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Simple Summary: Diabetes and cancer are major global health problems that cause significant illness and death. Many cancer patients also have diabetes, which complicates their treatment, especially if surgery is needed. This review highlights the link between diabetes and cancer. It looks into how cancer treatments can worsen blood sugar control, examines the risks that surgery holds for patients with both conditions, and outlines the strategies that can be used to manage diabetes around the time of surgery. More research is needed to provide new strategies that can reduce complications following surgery in patients with diabetes and cancer. Background: Both diabetes and cancer are major global health issues that are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. There is a high prevalence of diabetes among cancer patients, many of whom require a surgical procedure. This review focuses on the operative complications in patients with diabetes and cancer, and the perioperative management of diabetes in cancer patients. Methodology: A literature search of articles in English—published between January 2010 and May 2024—was carried out using the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The search primarily focused on the operative complications in patients with diabetes and cancer, and perioperative management strategies. Results: The relationship between cancer and diabetes is complex; cancer patients have a high risk of developing diabetes, while diabetes is a risk factor for certain cancers. In addition, various cancer therapies can induce or worsen diabetes in susceptible patients. Many individuals with cancer and diabetes require surgery, and due to underlying diabetes, they may have elevated risks for operative complications. Optimal perioperative management for these patients includes managing perioperative glycemia and other comorbid illnesses, adjusting diabetic and cancer treatments, optimizing nutrition, minimizing the duration of fasting, supporting early mobilization, and providing patient education to enable self-management. Conclusions: While evidence is limited, optimal perioperative management for patients with both diabetes and cancer is necessary in order to reduce surgical complications. Future studies are needed to develop evidence-informed perioperative strategies and improve outcomes for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceftazidime pentahydrate (CP) and cefotaxime sodium (CS) are semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotics and are used to treat a variety of diseases worldwide. In order to explore the efficiency of a medicinal compound, it is important to have a deep understanding of its solution and physiochemical behaviour along with its interaction with biological molecules. In this regard, the solution of two drugs i.e., ceftazidime pentahydrate (CP) and cefotaxime sodium (CS) were investigated in detail. The physicochemical properties of drugs solutions and their interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were studied in water under varying experimental parameters. In the present study the physicochemical properties such as density, viscosity, surface tension, and conductance of aqueous solution, having various molar concentrations, of CP and CS were traced out at different temperatures. Five various concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.3 mol dm−3) of each drug in an aqueous medium were prepared separately, and the physicochemical properties of each solution, were studied individually at temperatures such as 293, 303, 313, 323, and 333 K respectively. Most of these parameters have shown different behaviour with varying concentration of solution and temperature of the medium. In addition, these drugs showed a spontaneous surface-active and association behaviour in aqueous solutions and drug DNA solution. The flow behaviour, surface properties, volumetric behaviour and solute–solvent interaction of this drug were prominently influenced by experimental variables. UV-Visible spectroscopy was also used to study the interaction of these drugs with DNA in aqueous media in detail. Calculated values of binding constants (Kb) for all drug–DNA are positive, indicating constructive binding and interactions between the molecules. In addition the binding efficiency of ceftazidime pentahydrate was found more than that of cefotaxime sodium. The interaction of drug–DNA was not only affected by the nature of the drug but also by the drug-to-DNA ratio and nature of the medium used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft set theory and rough set theory are two new tools to discuss uncertainty. Graph theory is a nice way to depict certain information. Particularly soft graphs serve the purpose beautifully. In order to discuss uncertainty in soft graphs, some new types of graphs called soft covering based rough graphs are introduced. Several basic properties of these newly defined graphs are explored. Applications of soft covering based rough graphs in decision making can be very fruitful. In this regard an algorithm has been proposed.

In this research work, cellulose was isolated from Dodonaea viscosa plant by means of various chemical processes followed by the preparation of nanocellulose through sulfuric acid hydrolysis. These chemical processes begin with the removal of non-cellulosic material such as lignin, pectin, crude wax, and hemicellulose followed by alkaline treatment and chlorine-free bleaching methods. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the successful isolation of cellulosic material after removing hemicellulose, lignin, and other extractives. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) elucidated the thermal degradation profile of the cellulose-based materials obtained after various chemical procedures at each step. Additionally, nanocellulose was prepared from cellulosic material using acid hydrolysis, and its structural and thermal properties were discussed. Nanocellulose extraction from the lignocellulosic biomass sources and its further utilization has been the subject of intensive research as the global community needs the use of green chemistry principles in recent life. Nanocellulosic material due to its unique characteristics and properties is of great importance and has many applications in various industries, including materials science and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental science and pollution research has benefits around the globe. Human activity produces more garbage throughout the day as the world's population and lifestyles rise. Choosing a garbage disposal site (GDS) is crucial to effective disposal. In illuminated of the advancements in society, decision-makers concede a significant challenge for assessing an appropriate location for a garbage disposal site. This research used a multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) approach based on q-rung orthopair hesitant fuzzy rough (q-ROHFR) Einstein aggregation information for evaluating GDS selection schemes and providing decision-making (DM) support to select a suitable waste disposal site. In this study, first, q-ROHFR Einstein average aggregation operators are integrated. Some intriguing characteristics of the suggested operators, such as monotonicity, idempotence and boundedness were also explored. Then, a MADM technique was established using the novel concept of q-ROHFR aggregation operators under Einstein t-norm and t-conorm. In order to help the decision makers (DMs) make a final choice, this technique aims to rank and choose an alternative from a collection of feasible alternatives, as well as to propose a solution based on the ranking of alternatives for a problem with conflicting criteria. The model's adaptability and validity are then demonstrated by an analysis and solution of a numerical issue involving garbage disposal plant site selection. We performed a the sensitivity analysis of the proposed aggregation operators to determine the outcomes of the decision-making procedure. To highlight the potential of our new method, we performeda comparison study using the novel extended TOPSIS and VIKOR schemes based on q-ROHFR information. Furthermore, we compared the results with those existing in the literature. The findings demonstrate that this methodology has a larger range of information representation, more flexibility in the assessment environment, and improved consistency in evaluation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: EDTA-dependent pseudo thrombocytopenia (EDTA-PTCP) refers to a falsely low platelet count occurring in the presence of ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant during blood sample collection, which results in the formation of platelet clumps in vitro. This phenomenon has significant clinical implications, including unnecessary administration of platelets. Our study aims to evaluate the efficacy of sodium citrate anticoagulant for the resolution of EDTAPTCP. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the haematology laboratory of Shifa International Hospital (SIH), Pakistan. Patients with pseudo thrombocytopenia (i.e. platelet count less than 150,000/ul with platelet clumps seen on peripheral smear) were included in this study if they had blood samples drawn in both EDTA and sodium citrate tubes less than 48 hours apart. Data was analyzed using IBM® SPSS Software Version 22. Results: A total of 151 study participants were included in this study. The mean age was 48.95±20.69 years and the majority were female (52.3%). Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that there was a statistically significant difference in platelet count measured in both tubes (Z = -3.223, p=0.001). Overall, blood samples processed in sodium citrate tubes showed lower platelet count than EDTA samples. Sodium citrate anticoagulant was able to correct EDTA-PTCP in 47 (31.1%) of the cases. Conclusion: Sodium citrate anticoagulant was only able to resolve one-third of our EDTA-PTCP cases. Our findings do not support the use of sodium citrate as a suitable alternative for correction of EDTA-PTCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clasical logic, it is possible to combine the uniary negation operator ¬ with any other binary operator in order to generate the other binary operators. In this paper, we introduce the concept of (N∗, O, N, G)-implication derived from non associative structures, overlap function O, grouping function G and two different fuzzy negations N∗ and N are used for the generalization of the implication p → q ≡ ¬ [p ∧ ¬ (¬ p ∨ q)]. We show that (N∗, O, N, G)-implication are fuzzy implication without any restricted conditions. Further, we also study that some properties of (N∗, O, N, G)-implication that are necessary for the development of this paper. The key contribution of this paper is to introduced the concept of circledcircG,N-compositions on (N∗, O, N, G)-implications. If (N 1 ∗ , O (1) , N 1 , G (1) ) - or (N 2 ∗ , O (2) , N 2 , G (2) ) -implications constructed from the tuples (N 1 ∗ , O (1) , N 1 , G (1)) or (N 2 ∗ , O (2) , N 2 , G (2) ) satisfy a certain property P, we now investigate whether circledcircG,N-composition of (N 1 ∗ , O (1) , N 1 , G (1) ) - and (N 2 ∗ , O (2) , N 2 , G (2) ) -implications satisfies the same property or not. If not, then we attempt to characterise those implications (N 1 ∗ , O (1) , N 1 , G (1) ) -, (N 2 ∗ , O (2) , N 2 , G (2) ) -implications satisfying the property P such that circledcircG,N-composition of (M 1 ∗ , O (1) , M 1 , G (1) ) - and (M 2 ∗ , O (2) , M 2 , G (2) ) -implications also satisfies the same property. Further, we introduced sup-circledcircO-composition of (N∗, O, N, G)-implications constructed from tuples (N∗, O, N, G). Subsequently, we show that under which condition sup-circledcircO-composition of (N∗, O, N, G)-implications are fuzzy implication. We also study the intersections between families of fuzzy implications, including RO-implications (residual implication), (G, N)-implications, QL-implications, D-implications and (N∗, O, N, G)-implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In drug development, it is very important to study the physicochemical properties of drugs under various solution conditions in order to understand their mechanism of action and their interactions with bioactive compounds. In this regard, this study attempts to elucidate the effects of co-solvent and co-solute on the physicochemical properties of Montelukast sodium and its possible interactions with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The physicochemical, volumetric and thermodynamic properties of Montelukast sodium were determined by various measurements such as density, viscosity and surface tension. Most of these measured parameters responded differently when ethanol (co-solvent) and sodium chloride (co-solvent) were added to the drug solution, and/or when the concentration and temperature of the drug solution were changed. Various solution properties such as flow behavior, surface activity and association behavior of Montelukast sodium were also affected by the addition of DNA. UV–Vis spectroscopy was also used to better understand the qualitative and quantitative strength of DNA-drug interactions in water. Using UV–Visible analysis, the Montelukast DNA binding constant (Kb) was determined to be 6.861 × 103 (L Mol−1). Physicochemical and spectroscopic results confirmed that there may be physicochemical type interactions between the drug and DNA. It is also proposed that hydrogen bonding can occur between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of the Montelukast sodium and the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the DNA molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose is a promising bionanomaterial which has gained significant attention due to its diverse applications in many important areas. Thus, scientists and technologists are constantly searching for the most economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly production to fulfill its growing need. In this study, cellulose and nanocellulose were isolated from the plant of Ailanthus altissima utilizing a multi-step, environmentally friendly approach involving alkaline treatment and chlorine-free bleaching. The analysis of purified cellulose was conducted by utilizing modern techniques, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis determined the degree of crystallinity of extracted cellulose i.e. 67.41 % and crystallite size 43.4 Å by using Segal method and Scherrer equation respectively. The TGA curve showed the thermal degradation pattern of the cellulosic and nanocellulosic material. Furthermore, SEM technique was used to study the morphological changes in the surface of lignocellulosic fibers with chemical treatment. This novel biomass source has to be a potential usage for a wide range of applications in industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study reports on the extraction of nanocellulose followed by structural and thermal analysis and application of nanocellulose in hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) nanocomposite films. The cellulose nanocrystals were isolated from Artemisia scoparia straw through an alkaline treatment and bleaching process, followed by sulphuric acid hydrolysis. The HPMC nanocomposite films were prepared by a solution casting method and dried at room temperature. Fourier transform infrared-ray (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to analyze the structural and thermal properties of the materials, including the cellulosic material, the nanomaterial, and the nanocomposites. The FTIR spectra indicated that the extraction procedure was adequate, demonstrating the removal of lignin and hemicellulose and the preparation of nanocellulose. The TGA results revealed the thermal degradation pattern of the cellulose and showed that the HPMC films had enhanced thermal stability. This research demonstrates that A. scoparia straw has potential for the extraction of cellulosic nanomaterial and a wide range of applications in nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteus mirabilishas the ability to infiltrate and colonize woundscausing wound infections in both community and hospitalized patients. Due to the production of extended-spectrum-lactamases, P. mirabilis has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibioticsas a result of conventional use of antibioticslimitingtreatment options for clinicians.The current study is aimed to determine the phylogenic analysis and molecular characterization of antibiotic resistant genes of P. mirabilisrecovered from infected patients of skin and soft tissue wounds.A total of 800wound samples were obtained from infected wound patientsat Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) and Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC),Peshawar.The collected samples were identified phenotypically using API 20E strips and antibiogram was determined using standard procedures. Molecular identification was done through sequencing of 16sRNA and phylogenetic analysis was performed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA-7) software. The antibiotic resistant genes of P. mirabilis were detected by PCR using specific primers.Out of 800 samples,84 isolatesyielded the growth ofP. mirabilis.Phylogenetic tree revealed that 100% of samples No. A-1 and No. A-2 are closely related to P. mirabilis to NR 043997.1:1-1503 P. mirabilis strain NCTC 11938 and 99%to (NR 114419.1:1-1495 P. mirabilis strain ATCC 29906).The results of antibiogram revealed that most of the isolates were resistant against antibiotics; cephalosporins, ampicillin, quinolones, chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides while showed good results against MEM, TZP and SCF.Of the isolates, 72.6% were found positive for ESBLs production. Molecular analysis showed that 40%of isolates were positive for blaTEM, blaCTX-M 14 (20%) and blaCTX-M (5%).The current study showed that the prevalence of blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M-14 genes carrying P. mirabilis in a tertiary care hospital Peshawar Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis shows that sequences are closely related with the reference sequences ofP. Mirabilisamong infected patients of skin and soft tissue woundsand is resistant to the commercially available antibioticsresulting in a therapeutic challenge for clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of COVID-19 on individuals, businesses, and corporations is indisputable. Many markets, particularly financial markets, have been severely shaken and have suffered significant losses. Significant issues have arisen in supply chain networks, particularly in terms of financing. The COVID-19 consequences had a significant effect on supply chain financing (SCF), which is responsible for finance supply chain components and improved supply chain performance. The primary source of supply chain financing is financial providers. Among financial providers, the banking sector is referred to as the primary source of financing. Any hiccup in the banking operational systems can have a massive influence on the financing process. In this study, we attempted to comprehend the key consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic and how to mitigate COVID-19's impact on Pakistan's banking industry. For this, three extended hybrid approaches which consists of TOPSIS, VIKOR, and Grey are established to address the uncertainty in supply chain finance under q-rung orthopair probabilistic hesitant fuzzy environment with unknown weight information of decision-making experts as well as the criteria. The study is split into three parts. First, the novel q-rung orthopair probabilistic hesitant fuzzy (qROPHF) entropy measure is established using generalized distance measure under qROPHF information to determine the unknown weights information of the attributes. The second part consists of three decision-making techniques (TOPSIS, VIKOR, and GRA) in the form of algorithm to tackle the uncertain information under qROPHF settings. Last part consists of a real-life case study of supply chain finance in Pakistan to analyze the effects of emergency situation of COVID-19 on Pakistani banks. Therefore, to help the government, we chose the best alternative form list of consider five alternatives (investment, government support, propositions and brands, channels, and digital and markets segments) by using proposed algorithm that minimize the effect of COVID-19 on supply chain finance of Pakistani banks. The results indicate that the proposed techniques are applicable and effective to cope with ambiguous data in decision-making challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the interaction of cellulose-based colloidal microgel dispersions with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at different concentrations. First, a Cellulose-P(NIPAAm-MAA)-based responsive microgel sample was prepared by a radical polymerization method using a one-pot process. The samples thus obtained were purified, characterized and used to study microgel-surfactant interactions. To this end, SDS solutions with different concentrations were prepared and the interactions of SDS in the premicellar and micelle regions with polymer microgel were investigated using different physicochemical techniques. Experiments were also performed at different temperatures to obtain the degree of binding of SDS to microgel in gel surfactant mixtures. Due to the temperature-sensitive properties of microgel, we observed significant changes in various properties of microgel-surfactant mixtures when the solution temperature changed. The overall results showed that various experimental variables, such as the polymer gel/surfactant ratio and temperature, affect the gel–surfactant interaction quantitatively and qualitatively. With increasing surfactant concentration, conductance, viscosity and absorbance values ​​increased, but a decrease in surface tension was observed. This is due to the adsorption of SDS at the air-water interface. The micellar activity of surfactants is enhanced by the addition of microgels. It was found that the strength and nature of the interaction depended not only on the gel/surfactant ratio, solvent type and test temperature, but also on the chemical structure of the surfactant used. Furthermore, the visual stability of the colloidal particles in the mixture of microgel and SDS was also noticeable over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermatean fuzzy sets (FFSs) have piqued the interest of researchers in a wide range of domains. The striking framework of the FFS is keen to provide the larger preference domain for the modeling of ambiguous information deploying the degrees of membership and nonmembership. Furthermore, FFSs prevail over the theories of intuitionistic fuzzy sets and Pythagorean fuzzy sets owing to their broader space, adjustable parameter, flexible structure, and influential design. The information measures, being a significant part of the literature, are crucial and beneficial tools that are widely applied in decision-making, data mining, medical diagnosis, and pattern recognition. This paper aims to expand the literature on FFSs by proposing many innovative Fermatean fuzzy sets-based information measures, namely, distance measure, similarity measure, entropy measure, and inclusion measure. We investigate the relationship between distance, similarity, entropy, and inclusion measures for FFSs. Another achievement of this research is to establish a systematic transformation of information measures (distance measure, similarity measure, entropy measure, and inclusion measure) for the FFSs. To accomplish this aim, new formulae for information measures of FFSs have been presented. To demonstrate the validity of the measures, we employ them in pattern recognition, building materials, and medical diagnosis. Additionally, a comparison between traditional and novel similarity measures is described in terms of counter-intuitive cases. The findings demonstrate that the innovative information measures do not include any absurd cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets accommodate more uncertainties than the Pythagorean fuzzy sets and hence their applications are much extensive. Under the q-rung orthopair fuzzy set, the objective of this paper is to develop new types of q-rung orthopair fuzzy lower and upper approximations by applying the tolerance degree on the similarity between two objects. After employing tolerance degree based q-rung orthopair fuzzy rough set approach to it any times, we can get only the six different sets at most. That is to say, every rough set in a universe can be approximated by only six sets, where the lower and upper approximations of each set in the six sets are still lying among these six sets. The relationships among these six sets are established. Furthermore, we propose tolerance degree based multi granulation optimistic/pessimistic q-rung orthopair fuzzy rough sets and investigate some of their properties. Another main contribution of this paper is to disclose the ideas of different kinds of approximations called approximate precision, rough degree, approximate quality and their mutual relationship. Finally a technique is devloped to rank the alternatives in a q-rung orthopair fuzzy information system based on similarity relation. We find that the proposed method/technique is more efficient when compared with other existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septicemia is a systematic inflammatory response and can be a consequence of abdominal, urinary tract and lung infections. Keeping in view the importance of Gram-negative bacteria as one of the leading causes of septicemia, the current study was designed with the aim to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, the molecular basis for antibiotic resistance and the mutations in selected genes of bacterial isolates. In this study, clinical samples (n = 3389) were collected from potentially infected male (n = 1898) and female (n = 1491) patients. A total of 443 (13.07%) patients were found to be positive for bacterial growth, of whom 181 (40.8%) were Gram-positive and 262 (59.1%) were Gram-negative. The infected patients included 238 males, who made up 12.5% of the total number tested, and 205 females, who made up 13.7%. The identification of bacterial isolates revealed that 184 patients (41.5%) were infected with Escherichia coli and 78 (17.6%) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The clinical isolates were identified using Gram staining biochemical tests and were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with specific primers for E. coli (USP) and P. aeruginosa (oprL). Most of the isolates were resistant to aztreonam (ATM), cefotaxime (CTX), ampicillin (AMP) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and were sensitive to tigecycline (TGC), meropenem (MEM) and imipenem (IPM), as revealed by high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Among the antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 126 (28.4%) samples were positive for ESBL, 105 (23.7%) for AmpC β-lactamases and 45 (10.1%) for MBL. The sequencing and mutational analysis of antibiotic resistance genes revealed mutations in TEM, SHV and AAC genes. We conclude that antibiotic resistance is increasing; this requires the attention of health authorities and clinicians for proper management of the disease burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the aggregation behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) with ionic surfactants e.g. sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at different temperatures. Surface tension and conductivity techniques were used to investigate these physicochemical properties. Surface tension measurements were carried out to find out critical micelle concentration (CMC), free energy change of micellization (ΔGm), free energy change of adsorption (ΔGads) and surface excess concentration (Γ). Conductivity measurements were used to determine CMC, degree of ionization (α) and degree of counter ion binding (β). The values of α and β obtained for SDS were (0.389 and 0.611 respectively), while for CTAB the values of α and β were (0.239 and 0.761 respectively). This type of electrostatic interactions is very important which can be applied in various industrial applications (e.g. pharmaceutical, industrial foaming, oil recovery etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a serious disease that affects the lives of millions around the globe. During COVID-19 pandemic, cancer patients were neglected and due to their miss management in hospitals, they presented in advanced stages of their primary disease specifically due to the suspension of elective services. The current study aimed to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer patients. The current study was designed at the department of surgery in Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) Peshawar from 1st April 2020 to 30th March 2021 in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. A total of 160-cancer patients were divided equally into 2 groups i.e. Group-A (pre-COVID-19 era patients) and Group-B (COVID-19 era patients). These two groups were selected on basis of non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Different statistic tools like SPSS and Origin 2018 soft ware were used for means, standard deviation and percentages. Results: During April and December a total of 160 cancer patients were studied in both years i.e. 2019 (pre-COVID-19 period) and 2020 (COVID-19 period). The mean age of presentation for patients in 2019 was 46.11 and in 2020 it was 50.38. Patients who were hospitalized to surgical wards during the COVID-19 tenure had comparatively longer mean duration of hospital stay with around 8 days (CI 2.49-13.39) hence showing significance with a p-value of 0.011. Breast cancer (n=32 [40% in 2019], n=17 [21.2% in 2020]) and rectal cancer (n=11 [13.8% in 2019], n=18 [22.5% in 2020]) were the two most common entities observed. Most importantly, study sample was analyzed and results showed that 57.5% (n=46) of the patients presented to surgical wards with less aggressive tumors in 2019 as opposed to 2020 where 67.5% (n=54) of patients came to the hospital with advanced stage malignancies; this indicates a significant p-value of 0.001. Conclusion: We are of the opinion that the pandemic is not over yet. Problems such as the global spread of cancer due to COVID-19 and its long term effects on the quality of life of patients worldwide is still being investigated. It is stipulated that the long-term consequences of decreased cancer screening, delayed hospital visits as well as the rise in elective surgery waiting times on cancer stage progression and outcomes, are anticipated to be significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our current era, a new rapidly spreading pandemic disease called coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by a virus identified as a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), is becoming a crucial threat for the whole world. Currently, the number of patients infected by the virus is expanding exponentially, but there is no commercially available COVID-19 medication for this pandemic. However, numerous antiviral drugs are utilized for the treatment of the COVID-19 disease. Identification of the appropriate antivirus medicine to treat the infection of COVID-19 is still a complicated and uncertain decision. This study's key objective is to develop a novel approach called q-rung orthopair probabilistic hesitant fuzzy rough set (q-ROPHFRS), which incorporates the q-rung orthopair fuzzy set, probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set, and rough set structures. New q-ROPHFR aggregation operators have been established: the q-ROPHFR Einstein weighted averaging (q-ROPHFREWA) operator and the q-ROPHFR Einstein weighted geometric (q-ROPHFREWG) operator. In this study, we explored some basic features of the developed operators. Afterward, to demonstrate the viability and feasibility of the established decision-making approach in real-world applications, a case study related to selecting drugs for COVID-19 pandemic is addressed. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison with the q-rung orthopair probabilistic hesitant fuzzy rough TOPSIS technique is also presented to illustrate the benefits of the new framework. The obtained results confirm the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed approach for finding uncertainty in real-world decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial control system (ICS) attacks are usually targeted attacks that use the ICS entry approach to get a foothold within a system and move laterally throughout the organization. In recent decades, powerful attacks such as Stuxnet, Duqu, Flame, and Havex have served as wake-up calls for industrial units. All organizations are faced with the rise of security challenges in technological innovations. This paper aims to develop aggregation operators that can be used to address the decision-making problems based on a spherical fuzzy rough environment. Meanwhile, some interesting properties of idempotence, boundedness, and monotonicity for the proposed operators are analyzed. Moreover, we use this newly constructed framework to select ICS security suppliers and validate its acceptability. Furthermore, a different test has been performed based on a new operator to strengthen the suggested approach. Additionally, comparative analysis based on the novel extended TOPSIS method is presented to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed technique. The results show that the conventional approach has a larger area for information representation, better adaptability to the evaluation environment, and higher reliability of the evaluation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The viral warts are an acquired skin infection caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Different national and international studies show that warts are very prevalent globally among adults and school children. Objective The current study was aimed to determine the epidemiological and clinical features of viral warts in patients presenting to Dermatology unit of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Methods This six months study was conducted in Dermatology unit of Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC) in collaboration with Pathology Department of Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) from July 2018 to December 2018. A total of 219 patients presenting with viral warts were diagnosed clinically and their age, gender, duration of warts, site of involvement, morphological type of warts with their presenting symptoms were recorded on a preformed Performa. Patients having genital warts were screened for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Results Among 219 patients presenting with viral warts, 138 were males and 81 were females. Regarding age, 169 were adults and 50 were children. The most commonly affected age group was 11-20 years. In 219 patients, 199 had non-genital warts and 20 patients had genital warts. Among non-genital warts, common warts was the most common morphological type seen and the most commonly involved site was upper limb followed by lower limbs. Conclusion Viral warts are not only of cosmetic concern for the patient but they are also contiguous. They are more prevalent in young adults mainly involving extremities. Common warts and plamoplanter warts are common morphological types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a generalization of Pythagorean fuzzy sets and picture fuzzy sets, spherical fuzzy sets provide decision makers more flexible space in expressing their opinions. Preference relations have received widespread acceptance as an efficient tool in representing decision makers' preference over alternatives in the decision-making process. In this paper, some new preference relations are investigated based on the spherical fuzzy sets. Firstly, the deficiency of the existing operating laws is elaborated in detail and three cases are described to identify the accuracy of the proposed operating laws in the context of t-spherical fuzzy environment. Also, a novel score function is proposed to obtain the consistent value in ranking of the alternatives. The backbone of this research, t-spherical fuzzy preference relation, consistent t-spherical fuzzy preference relations, incomplete t-spherical fuzzy preference relations, consistent incomplete t-spherical fuzzy preference relations, and acceptable incomplete t-spherical fuzzy preference relations are established. Additionally, some ranking and selection algorithms are established using the proposed novel score function and preference relations to tackle the uncertainty in real-life decision-making problems. Finally, evaluation of the product quality of the online shopping platform problem is demonstrated to show the applicability and reliability of proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing bacteria is an issue of concern for clinicians resulting in minimize the treatment options. To overcome resistance mechanisms, novel inhibitors with good Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) properties must inhibit the ESBLs resistant genes. The current study aimed to identify the antibiotic resistance genes of ESBLs producing E. coli and a single inhibitor was designed to inhibit all the resistant proteins. The results showed that 42.9% ESBL producers had CTX-M (69.9%), TEM (63.4%), SHV (34.5%) and CTX-M-14 (17.5%) genes. The ESBLs producing isolates were resistant to cephalosporins, quinolones, and sulfonamide with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) ranging from 64 to >256 μg/ml. To design multi inhibitory ligands, RECAP synthesis was used for the de-novo discovery of 1000 inhibitors database. Protein crystal structures were retrieved from Protein Data Base (PDB). Lipinski's rules of five were applied to the novel inhibitors database to improve the ADMET properties. The novel inhibitors database was selected for docking simulations. Placement of the ligand was used by the London dG algorithm implemented in Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), while GBVI/WSA dG algorithm was used for final refinement. Based on docking score, visual inspection of ligands interaction with key residues, binding affinity, and binding energy of ligands with proteins, ten compounds were selected for ESBLs proteins with best ADMET properties, binding energy, and binding affinity the reported ones. These hits compounds have unique scaffolds and are predicted to be a starting point for developing potent inhibitors against antibiotic-resistant proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]