in the absence of IL-10. Messenger RNA sequencing of MPE macrophages showed that S100A9 was downregulated in IL-10−/− mice. Bone marrow-derived macrophages obtained from wild-type mice transfected with S100A9-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) also showed less M2 and more M1 polarization than those from the siRNA control group. Furthermore, downregulation of S100A9 using S100A9-specific siRNA suppressed MPE development, decreased macrophages, and modulated macrophage polarization in MPE in vivo. In conclusion, S100A9 plays a vital role in the process of IL-10 deficiency-mediated MPE suppression by regulating M1/M2 polarization, thus influencing the tumor-migration capacity and apoptosis. This could result in clinically applicable strategies to inhibit the formation of MPE by regulating the polarization of MPE macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pre-treatment biomarkers to estimate overall survival (OS) for malignant pleural effusion (MPE) are unidentified, especially those in pleural fluid. We evaluated the relationship between OS and total protein–chloride ratio in malignant pleural effusion (PE TPClR). Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken to identify patients from 2006 to 2018 who had pathologically or cytologically confirmed MPE and received no tumor-targeted therapy. We recorded the pre-treatment clinicopathologic characteristics and follow-up status. OS was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method, and the association between variables and OS was evaluated by Cox proportional hazards models. Results: We screened 214 patients who met the eligibility criteria. The optimal cutoff value for the PE TPClR was set at 0.53. The univariate analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between PE TPClR and OS (P < 0.001). The multivariate analysis between OS and the variables selected from the univariate analysis showed that the levels of neutrophil, alkaline phosphatase, neuron-specific enolase, platelets, albumin in peripheral blood, and white blood cells in pleural effusion were also independent predictors of OS. Conclusion: In patients with MPE, pre-treatment PE TPClR independently predicts OS. Although further research is necessary to generalize our results, this information will help clinicians and patients to determine the most appropriate treatment for MPE patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IL‐10, produced by a wide variety of cells, is a highly pleiotropic cytokine that plays a critical role in the control of immune responses. However, its regulatory activity in tumor immunity remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that IL‐10 deficiency robustly suppressed the formation of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) and significantly enhanced miR‐7116‐5p expression in pleural CD4+ T cells. We demonstrated that miR‐7116‐5p suppressed IL‐10‐mediated MPE formation by inhibiting pleural vascular permeability as well as tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. IL‐10 promoted MPE formation by suppressing miR‐7116‐5p that enhances TH1 response. We identified G protein‐coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) as a potential target of miR‐7116‐5p, and miR‐7116‐5p promoted TH1 cell function by downregulating GPR55. Moreover, GPR55 promoted MPE formation by inhibiting TH1 cell expansion through the ERK phosphorylation pathway. These results uncover an IL‐10‐mediated pathway controlling TH1 cells and demonstrate a central role for miR‐7116‐5p/GPR55/ERK signaling in the physiological regulation of IL‐10‐driven pro‐malignant responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of our study was to analyze the prognostic value of the combination of serum ALP and pleural effusion LDH (AL score) for malignant pleural effusion (MPE) patients. Methods: This study includes retrospective, descriptive and observational research from 1 June 2006 to 1 December 2017, which aimed to identify prognostic factors related to MPE patients. We analyzed the association of various clinical features, routinely tested markers from peripheral blood and MPE at diagnosis and overall survival (OS). All MPE patients were assigned to three groups according to their AL score. The impact of the AL score and other prognostic factors were evaluated with multivariable regression. Results: According to their AL score, 193 patients were assigned to three groups with 25 in group 0 (sALP < 65 U/L and pLDH < 155 U/L), 121 in group 1 (sALP > 65 U/L or pLDH > 155 U/L) and 47 (sALP > 65 U/L and pLDH > 155 U/L) in group 2. For groups 0, 1 and 2, median survival times (MST) were 23, 15 and 7 months, respectively. Among the three groups, MST, serum albumin level, C reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the ratios of platelet‐to‐lymphocyte, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte showed significant differences. The counts of neutrophils, monocytes, platelets and AL score (0 vs. 1, P = 0.038, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.858, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.034, 3.339]; 0 vs. 2, P = 0.001, HR: 2.993, 95% CI: [1.556, 5.531]) were independent prognostic indicators for OS of MPE patients. Conclusion: AL score is a promising indicator which can be used to predict the prognosis of MPE patients. It can assist physicians in the selection of patients for appropriate palliative treatment. Key points: To our knowledge, this paper is the first study that combined two enzymes (sALP and pLDH) from serum and pleural effusion and studied the prognostic value for MPE patients. It has been proved to be a promising indicator to assist physicians select patients for appropriate palliative treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of IL‐10 in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) remains unknown. By using murine MPE models, we observed that an increase in pleural IL‐10 was a significant predictor of increased risk of death. We noted that TH1‐ and TH17‐cell content in MPE was higher in IL‐10–/– mice than in WT mice, and IL‐10 deficiency promoted differentiation into TH1 but not into TH17 cells. A higher fraction of TH1 and TH17 cells in the MPE of IL‐10–/– mice expressed CXCR3 compared with WT mice. We also demonstrated that Lewis lung cancer and colon adenocarcinoma cells secreted large amounts of CXCL10, a ligand of CXCR3, which induced the migration of TH1 and TH17 cells into the MPE, and IFN‐γ could promote this signaling cascade. Furthermore, intrapleural injection of mice with CXCL10‐deficient tumor cells led to decreased TH1‐ and TH17‐cell content in MPE, increased MPE volume, and reduced survival of MPE‐bearing mice. Taken together, we demonstrated that IL‐10 deficiency promoted T‐cell differentiation into TH1 cells and upregulated the CXCR3‐CXCL10 signaling pathway that recruits TH1 and TH17 cells into MPE, ultimately resulting in decreased MPE formation and longer survival time of mice‐bearing MPE. IL‐10 promoted the development of malignant pleural effusion by suppressing the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into TH1 cells and by suppressing the CXCR3‐CXCL10 signal that traffics TH1 and TH17 cells into the pleural space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of natural-biogum-deprived carbon composites Si@GAC, Si@GGC and Si@XGC anode materials have been constructed, among which Si@GAC shows the best initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) resulting from conformal carbon layer containing heteroatoms and covalent interactions with Si core. Based on this result, artificial graphite (AGr) and natural graphite (NGr) are added during the preparation process of Si@GAC to further elevate ICE and cycling stability. This strategy successfully realizes simultaneous and effective improvement of ICE and cycling performance, which could ultimately provide inspiration for high-performance silicon-based anodes. [Display omitted] • Si@C@Graphite materials with enhanced ICE and cycling stability are synthesized. • N, O render dominant capacitive Li+ storage mechanism and faster Li+ transfer. • Artificial graphite better enhances overall electrochemical performance. • Covalently-attached C layer with heteroatoms is conducive to cycling stability. Regarded as one of the most prospective anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), silicon (Si) exhibits the highest theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g−1) among various anode materials while generally suffers from huge volume change, resultant rapid capacity fading and low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Here, the ICE and cycling performance of Si-based anode have been simultaneously improved through preparing Si@C@Graphite materials where the conformal carbon modifiers derived from natural biopolymer binders covalently attached to Si particles could enhance the cycling stability, among which GA-derived carbon layer with N, O heteroatoms could best ameliorate the Li+ transport kinetics and thereby rendering superior electrochemical properties, while artificial graphite (AGr) could significantly promote the overall ICE and more effectively elevate the reversible capacity. An excellent ICE (86.4%), a prominent rate performance (1240.6 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1) and a promoted cycling stability (1320.5 mAh g−1 at 800 mA g−1 after 100 cycles) could be presented by Si@GAC@AGr anode. This research provides an effective strategy of simultaneously improving ICE and cycling performance of Si-based anodes and inspires rational design of high-energy–density LIB anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic framework (MOF) material MIL-53(Al) (MIL: Materials of Institut Lavoisier) with high thermal stability has been prepared by solvothermal method, serving as a support material of copper catalyst for CO oxidation. A comparison between the catalytic performance of the MIL-53(Al) and the Al 2 O 3 support material was carried out to understand the catalytic behavior of the catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimeter (TG-DSC), N 2 adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TG and N 2 adsorption–desorption analyses showed that MIL-53(Al) had excellent stability and high surface areas. The highly dispersed CuO nanoparticles, which resulted from the three dimension porous structure of MIL-53(Al), give rise to a superior catalytic activity for CO oxidation. Indeed, the heterogeneous catalytic composite materials Cu/MIL-53(Al) catalyst exhibited much higher activity than the Cu/Al 2 O 3 catalyst in CO oxidation test, with 100% conversion at 220 °C. The catalytic activity and structure of Cu/MIL-53(Al) catalyst were stable during the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly dispersed CuO@CeO 2 catalysts were produced from Cu/MIL-53(Ce) through encapsulated copper in a matrix of metal organic framework MIL-53(Ce), serving as a catalyst for CO oxidation. Comparison on the catalytic performance between the CuO@CeO 2 and the (CuO or MIL-53(Ce)) catalytic material has been conducted to understand the catalytic behavior of the catalysts. The CuO@CeO 2 catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N 2 adsorption-desorption, and the hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR). The analyses indicated that the unique CuO@CeO 2 spatial confinement in the obtained solids minimize catalyst deactivation, resulting in high active and stable operation. Indeed, the heterogeneous catalytic composite materials CuO@CeO 2 catalyst exhibited excellent activity in CO oxidation test, with 100% conversion at 79–95 °C and the catalytic activity were stable after reaction 300 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]