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Introduction: Limited data on 24-hour movement behaviors of children aged 5–8 years exist globally. We describe the prevalence and sociodemographic associations of meeting physical activity (PA), sedentary recreational screen time (ST), and sleep guidelines among children from 11 jurisdictions in the US-Affiliated Pacific region. Methods: Cross-sectional representative data from 1192 children aged 5–8 years living in the US-Affiliated Pacific region were drawn from the baseline 2012–2014 Children's Healthy Living Program. Sleep and moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA were calculated from accelerometry. ST and sociodemographic data were collected from caregiver surveys. The percentage of children meeting the Asia-Pacific 24-hour movement guidelines for PA (≥60 min/d of moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA), sleep (≥9 and ≤ 11 h/d) and ST (≤2 h/d) were calculated. Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine associations with adiposity and sociodemographic variables. Results: Twenty-seven percent (95% confidence interval, 24.6–30.0) of children met integrated guidelines; 98% (96.2–98.0) met PA, 78% (75.4–80.0) met sleep, and 35% (32.6–38.0) met ST guidelines. Females (adjusted odds ratio = 1.40 [95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.91]) and those living in lower-middle-income jurisdictions (2.29 [1.49–3.54]) were more likely to meet ST guidelines. Overweight children (0.62 [0.40–0.96]), those aged 8 years (0.39 [0.22–0.69]), and children with caregivers of an education level of high school or beyond (0.44 [0.29–0.68]) were less likely to achieve ST guidelines. Children from midrange annual household incomes were less likely to meet combined guidelines (0.60 [0.39–0.92]). Conclusions: Three-quarters of children are not meeting integrated Asia-Pacific 24-hour movement guidelines. Future strategies for reducing ST and increasing integrated guidelines compliance are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health literacy is understudied in the US-Affiliated Pacific (USAP), where local populations have historically experienced social marginalization and disproportionate health inequities caused by the social determinants of health (SDOH). This cross-sectional study analyzed several SDOH indicators—acculturation, use of food assistance programs and demographic characteristics (race and ethnicity, household income, primary language spoken at home and educational attainment)—and their relationship to health literacy among 1305 parents/caregivers of young children ages 2–8 years old who participated in the Children's Healthy Living (CHL) program in Alaska, American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Guam, and Hawai'i. Significantly increased odds of low health literacy were found among parents/caregivers with households where a language other than English was the primary language compared to English-only households (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.22, 2.82), household income of <$35 000 compared to ≥$35 000 (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.13, 4.07), parents/caregivers of Asian children compared to parents/caregivers of White children (OR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.05, 6.84), parent/caregivers with less than or some high school education compared to high school completion (1st- to 8th-grade OR = 4.46, 95% CI = 2.09, 9.52; 9th- to 11th-grade OR 1.87, 95% CI = 1.06, 3.30) and parent/caregivers with acculturation status defined as marginalized as compared to integrated (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.09, 4.86). This study indicates that some USAP parents/caregivers may lack the capacity to acquire health information, utilize health resources, and navigate health decision making. Future efforts to understand and improve health literacy in the USAP should be population specific, thoroughly assess personal and organizational health literacy, and inventory community health care capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact that dietary carbohydrates have on children developing type 2 diabetes remains controversial. Furthermore, there are limited pediatric longitudinal studies on changes in body mass index (BMI) and diet related to the development of acanthosis nigricans (AN), a risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Two 24 h dietary records were collected for 558 children, 2–8 years of age, at baseline and at a 2-year follow-up. Data on age, sex, BMI, and the presence of AN were also collected at each time point from the Children's Healthy Living Program. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the presence of AN at follow-up. Multinominal regression was used to determine factors associated with changes in AN status. Linear regression was used to measure the associations between changes in dietary intake and in the Burke Score for AN. Results: AN was present in 28 children at baseline and 34 children at follow-up. Adjusting for the presence of AN at baseline, age, sex, study group, baseline BMI, change in BMI z-score, time between assessments, and baseline intake, an increase from baseline for each teaspoon of sugar and serving of carbohydrate-rich food increased the risk for having AN at follow-up by 9% and 8%, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). An increased intake of added sugar (teaspoons) increased the risk of developing AN by 13% (p ≤ 0.01) and an increase in servings of foods rich in starch increased the risk of developing AN by 12% (p ≤ 0.01) compared to children who never had AN. Increasing the intake of fruit was also associated with decreased Burke Scores using multiple regression. However, the intake of energy and macronutrients were not associated with AN. Conclusions: Added sugar and foods rich in starch were independently associated with the occurrence of AN, suggesting the type of carbohydrates consumed is a factor in AN occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Children's Healthy Living study provided dietary intake information for understudied Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) young children. Objectives Our objective was to describe food group and macronutrient intakes of NHOPI children in the US-Affiliated Pacific region (USAP), overall and by jurisdiction, income level, and metabolic status. Methods We evaluated 2–8-y-olds (n  = 3520) in a cross-sectional cluster sampled study using 2 d of dietary records completed by caregivers using provided tools, quantified by a specially developed food composition table and compared with US dietary recommendations. Overweight and obesity (OWOB) and acanthosis nigricans (AN) assessment (metabolic status) was completed by trained evaluators using standard tools. Demographic data were collected by questionnaire. Regression analysis identified differences in dietary component means by jurisdiction, World Bank income groups (WBIGs), and metabolic status, adjusted for age and sex. Results Few children met US recommendations for vegetable (2.4%) and milk (4.1%) food groups. US macronutrient recommendations were generally met. Food group and macronutrient intakes were significantly different by jurisdiction and WBIG. Means for food groups, except meats, and macronutrients, except protein, were higher in overweight/obese (OWOB) compared with healthy-weight children. Grain intake of 7.25 (SE: 0.08) oz was higher (P  < 0.05) and milk intake of 0.90 (SE: 0.05) cups was lower (P  < 0.05) in children with OWOB compared with those without OWOB [grains: 7.17 (SE: 0.07) oz; and milk: 0.96 (SE: 0.04) cups]. Monounsaturated fat intake of 11.68 (SE: 0.10) % energy was higher in those with OWOB, compared with healthy-weight children [11.56 (SE: 0.08) % energy, P  < 0.05]. Conclusions Young children's diets in the USAP did not meet milk, vegetable, or fruit intake recommendations. There was variability in dietary patterns across the USAP and by WBIG. Grain intake and monounsaturated fat intake were lower and milk intake was higher in children with better metabolic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dietary education program for hypercholesterolemic children and their parents The National Cholesterol Education Program [1] is directed to adults. Several expert groups [2-5], however, recommend that children, particularly those [...]

Examine differences in dietary intake of children aged 2–5 years in early care and education (ECE) setting in the US Affiliated Pacific (USAP). Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data collected by the Children's Healthy Living program. Children (n = 1,423) with complete dietary records and information on the ECE setting. Dietary intake by ECE setting; Head Start (HS), other ECE (OE), and no ECE. Comparison of mean dietary intake across ECE settings and multivariate logistic regression to evaluate ECE setting and likelihood for meeting dietary reference intake (DRI). Children in HS and OE settings had a significantly higher intake of several food groups and nutrients, compared with no ECE; vegetables (0.4 cup-equivalents per thousand kcals [CETK] vs 0.3 CETK; P < 0.001), fruits (0.8 CETK vs 0.6 CETK; P = 0.001), milk (0.9 CETK for HS and 1.0 CETK for OE vs 0.8 CETK; P < 0.001). Sixty-five percent of the HS group met DRI and had greater odds of meeting calcium DRI (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.7) compared with other groups. The OE group had the lowest proportion of children meeting recommended intakes for 19 out of 25 nutrients. Mean intakes of foods and nutrients for children across the USAP meet some, but not all, recommendations and intakes vary across children attending various ECE setting types. Additional research on the clinical importance of these differences and the impact of the complex food systems in the USAP may identify systematic strategies for improving diet among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To serve as a Center of Excellence to further build capacity and new knowledge for collective impact on child health in the US Affiliated Pacific Region. CHL Center continues to strengthen capacity with the Child Health in the Pacific (CHAP) Summer Fellowship Program and the CHL Dietetics Scholarship Program (CHLD), the CHL Summer Institute. Ten fellows from CNMI, Guam and Hawai'i completed the CHAP Summer Fellowship program and the CHL Summer Institute had a total of 123 students completing online courses (nine offered) related to childhood obesity. To examine the CHL intervention's long-term impact, retraining and standardization workshops are being conducted; and data collection has begun. Eighteen community reports provide a comprehensive compilation of data already collected, and CHL data are available for continued analysis to fill the void in basic nutrition and health information of children in the region. A CHL network multistate project (W1194) has expanded CHL's reach, with members from Arizona and West Virginia. The published CHL intervention effect showed significant improvement in intervention communities compared with control in overweight and obesity prevalence (effect size [d] = −3.95%; 95% CI, −7.47% to −0.43%), waist circumference (d = −0.71 cm; 95% CI, −1.37 to −0.05 cm), and acanthosis nigricans prevalence (d = −2.28%; 95% CI, −2.77% to −1.57%). Greater differences existed among intervention communities in acanthosis nigricans prevalence in the group aged 2 to 5 years (−3.99%) vs the group aged 6 to 8 years (−3.40%), and the interaction was significant (d = 0.59%, P <.001). There was a smaller difference in the group aged 2 to 5 years (−0.10%) vs the group aged 6 to 8 years (−1.07%) in screen time (d = −0.97 hour per day, P =.01). Further analysis of intervention levels, activities and child behaviors that influenced the intervention effect continues to be investigated. Year one built on efforts established by the CHL program to build the CHL Center of Excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]