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Of similative origin, Polish jakoby derives from the connective jako ‘how, that’ univerbated with the irrealis enclitic by. From the earliest attested stages (late 14th century) into the 17th century, jakoby was used as a comparison marker and as a subordinator of manner or purpose clauses. The former use has persisted, and the latter was ousted. After the 16th century jakoby further evolved into a reportive marker, as a particle or complementizer. Contrary to what pathways explaining the connection between similative and evidential marking would suggest, jakoby’s now predominant function as a reportive marker was apparently not prepared by inferential use, nor was its complementizer function mediated by a purpose function. Instead, purpose and reportive complementizers belong to different “branches”, both of which can be motivated by an indiscriminate similative-manner function. The evidence in favor of this derives from a systematic evaluation of extant research and a corpus study covering almost the entire period from 1600 to our day. A crucial moment to understanding jakoby’s functional changes is the insight that similatives can acquire propositional scope prior to entering the evidential domain and marking a metonymic relation between speech acts and epistemic attitudes expressed by the former.

Through intriguing paths of change, manner expressions may give rise to both quotatives and a diverse range of complementizers. These paths of change are still far from mapped or fully understood, but after years of relative ignorance, they have recently been the subject of increased interest. In this paper, we introduce a special issue the aim of which is to add to the growing knowledge and understanding of the development of manner expressions into complementizers or quotatives. Centering our discussion on Saxena’s diachronic hypothesis from 1995, we first briefly go through a number of central studies of the issue. Subsequently, we summarize the main findings of the contributions to the special issue: (i) additional evidence of the development of manner expressions into complementizers or quotatives; (ii) an emphasis on the variation found in examples of this development; (iii) a number of developmental paths that do not conform to Saxena’s hypothesis (but also a couple that might be compatible with it). In the final part of the paper, we introduce each of the individual contributions to the special issue.

This article analyzes the diachrony of the Basque marker bait-, which is a verbal prefix in subordinate clauses, but also has other functions: for example, it appears in independent clauses and indefinite pronouns. In subordinate clauses, it is used in two ways. First, it co-occurs with clause-initial conjunctions in reason, manner or result clauses or with pronouns in relative clauses. Secondly, it is used on its own, in relative, reason, result and complement clauses (with a limited group of verbs, such as emotive factive predicates or predicates of happening). The article combines evidence from a corpus study (6822 examples from 16th- to 20th-century texts) and internal reconstruction to (1) determine if and in what way the subordinator bait- and the affirmative bai ‘yes’ can be diachronically related, and (2) try to establish diachronic relations between the functions of bait-. It is proposed that the missing link between the subordinator and the affirmative particle might be a manner expression bai which had anaphoric functions. The marker bait- emerged as a reanalyzed form of the manner expression, which then gradually and through various pathways spread to different types of subordinate clauses and was reanalyzed as a subordinator.

In Russian, the subordinator kak ‘how’ is both a manner question word and an eventive complementizer. The Russian linguistic tradition explains the colexification of the two functions in terms of a semantic shift from manner as characteristic of a situation to event description as a whole. Alternatively, a grammaticalization scenario from manner complements to event/propositional complements has been suggested: manner complements originally have a propositional frame, which is foregrounded concurrently with the loss of the manner meaning, giving rise to both eventive and propositional interpretations. This article is aimed at testing both hypotheses. We study several large Old Russian manuscripts, starting from the first available documents of the 11th century, and show that at the earliest documented period Old Russian kako/kakъ could be used in all types of complement clauses. It could introduce eventive, propositional, manner and irrealis purposive-like complements. Accordingly, the evolution of the subordinator kak in complementation involves a narrowing of its functional domain. We classify Old Russian texts based on the period and trace the gradual loss of particular functions during the centuries. Thus, we show that the Russian data supports the second grammaticalization scenario.

The Turkish nominalizer -(y)Iş demonstrates a broad spectrum of functions ranging from a deverbal word-formation device that forms lexicalized nouns with concrete and abstract meanings to an inflectional marker used in nominal clauses, especially in clausal complementation. In some uses, the item conveys manner semantics. While the item itself has been variously investigated and forms an established part of any Turkish grammar description, there is still a lack of consensus on its functional and semantic properties. This article investigates the morphosyntactic functions and the semantic features of the nominalizer -(y)Iş in light of the claims in the linguistic literature on the one hand, which include manner, countable events, factive imperfective, single instance of an event, direct reference to the inner process of an action, etc., and of examples from primary sources on the other, and evaluates the findings from the perspective of grammaticalization. It will be argued that the range of functions of this item and the fact that it seems to resist any straightforward analysis result from its transition from a derivational marker to an inflectional marker with tasks including complementizer functions, a process in which manner semantics will be argued to play a role.

In this study, we look at manner demonstratives (such as ‘so’ and similative prepositions such as ‘like’) in complex sentences of two Finnic languages: Finnish and Estonian. We expand previous accounts of these manner expressions (MEs) in quotative constructions and investigate their use with epistemic (‘know’, ‘guess’) and perceptive (‘see’, ‘hear’, ‘feel’) verbs in non-standard written communications. In addition to the results from two Finnic languages, in the discussion of this article, we pay attention to the similarities found in the use of MEs with these verbs in Finno-Ugric languages spoken in Russia. The results show that MEs contribute to the expression of epistemic processes and perception in both languages. Manner demonstratives are used as endophoric markers pointing at demonstrations and descriptions of the event perceived. Co-occurring with the epistemic verb ‘know’, manner demonstratives induce a non-factive construal and cancel the presupposition that the speaker considers the proposition to be true. With inherently subjective verbs like ‘understand’ and in some contexts with perceptive verbs like ‘see, seem’, and ‘feel’, they indicate the subjective interpretation of the event. The reportative function is observed with the auditory perceptive verbs ‘hear’ and ‘be heard’, where the manner demonstratives highlight the reporter’s uncertainty or indicate the verbatim rendering of the report. Furthermore, they can express the speaker’s wishful thinking while co-occurring with a visual perceptive verb ‘see’. In turn, similative markers are used in reportative function as already established quotatives and mark reports as approximately reproduced or typical for the event described. Co-occurring with perceptive verbs, they can express the speaker’s doubt or mark propositions as counterfactual.

Complementation strategies in both ancient and modern Semitic languages include the use of a series of cognate complementizers typically sharing a k-element: e.g., Tigrinya käm, Modern Hebrew ki, Akkadian kī(ma) or Ge’ez kama. The sources and the developments that led to the complementizer use of these multifunctional k-subordinators are not sufficiently clear, and diverse interpretations have been proposed. The present article analyses the oldest written record of k-complement markers in Semitic, focusing on Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian. The analysis of the type and distribution of complement constructions suggest a different explanation for their development based on the grammaticalization of similative manner expressions, a process attested in Afro-Asiatic and other languages. The article also highlights the presence and potential role of nominal complementation among the earliest recorded forms of complementation in Akkadian. The data presented here provide insights into the origin of k-complementizers in Semitic languages with less ancient written evidence, from Ancient Hebrew to Ethiosemitic.

This article presents a corpus-based overview of strategies of direct quotation that employ two similative demonstratives, tak ‘so’ and taki ‘such/like this’, in colloquial spoken Polish. It will be shown that the ways in which Polish tak and taki encode, respectively, manner and quality in exophoric, endophoric, and cataphoric uses are also reflected in their quotative uses. Further, special emphasis is placed on two verbless quotative strategies: (Conj) NP tak and (Conj) NP taki, to offer two grammaticalization-related accounts: one for tak and another for taki. As will be argued, (Conj) NP tak is a reduced clause (originally NP VERB tak), while (Conj) NP taki is a stacking of two independent quotative strategies: (Conj) NP on the one hand, and taki on the other. The study thus contributes to our understanding of how manner/quality expressions are recruited in clause-combining tasks involving the integration of direct quotes into speakers’ utterances.

Among the different ways to approach discourse-structuring patterns, semantic basic figures (Grundfiguren in German) are a versatile tool that helps to understand the semantic framework of discourses. Topoi, metaphors, and other argumentative and figurative elements can be traced back to such basic concepts. My essay identifies and analyses repetitions and variations in the realisation of two such figures – ‘difficulty’ and ‘austerity’ – in a corpus of concert reviews of Jean Sibelius’ Fourth Symphony. I show how these concepts are first established and how they can be found in both verbatim repetitions and lexical and constructional variations over a period spanning several decades. My approach is based on the observation that a constantly varied repetition of certain patterns and similarly structured semantic frames is effective in coining the image of an artwork in public discourse and reaching an intersubjective understanding of its meaning and content. This applies all the more when those patterns are linked to previously established cultural (auto-)stereotypes.

L’objectif de la présente étude est de détecter les traductions ratées dans le dictionnaire « Expressions idiomatiques arabes » de Moussaoui, d'en expliquer les raisons et de suggérer à la place des traductions françaises correctes. Nous avons suivi une approche analytique basée sur la théorie de Scopos. D’après notre analyse, il ressort que donner une traduction littérale de l’expression est une étape intermédiaire importante qui devrait précéder l’offre de l’équivalent définitif en français dans le dictionnaire. Elle devrait être adaptée au système linguistique de la langue cible. Elle donnerait au lecteur du dictionnaire des perceptions culturelles précises de la langue de départ. Toute traduction ratée à cet égard empêche le lecteur de saisir des aspects cognitifs importants liés à cette langue. Ces traductions littérales doivent être suivies des équivalents minutieusement choisis dans la langue cible. Le traducteur devrait être conscient de la portée exacte de l’utilisation des expressions originales. La traduction littérale et l’équivalent final formeraient ainsi des matières brutes grâce à lesquelles, le lecteur du dictionnaire sera capable, d’abord en arabe, de bien choisir l’expression idiomatique adaptée à la situation. Ensuite en français, il pourra adopter les équivalents proposés dans le dictionnaire, en trouver d’autre formes dans sa langue, ou bien en forger des formes toutes neuves. Par ailleurs, traduire les expressions idiomatiques obsolètes exige en particulier d’en authentifier la forme et le sens. Traduire ses expressions serait ainsi une façon de les faire revivre dans leur langue d’origine et de partager la sagesse qu’elles impliquent avec d’autres langues.الهدف من الدراسة الحالية هو الكشف عن الترجمات الخاطئة في معجم "التعبيرات الاصطلاحية العربية" لموسوي، وشرح أسبابها واقتراح ترجمات فرنسية صحيحة بدلا منها. وقد اتبعنا منهجا تحليليا يعتمد على نظرية الهدف. وقد تبين من خلال تحليلنا أن إعطاء ترجمة حرفية للتعبير هو مرحلة وسيطة مهمة يجب أن تسبق إعطاء المكافئ الفرنسي في صورته النهائية في المعجم. ويجب أن تتكيف هذه الترجمة الحرفية مع النظام اللغوي للّغة الهدف. حيث أن من شأنها أن تعطي قارئ القاموس تصورات ثقافية دقيقة للّغة المصدر. وأي ترجمة فاشلة في هذا الصدد ستحول دون استيعاب القارئ لجوانب معرفية مهمة متعلقة بتلك اللغة. وعقب هذه الترجمات الحرفية، يجب أن تأتي مكافئات من اللغة الهدف مختارة بعناية. وينبغي أن يكون المترجم على دراية دقيقة بنطاق استخدام التعبيرات الأصلية. ومن ثم فإن الترجمة الحرفية والمكافئ النهائي سيشكلان سويا موادا أولية سيتمكن بفضلها بداية قارئ القاموس، من اختيار التعبير الاصطلاحي الذي يتناسب مع الموقف في اللغة العربية. ثم سيكون قادرا في اللغة الفرنسية على قبول المكافئات التي يطرحها المعجم، أو إيجاد أشكال أخرى منها في لغته، أو صكّ أشكال جديدة تماما. علاوة على ذلك، فإن ترجمة التعبيرات الاصطلاحية القديمة تتطلب بشكل خاص التحقق من مبناها ومعناها. وبالتالي فإن ترجمتها ستكون وسيلة لإعادتها إلى الحياة في لغتها الأصلية ومشاركة الحكمة التي تنطوي عليها مع اللغات الأخرى.

قيام أي نشاط صناعي لابد له من مقومات طبيعية و بشرية, وجاء هذا البحث ليسلط الضوء على الصناعات الصغيرة في مركز الزقازيق، والتعرف علي توزيعها الجغرافي لمواقع الصناعات الصغيرة في مركز الزقازيق، كما ركز الباحث على بيان دور العوامل المؤثرة في الصناعات والتي تمثلت في (المواد الأولية، الأيدي العاملة، الطاقة والوقود, رأس المال، السوق).يهدف البحث لتوضيح تطور الصناعات الصغيرة ، وتوزيعها الجغرافي في المركز موضحًا أثر العوامل الاقتصادية والبشرية على التوزيع ، التعرف علي مشاكل الصناعات الصغيرة ، وضع حلول وتوصيات لمعالجتها، إبراز دور الصناعات الصغيرة في التنمية الاقتصادية.استخدم البخث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لدراسة العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية المؤثرة على التوطن، ودراسة عوامل التوطن ، بالإضافة إلى المدخل التاريخي لدراسة تطور الصناعات الصغيرة في الفترة من 2010- 2020م، كما اعتمد الباحث علي الدراسة الميدانية، واستخدام الأسلوب الكارتوجرافي في التمثيل، بالإضافة إلى الأسلوب الإحصائي في تحليل أرقام الجداول .وقد توصل البحث إلى التباين المكاني للمواقع الصناعية التى انعكست صوره، من خلال التركز الصناعي بناحيتين هما بردين، والعصلوجي ، وقد أخذ كل عامل من العوامل المؤثرة ، دوره في تأثيره علي الصناعات الصغيرة، واقترحت الدراسة بإنشاء شركات ضامنة للشباب، مراكز تدريب للصناعات الصغيرة .Abstract The establishment of any industrial activity must have a set of natural and human components. This research came to shed light on small industries in the center of Zagazig, to identify the geographical distribution of industrial sites and small industries in the center of Zagazig. The researcher also focused on explaining the role of factors affecting industries, which were represented in (raw materials, labor, energy and fuel, capital, market).The study focuses on clarifying the small industrial sectors and their geographic characteristics in the center, in addition to the economic and human factors on distribution, identifying the problems of small industries, solutions and recommendations to address them, and highlighting the role of small industries in economic development.The study used the descriptive analytical approach to study the natural and human factors affecting settlement, and to study the factors of settlement, in addition to the historical approach to study the development of small industries in the period from 2010-2020. The researcher also relied on the field study, and the use of the cartographic method in representation, in addition to the statistical method in Analysis of table numbers.The research reached the spatial disparity of industrial sites, which was reflected in the industrial concentration in two areas: Bardin and Al-Aslouji. Each of the influencing factors took its role in its impact on small industries. The study suggested the establishment of youth guarantor companies and training centers for small industries.

La littérature ne vise pas la simple communication informative ; elle cherche plutôt à affecter. Elle correspond des procédés spécifiques : la forme de langue, les procédés esthétiques. Par conséquent, elle pose au traducteur des problèmes attachés à sa nature. Et le traducteur doit tenir compte aux qualités esthétiques des textes à traduire. Les figures de style d’analogie sont des procédés d’écriture qui permettent de lier deux éléments pour les comparer. Elles créent des images rhétoriques en rapprochant deux éléments différents. Notre étude sera consacrée à l’analyse de la traduction de ces figures analogiques arabes vers le français dans « Je balaie le soleil des terrasses (Aknusu al-chams an al-sutuh », un recueil de nouvelles, publié en arabe en1994, traduit en français par Yves gonzalez-Quijano, (Le cimetière des rêves) 2000. Notre problématique est de nous interroger comment les figures d’analogie arabes sont-elles rendues en français par Yves Gonzalez-Quijano et par Chat GPT (un logiciel de traduction basé sur l’intelligence artificielle (AI ). Ont-ils traduit le sens et la forme de ces figures de style d’analogie ? Pour répondre à ces questions saillantes, nous allons comparer la traduction humaine avec la traduction automatique. Notre comparaison est basée sur la recherche des points de divergence et de convergence entre les deux traductions humaine et automatique.الترجمة الأدبية هي تمازج وتلاقي طريقتي تفكير مختلفتين تنصهران في بوتقة واحدة. ودون هذا التمازج عقبات كأداء اللغة، فغالبا ما يستخدم في الادب لغة تهوي ضروب المجاز والاستعارة والتي يصعب حصرها، لتنفرد كل لغة بنوع التفكير والتعبير والدلالات الثقافية الخاصة بها. لذلك تعتبر الترجمة الأدبية من أصعب عمليات الترجمة. نتناول في دراستنا إشكالية ترجمة الصور المجازية للتشبيه من اللغة العربية الي اللغة الفرنسية بواسطة تقنية الذكاء الاصطناعي Chat GPT وبواسطة المترجم الفرنسي إيف غونزاليس كويجانو، متخذا رواية " أكنس الشمس عن السطوح " لحنان الشيخ نموذجا. وقد قمنا بدراسة مقارنة للترجمتين الترجمة الالية بواسطة الذكاء الاصطناعي Chat GPTوالترجمة الأخرى بواسطة المترجم الفرنسي ايف غونزاليس كويجانو. وأوضحنا كيف عكف المترجم غونزاليس كويجانو في ترجمته على ابراز الفكرة الواحدة بطرق مختلفة وكيف انه أهتم ايضا بانتقاء الكلمات والعبارات بعناية فائقة، محافظا على معني ما ينقله من لغة الي اخري بدقة وأمانه. بينما نجد الترجمة الالية بتقنية الذكاء الاصطناعي Chat GPTبها العديد من الأخطاء مرجعها عادة سوء فهم للمفردات والتعبير أو الاعتماد على الترجمة الحرفية، أو الاخذ بالمعني الحقيقي عوضا عن المعني المجازي. وفي دراستنا نماذج لبعض هفوات الترجمة الالية بتقنية الذكاء الاصطناعي Chat GPT الذي اتحفنا مرارا بما يحير العقل في باب النقل. وتوصلنا الي نتيجة مفادها أنه رغم تطور تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في مجال الترجمة فلا يزال إمكانياتها محدودة وغير مقبولة، تفتقر الي الدقة والإبداع خاصة في مجال الترجمة الأدبية التي تتطلب مهارات إبداعية فائقة. وأن أداة الذكاء الاصطناعي Chat GPT غير كفء في صياغة وترجمة نصوص أدبية تضاهي بجودتها النصوص الأدبية الأصلية وانه لا يمكن استخدم هذه الوسيلة للترجمة كبديل للمترجم البشري بل كأداة مساعده له.

Cette étude porte sur l’analyse du discours de victimisation dans Le Lambeau de Plançon, ses formes, ses procédés et ses visées. Notre attention se focalise sur les émotions de la douleur et du chagrin de l’écrivain puisqu’il est l’un des victimes de l’attentat de Charlie Hebdo. Il insiste à réactiver ce souvenir traumatisant, son cadre spatio-temporel, ses partenaires, les moindres détails tout en évoquant des événements semblables. Les différentes manières de la représentation des topiques de sang et de mort constituent un état victimaire très atroce. P. Lançon s’engage à faire gloire aux victimes, celles-ci n’ont guère l’intention de nuire, en mettant le point sur la souffrance endurée. S’appuyer sur beaucoup d’indices de crédibilité et d’authenticité, être gravement blessé suite à l’attentat, il n’hésite ni à décrire son long séjour à l’hôpital ni à raconter sa douleur et son expérience de reconstruction. Dans ce contexte, plein d’amertume, le journaliste avance, selon sa vision du monde, une définition à certains termes et se sert de stratégies énonciatives variées, surtout au niveau du choix du pronom personnel.تتناول هذه الدراسة تحليل خطاب الضحية في لولامبو لفيليب لانسون وبصفه خاصة أشكاله وتقنياته وأهدافه. ينصب اهتمامنا على مشاعر الألم والحزن لدي الكاتب حيث انه كان أحد ضحايا هجوم شارلي إيبدو. فهو يصر على إعادة تنشيط هذه الذكري المؤلمة وإطارها المكاني والزماني وابطالها وأدق التفاصيل مع استحضار أحداث مماثلة. تشكل الطرق المختلفة لعرض موضوعي الدم والموت حالة انفعالية فظيعة للغاية. يلتزم فيليب لانسون بتكريم الضحايا، حيث انهم لم يكن لديهم علي الاطلاق أي نية لإلحاق الأذى بالآخرين. والكاتب يقوم بتسليط الضوء على المعاناة التي تكبدوها. بعد إصابته بجروح خطيرة في أعقاب الهجوم و بالاعتماد على العديد من أدلة المصداقية والأصالة، ، يصف إقامته الطويلة في المستشفى ويروي آلامه وتجربته في إعادة بناء شخصيته. في هذا السياق المليء بالمرارة، يقدم الصحفي، حسب رؤيته للعالم، تعريفا لمصطلحات معينة ويستخدم استراتيجيات لفظية متنوعة، خاصة على مستوى اختيار الضمير الشخصي.

اتجهت الجغرافيا الحديثة نحو الجانب التطبيقي، ولم تعد قاصرةً على الجانب النظري الأكاديمي، إذ أصبحت تسهم بجانب كبير في حل المشكلات المكانية التي تواجه السكان. وتركِّز الدراسة على استخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (Gis) في دراسة خصائص التوزيع المكانى لمحطات الوقود ونمط توزيعها، وتقيِّم كفاءة توزيعها، مع التركيز على دراسة علاقة توزيع محطات الوقود بالسكان والمباني وشبكة الطرق ومساحة محطات الوقود، بجانب اقتصاديات محطات الوقود بالمحافظة، ثم التوزيع المكاني الأمثل لمحطات الوقود بمحافظة السويس. واعتمدت الدراسة على استخدام المنهج الموضوعي والإقليمى والتاريخي والتطبيقي والتحليلي والسلوكي، لمعرفة خصائص المتردِّدين على محطات الوقود بمحافظة السويس، علاوة على استخدام الأساليب الكميَّة، في تحليل ومعالجة الجداول والبيانات، وتم استخدام برنامج التحليل الإحصائي (Spss) في حساب الارتباطات والتحليل الاحصائي، بجانب استخدام الأسلوب الكارتوجرافي، واستخدام برامج نظم المعلومات الجغرافية في إنشاء خرائط البحث، وأخيرًا خلصت الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج والتوصيات أهمها ضرورة إعادة توزيع محطات الوقود بكفاءة على مستوى أقسام محافظة السويس.AbstractModern geography has moved towards the applied side and is no longer limited to the academic theoretical side as it contributes greatly to solving the spatial problems facing the population. This study focuses on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to investigate the characteristics of the spatial distribution of gas stations and their distribution pattern and evaluate the efficiency of their distribution, with an emphasis on studying the relation of gas station distribution to population, buildings, the road network, and the space of gas stations. Moreover, it studies the economics of gas stations in Suez governorate and the optimal spatial distribution for gas Stations in the same Governorate. The study relies on the use of objective, regional, historical, applied, analytical and behavioral approaches to recognize the characteristics of those who frequent gas stations in Suez Governorate. It also depends on the use of quantitative methods in analyzing and processing tables and data, and the statistical analysis program (SPSS) is used to calculate correlations and statistical analysis. Furthermore, it employs the cartographic method and geographic information systems programs in creating research maps. Finally, the study concludes with anumber of results and recommendations; the most important of which is the necessity of efficiently redistributing gas stations at the level of the districts of the Suez Governorate..

استنادًا إلى أن المعنى هو العلاقة المتبادلة بين اللفظ والمدلول، وأن الإنسان بطبعه يسعى إلى سد النقص في الثروة اللفظية للغة، ففي إمكانه أن يبتكر كلمات جديدة، أو أن يلجأ إلى إحدى السبل المعروفة في صوغ الكلمات، أو أن يقترض كلمات من لغة أخرى، أو يغير في معاني الكلمات الموجودة بالفعل. فقد تتبعتُ تغير اللفظ أو ثباته مع مدلوله من خلال دراسة لغوية مقارنة بين نماذج من مصطلحات المهن من الحديث النبوي الشريف من خلال كتاب "تخريج الدلالات السمعية للخزامي التلمساني. ومن العبرية القديمة: العهد القديم: بنفس المنهج.AbstractBased on the fact that meaning is the mutual relationship between the word and the meaning, and that man by nature seeks to fill the deficiency in the verbal wealth of the language, he can invent new words, resort to one of the known ways of formulating words, or borrow words from another language or changes the meanings of words that already exist.I traced the change or stability of the word with its meaning through a comparative linguistic study between examples of the terminology of professions from the noble Prophet’s hadith through the book: Graduation of Audio Semantics by Al-Khuza’i Al-Tilmisani .From ancient Hebrew: The Old Testament with the same approach.

With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic, the whole world is overwhelmed with a mood of fear, anxiety, depression and psychological discomfort. The Coronavirus has wrapped all aspects of life with a new mode so that the authorities concerned have imposed stay-at-home orders, curfews and restrictions on mass mobility and daily activities. These restrictions have given rise to unprecedented practices rarely available in pre-Coronavirus era. Consequently, the normal course of life has greatly changed and a new daily routine has been established during the COVID-19 pandemic whose impact on all life activities is characterized by being extensive and having far-reaching consequences. This paper investigates the COVID-19 repercussions in some purposively selected cartoons and comics from different websites. The selected cartoons and comics attempt to establish what may be called covidity, a neologism that requires collective and wide-spread response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyzes negative pandemic-related aspects that have bearing especially on travel, religious and sport activities. The study draws upon Kress and Leeuwen’s approach of Visual Grammar (2006) within the framework of social semiotics. The study probes Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA), which is mainly applied and opted for deeper examination of visual discourse maintained in the data under discussion. Multimodality is a concept that accounts for different semiotic resources in communication to express certain meanings or ideologies. The paper demonstrates how coping strategies help to alleviate the grim mood created by the pandemic and to get adapted to new circumstances. مع ظهور جائحة كوفيد-19، ساد العالم أجمع حالة من الخوف والقلق والانزعاج النفسي. لقد أضفى فيروس كورونا نمطا جديدا على كافة مناحي الحياة، مما دفع السلطات المعنية لإصدار تعليمات البقاء بالمنازل وحظر التجول والقيود على التنقل الجماعي والأنشطة اليومية. وقد أدت هذه القيود إلى ظهور ممارسات غير مسبوقة قلما تواجدت في فترة ما قبل فيروس كورونا. وبالتالي، تغير المسار الطبيعي للحياة بشكل كبير وظهر روتين يومي جديد خلال جائحة كوفيد-19 والذي كان له تأثير بالغ المدى على جميع أنشطة الحياة. تبحث هذه الدراسة تداعيات كوفيد-19 في بعض الرسوم الكرتونية والرسوم المضحكة المختارة من مواقع الكترونية مختلفة. تهدف البيانات المختارة إلى إرساء ما يمكن تسميته "بالكوفيدية"، وهو مصطلح جديد يتطلب استجابة جماعية وواسعة النطاق لجائحة كوفيد-19، ويحلل الجوانب السلبية المتعلقة بالوباء وتأثيرها لا سيما على السفر والأنشطة الدينية والرياضية. تعتمد الدراسة على منهج كريس وليوين في القواعد النحوية المرئية (2006) في إطار نظرية السيمائية الاجتماعية. كما تبحث الدراسة في تحليل الخطاب المتعدد الوسائط والذي يتم تطبيقه بشكل أساسي في تحليل الخطاب المرئي بصورة أشمل للبينات قيد الدراسة. إن تعدد الوسائط مفهوماً يفسر الوسائل السيمائية المختلفة في التواصل للتعبير عن معاني أو أيدولوجيات معينة. وتكشف الدراسة عن مدى مساهمة تلك الاستراتيجيات في التخفيف من حالة التجهم التي خلّفها الوباء والتأقلم مع الواقع الجديد.

يتناول هذا البحث الحديث عن مدينة غزة بين الدعم المصري والسيادة الأشورية خلال النصف الثاني من القرن الثامن قبل الميلاد. فقد تمتعت مدينة غزة بأهمية كبيرة كونها تمثل النقطة الرئيسة بالنسبة للقوافل التي كانت تنقل البضائع من جنوب الجزيرة العربية والشرق إلى البحر المتوسط، وكانت بمثابة مركز توزيع هذه البضائع إلى سوريا ومنطقة آسيا الصغرى، وكذلك بمثابة حلقة الوصل بين مصر وفلسطين.. أى أنها حظيت بأهمية كبيرة باعتبارها المدينة الواقعة فى أقصى جنوب غرب فلسطين على الطريق المؤدى إلى مصر وأول مدينة يتم الوصول إليها بعد الخروج من الصحراء، فقد أصبحت هى نقطة تموين القوافل التجارية وإلى جانب أهميتها التجارية فقد تمتعت بأهمية استراتيجية وعسكرية. حيث أصبح موضوع السيطرة عليها موضع خلاف بين حكام كل من مصر وسوريا، وكان هذا التنافس حادًا وواضحًا بشكل خاص بين الملوك المصريين والآشوريين. أى أن غزة جمعت بين الأهمية التجارية والأهمية الحربية، وكانت مصر على إدراك تام لهذه الأهمية، ومن ثم فقد كانت تساندها وتدعمها، وفى الوقت نفسه تحرضها عندما تنشب فيها ثورات. وتم تذييل البحث بعدد من النتائج لعل أهمها:كان للموقع المتميز للمدن الفلسطينية والسورية بالإضافة إلى كونها تمثل منفذًا رئيسًا على طرق التجارة الخاصة بالقبائل العربية الجنوبية جعل مصر حريصة على مساندة ومساعدة هذه المدن فى صراعها ضد الأشوريين.كان الدافع الاقتصادي هو الأساس وراء تحرك الملوك الأشوريين للسيطرة على مدينة غزة، وذلك من أجل الوصول إلى السيادة الكاملة على الطرق التجارية العربية والتجارة المصرية دل على ذلك إقامة الملك تجلات بلاسر الثالث مركزًا تجاريًا (كارو) فى غزة.AbstractThis research deals with the talk about Gaza City between Egyptian support and Assyrian sovereignty during the second half of the eighth century BC. Gaza City enjoyed great importance as it represented the main point for the caravans that transported goods from the south of the Arabian Peninsula and the East to the Mediterranean, and it served as a distribution center for these goods to Syria and the Asia Minor region, as well as a link between Egypt and Palestine. That is, it was of great importance as the city located in the far southwest of Palestine on the road leading to Egypt and the first city to be reached after leaving the desert. It became a supply point for commercial convoys, and in addition to its commercial importance, it enjoyed strategic and military importance. The issue of control over it became a matter of dispute between the rulers of Egypt and Syria, and this rivalry was particularly sharp and clear between the Egyptian and Assyrian kings. That is, Gaza combined commercial importance with military importance, and Egypt was fully aware of this importance, and therefore it supported and supported it, and at the same time incited it when revolutions broke out there.The research was concluded with a number of results, perhaps the most important of which are:The distinguished location of the Palestinian and Syrian cities, in addition to, the fact that they represented a major outlet on the trade routes of the southern Arab tribes, made Egypt keen to support and assist these cities in their struggle against the Assyrians.The economic motive was the basis behind the move of the Assyrian kings to control the city of Gaza, in order to achieve full sovereignty over the Arab trade routes and Egyptian trade. This was evidenced by King Tiglath-pileser III’s establishment of a trading center (Karo) in Gaza.

يتناول البحث دراسة التقييم الجغرافى لشبكات البنية الأساسية بمدينتى القنطرة كمدخل لجغرافية الخدمات بالمدينتين وذلك من حيث دراسة شبكة مياه الشرب ومصدر المياه بالمدينتين وأهم المشكلات التى تواجه هذا المرفق الرئيسى بهما بالإضافة إلى شبكة الصرف الصحى ومحطات الرفع والمعالجة بالمدينتين وطرق التخلص من المخلفات الصلبة والسائلة بهما وأهم أماكن التوزيع الجغرافى لمناطق إنتشار القمامة بمدينتى القنطرة، كذلك الحال بالنسبة لشبكة الطاقة الكهربائية بالمدينتين ومصادر التغذية الحالية ومعدلات الإستهلاك بين كلاً منهما ، وشبكة الإتصالات بالمدينتين والتى تضمنت شبكة الإتصالات الحاليةوأماكن توزيع الخدمات التليفونية بالإضافة إلى عدد المشتركين وعدد السنترلات بكل مدينة كذلك خطوط الربط والشبكات الأرضية بكل مدينة وأخيراً الإمداد بالغاز الطبيعى فى كلاً من المدينتين.AbstractThe research deals with the study of the geographical assessment of the infrastructure networks in the two cities of Qantara as an introduction to the geography of services in the two cities, in terms of studying the drinking water network and the water source in the two cities and the most important problems facing this main facility in them, in addition to the sewage network and the lifting and treatment stations in the two cities and the methods of disposing of solid and liquid waste in them and the most important places. Geographical distribution of garbage areas in the cities of Qantara, The same applies to the electrical power network in the two cities, the current supply sources and consumption rates between each of them, and the communications network in the two cities, which included the current communications network and locations for distributing telephone services, in addition to the number of subscribers and the number of exchanges in each city, as well as the connection lines and terrestrial networks in each city, and finally the supply of natural gas in each of the two cities.

يتمثل الهدف الرئيس لهذه الدراسة في الكشف عن دور الصفحات المختارة على الفيس بوك في تنمية المشروعات الإنتاجية (بالتركيز علي مشروعات الإنتاج الحيواني)، وطبقت الدراسة على عينة غرضية قوامها (360) مفردة من مرتادي مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي (الصفحات المختارة على الفيس بوك)، واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي، وأداة استمارة الاستبيان الإلكترونية، كما استعانت بنظرية الاعتماد على وسائل الإعلام، ونظرية الدور عند تالكوت بارسونز في تحليلها وتفسيرها لقضاياها النظرية. وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج، ومنها: فمن حيث الدور التنظيمي تساهم هذه الصفحات المختارة في توضيح الجوانب الداعمة لضمان تنفيذ المشروع واستمراره منها ( رأس المال، العمالة اللازمة، ....)، ومن حيث الدور الرعائي فتلك الصفحات تقدم معلومات حول كيفية اختيار عنصر غذائي متوازن، ويتركز الدور التسويقي لتلك الصفحات حول تسهيل عمليات البيع والشراء على عكس النظام التقليدي المتبع في السوق التجاري المعتمد، ومن أهم مقترحات الدراسة وتوصياتها: تبني إقامة كورسات ودورات تدريبية إلكترونية لزيادة وعي المقبلين على العمل بهذه المشروعات، بالإضافة إلى إجراء عديد من البحوث والدراسات الاجتماعية في هذا المجال، ومن بين هذه الموضوعات المقترحة: تأثير ارتفاع الأسعار على العائد الاجتماعي المنتظر من هذه المشروعات.AbstractThe main objective of this study is to reveal the role of selected Facebook pages in developing the productive projects (by focusing on livestock production projects). The researcher applied this study on an intentional sample composed of )360( social media websites users (the selected Facebook pages). The researcher relied on the descriptive approach and an online questionnaire form. The researcher also depended on the Theory of Reliance on Media Tools and Talcott Parsons’ Role Theory in order to analyze and interpret the study’s theoretical issues. The research reached a set of findings, of which the most important are: as for the organizational role, the selected Facebook pages help clarify the supporting aspects that ensure the implementation and sustainability of the project including (capital, necessary labor,.....). Concerning the pastoral role, these pages provide information on how to choose a balanced nutritional element, and their marketing role revolves around facilitating purchasing and selling operations unlike the traditional system adopted in the approved commercial market. The research’s most important recommendations and suggestions are: patronizing online training courses to increase the awareness of the people who are willing to work in these projects as well as conducting a number of social researches and studies in this field The research proposes the following topics for these researches and studies: the impact of the rising prices on the expected social outcome of these projects.

يمكننا أن نشير إلى دوافع البحث التي تتمثل في: الرغبة في إبراز الوظيفة النفسية للغة من خلال المجاز في بعض الألفاظ والعبارات، وتطبيق ذلك على بعض النماذج في رواية ماجدولين. هذا بالإضافة إلى تميز أسلوب المنفلوطي الذي يهتم فيه باختيار اللفظ الملائم للمقام مع ذوقه الراقي في البيان، وانعكاس ذلك على الدلالة النفسية في النص.ويهدف هذا البحث إلى: إظهار أهمية المجاز وما يعرض له من ظواهر دلالية تساهم في استكمال دلالات النص، كما نهدف إلى تسليط الضوء على العامل النفسي وهو عامل مهم يسهم في تغيير دلالات الألفاظ ونشوء دلالات جديدة لها وذلك من خلال رواية ماجدولين.مادة الدراسة: سوف تعتمد الدراسة التطبيقية على قراءة رواية ماجدولين أو تحت ظلال الزيزفون، وهي رواية معربة للأديب الفرنسي ألفونس كار بعنوان “Sous les tilleuls” كتبها في السنة 1832م، وعربها المنفلوطي.وقد اعتمدت على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، الذي يتخذ من الاستقراء والتحليل آلية له، وذلك من خلال تتبع الألفاظ والعبارات التي يتضح فيها أثر العامل النفسي، ثم تحليلها.وينقسم البحث إلى: مقدمة، ومبحثين، وخاتمة. تناولت المقدمة دوافع البحث، وأهدافه، ومادته، والمنهج المستخدم فيه. أما المبحث الأول من البحث، فنتناول فيه مفهوم المجاز، وأقسامه، وعلاقاته، وأثره. أما المبحث الثاني فنتناول فيه بعض نماذج المجاز من رواية ماجدولين، وبيان أثرها في التغير الدلالي في الرواية. أما الخاتمة فقد عرضت فيها أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث، ثم قائمة المصادر والمراجع.AbstractWe can point to the motives of the research as follows: the desire to highlight the psychological function of the language through the metaphor in some words and phrases and apply them to some examples in the novel “Majdouline“. In addition to the distinctive style of El-Manfalouti, he carefully chose the suitable term for the context with his refined taste in expression and its reflection on the psychological connotation of the text.This research aims at Demonstrating the significance of the metaphor and the semantic phenomena that contribute in filling up the connotation of the text. Also, the research aims at highlighting the psychological factor, an important factor which contributes to changing the semantics and creating new one as it is applied in the novel “Majdouline“.Subject of study: The applied study is based on reading “Majdouline“ or “Under the Shade of Linden” which is localized novel written in 1832 by the French novelist Alphonse Carr under the name“Sous les tilleuls” and localized by El-Manfalouti.The study is based on the analytical descriptive method whose mechanism is hypothesis and analysis. This is through extracting and then analyzing the words and phrases in which the psychological factor's effect is evident.The research is divided into: Introduction, two themes and conclusion. The introduction includes motives, objectives, material and approach of the research. The first theme includes the definition and parts of the metaphor, in addition to its relevance and effects. The second theme includes some examples of metaphor in “Majdouline“ and its effect on the change of connotation in the novel. The conclusion shows the most important findings of the research and then the list of sources and references.

اتجهت مصر في الآونة الأخيرة إلى التوسع في إنشاء مشروعات الاستزراع السمكى بهدف زيادة إنتاج الأسماك وتحقيق الاكتفاء الذاتى منها ومواجهة احتياجات السكان الغذائية المتزايدة من البروتين الحيوانى. وتكمن أهمية الدراسة في أن الاستزراع السمكى الحكومى وإنشاء المزارع السمكية الحكومية سينتج عنه فوائد اقتصادية وبيئية واجتماعية ستسهم في تنمية المناطق غير المستغلة وهوامش المحافظات وستحولها إلى مناطق غنية إيكولوجيًا. ويهدف البحث إلى التعرف على تطور المزارع السمكية الحكومية في مصر ، ورسم خريطة واقعية حديثة للتوزيع الجغرافي للمزارع السمكية الحكومية وتحديد إنتاجها ومقوماتها بالتطبيق على مزرعة برسيق الحكومية للاستزراع السمكى بمركز أبو حمص فى محافظة البحير ، وكذلك الوقوف على العوامل المؤثرة في توطن مزرعة برسيق السمكية ومصنع أعلافها ، وأخيرًا تحديد المشكلات الإدارية والفنية والإنتاجية والمالية والتسويقية التى تواجه المزارع السمكية الحكومية ومحاولة إيجاد بعض الحلول المناسبة لها. وأبرزت الدراسة مجموعة من النتائج تمثل أهمها في أن المزارع السمكية الحكومية زاد عددها ومساحتها وكمية الأسماك بها بأنواعها المختلفة ، وكذلك لديها إمكانات ومقومات كبيرة ومساحات واسعة يمكن استغلالها ومصانع أعلاف يتميز إنتاجها بالجودة العالية والأسعار المعقولة . وأخيرًا أوصت الدراسة ببعض الحلول للمشكلات التى تواجه المزارع السمكية الحكومية من النواحى الإنتاجية والتسويقية والإدارية.AbstractEgypt has recently moved to expand the establishment of fish farming projects with the aim of increasing fish production, achieving self-sufficiency in it, and meeting the population’s increasing nutritional needs for animal protein. The significance of the study lies in the fact that governmental fish farming and the establishment of governmental fish farms will bring about economic, environmental and social benefits that will contribute to the development of unexploited areas and the peripheral districts of the governorates and transform them into ecologically rich areas.The present research aims at identifying the development of government fish farms in Egypt, drawing a modern realistic map of the geographical distribution of governmental fish farms, and determining their production and resources with application to the Barseeq government fish farm at Abu Homs, Beheira Governorate. It also aims at identifying the factors affecting the settlement of Barseeq fish farm and its feed factory. Finally, the present research aims at identifying the administrative, technical, productive, financial, and marketing problems facing governmental fish farms and trying to find some appropriate solutions to them.The study came up with some findings, the most important of which is that governmental fish farms have increased in number, area, and quantity of fish of various types. They also have great capabilities and resources, large areas that can be exploited, and feed factories whose production is characterized by high quality and reasonable prices. Finally, the study recommended some solutions to the problems facing governmental fish farms in terms of production, marketing and administrative aspects.

تعد قرية نقيطة إحدى قرى مركز المنصورة، نموذجًا للتحول الحضري، وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى أن هناك عوامل جغرافية مختلفة ساهمت في هذا التحول الحضري لقرية ريفية تقليدية نذكر منها الموقع الجغرافي المتميز على الطرق السريعة المرصوفة، والقرب من مدينة المنصورة بالإضافة إلى إقامة منشآت حضارية مهمة مثل جامعة المنصورة، بجانب المباني التجارية، والصناعية، والخدمية على أراضي القرية وتهدف الدراسة إلى الكشف عن أسباب التحول الحضري وتطبيق معايير هذا التحول وظهرت مظاهر التحول الحضري بشكل واضح في قرية نقيطة من خلال تنوع استخدامات الأرض، وتغير الخصائص العمرانية، والإعلام وتكنولوجيا المعلومات قائمة الأسباب الكامنة في شيوع الظاهرة في الريف، وفي إزالة الفوارق التاريخية في أسلوب الحياة بين الحضر والريف بشكل متسارع.AbstractNaqita is one of the villages of Mansoura district, Rural- Urban continuum model. The present study has found out that there are diverse geographical factors of such a traditional rural village. Chief among these is the distinguished geographical location on the paved high ways, as well as the closed location of Mansoura city. In addition, there are such urban construction as Mansoura university beside commercial, industrial and service institutions in the village land. The objective of this study is to reveal the manifestations of social, economic, settlements change, their characteristics and influential factors in Nequita village, at present, rural communities are experience widespread of Rual Urbanism at a large scale. Such Urbanism usually occurs after these communities meet the requirement of urbanization. Media, information technology, the diversity of land uses, and the changing characteristics of urbanization are the prominent reasons of the rural phenomenon to spread, and the rapid elimination of historical differences in urban-rural lifestyle.

لقد اعتنى اللغويون الأوائل بظواهر اللغة العربية ومن ذلك ظاهرة التثليث وهي موضوع بحثنا، وقد أفردت بالتصنيف وكان رائد التصنيف فيها هو محمد بن المستنير قطرب (تـ 206 هـ)، إلى أن جاء محمد بن علي الصبان (تـ 1206 هـ)، وألف هذا النظم جمع فيه (1116) كلمة مثلثة، جاءت في (1732) بيتًا، وبدأ النظم بمقدمة ذكر فيها سبب تأليف الكتاب، وأنه نظم المثلثات إجابة لسائل طلب منه ذلك، وذكر فيها أنه ربما يتبع فيه غيره، وأنه قد تفوته كلمات لا يوردها لضيق النظم، ثم قسم الكتاب إلى قسمين:القسم الأول: نظم فيه المثلث المختلف المعنى من الأسماء والأفعال في رجز مربع تام قفيت رابع أشطاره على روي اللام المكسورة.القسم الثاني: جعله للكلمات المثلثة المتحدة المعنى، نظمها في رجز تام مقفى، على طريقة المزدوجات أو المثنَّيَات: التي تقوم على أساس التصريع في أبيات النظم كلها، ثم ختم النظم بحمد الله والصلاة على النبي ﷺ وآله الأطهار - عليهم أزكى الصلاة والسلام.AbstractThe first linguists paid attention to the phenomena of the Arabic language, including the phenomenon of triliteral, which is the subject of our research. I singled out for classification, and the pioneer in this classification is Muhammad bin al-Mustanir Qutrob (d. 206 AH), until Muhammad bin Ali al-Sabban (d. 1206 AH) came and wrote this rhythm. He compiles it in (1116) trilateral words, which came in (1732) verses, and the compilation starts with an introduction in which he stated the reason for writing the book, and that he compiled the phonological variations in response to a questioner who asked him to do so, and in which he mentioned that he might follow others, and that some words may have been omitted due to the constraints of the versification. The book is divided into two sections:The first section: It consists of organizing phonological variations with different meanings of nouns and verbs in a complete quartet rajz, the fourth half of which rhymed on the narration of laam with kasra.The second section: It was dedicated to trilateral roots with unified meanings, organized in a complete rhyme quartet rajz following a structured pattern, based on the concept of doubling or pairing, which operates on the basis of leonine rhyme throughout the entire poetic composition. The compilation concluded with praise to Allah and blessings upon the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his pure family.

يتناول هذا البحث ظاهرة من أبرز الظواهر التي برزت في القصيدة النسوية السعودية المعاصرة، وهي ظاهرة (التشكيل البصري)، ومن مظاهر هذه الظاهرة البارزة التي رصدتها الدراسة: البياض بالصمت، وذلك بترك الجملة دون اكتمال، بترك أحد مكوناتها أو أكثر، وهذه الجملة يمكن تسميتها بـ(الجملة المفتوحة)، وهذه التقنية برزت عند الشاعرات السعوديات بشكل لافت في عناوين قصائدهن.ومن تقنية البياض أيضًا تقطيع أوصال الجملة وتفتيتها وبعثرة مكوناتها على الأسطر الشعرية، وهذا النوع أتى عند الشاعرات السعوديات في عناوين القصائد وفي داخلها.ومن هذه التقنية كذلك توزيع حروف الكلمة الواحدة من خلال فك ارتباطها الطباعي على الأسطر الشعرية.وتوظيف تقنية البياض التي تجمع بين الكتابي اللفظي والبياض البصري تؤدي إلى وجود نصين: نص مغلق بالكتابة ونص مفتوح بالبياض.ومن ظواهر التشكيل البصري: استخدام علامات الترقيم بأشكال بصرية مختلفة، ومن أبرز تلك العلامات حضورًا عند الشاعرات السعوديات المعاصرات: علامة الحذف (...)، هذه العلامة التي جعلت العنوان مفتوحًا على العديد من التأويلات.ومنها أيضًا: توظيف المد بالألف بطريقة بصرية صادمة؛ حيث كررت الشاعرات السعوديات ألف المد أكثر من مرة في كلمة واحدة في بعض عناوين القصائد، وشكل هذا ظاهرة بصرية لغوية طباعية/ مكانية، وصوتية/ زمانية.This research dealt with one of the most prominent phenomena that has appeared in contemporary Saudi feminism, which is the phenomenon of (visual formation), and one of the manifestations of this phenomenon that the study monitored is: whiteness with silence, by leaving out the sub-legal sentence, by leaving out one or more of its components, and this sentence can be called (The open sentence), and the third technical one, appeared remarkably among Saudi women poets in the titles of their poems.Another technique of whiteness is cutting the pieces of a sentence, breaking it up, and scattering its components over the poetic lines. This type came to Saudi women poets in the titles of poems and within them.This technique also includes distributing the letters of a single word by separating their typographical connection onto the poetic lines.Employing the whiteness technique, which combines verbal writing and visual whiteness, leads to the presence of two texts: a text closed with writing and an open text with whiteness.Among the phenomena of visual composition is the use of punctuation marks in different visual forms, and one of the most prominent signs present among contemporary Saudi female poets is the ellipsis (...), which makes the title open to many interpretations.Also including: employing the tide of the thousand in a shocking visual way. Saudi female poets repeated Alif Madd more than once in one word in some poem titles, and this formed a visual, linguistic, typographical/spatial, and audio/temporal phenomenon.

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى معرفة مستويات الوعي الجنسي لدى أمهات الأطفال المعاقين عقليًا ، وكيفية التعامل مع السلوكيات الجنسية لدى الأطفال المعاقين عقليًا ، وذلك على عينة حجمها (40) طفلاً. أما أمهات الأطفال من ذوي الإعاقة العقلية الذين طُبق عليهم استبيان الوعي الجنسي (إعداد أميرة محمود ،2023) تراوحت أعمارهن من (30-50) عامًا ، بمتوسط حسابى (38.4) ، وإنحراف معيارى (10.98)، معاملي ذكاء أطفالهن ( IQ ) تراوحا بين ( 55-79 ) علي اختبار ستانفورد - بينيه الصورة الخامسة ، إعداد صفوت فرج ، و قد اعتمدت الدراسة الحالية على المنهج الوصفي، وأسفرت نتائج الدراسة عن التوصل إلى انخفاض مستوى الوعي الجنسي لدى أمهات الأطفال المعاقين عقليًا حيث كان المتوسط الحسابى للعينة الكلية (ن= 40 ) و(م= 38.7 ) والانحراف المعيارى( 10.98) مما يعنى أن الدرجة تتراوح بين (27.72 ) إلى (49.68 م +_ ع ) الدرجة المتوسطة للعينة الكلية ، حيث إن الدرجة الكلية للاستبيان (84 ). لا توجد فروق جوهرية بين أمهات الأطفال الذكور المعاقين عقليًا وأمهات الأطفال الإناث المعاقين عقليًا في مستوى الوعي الجنسى لصالح الأمهات الذكور مما يعنى أن جنس الطفل لا يرتبط بمستوى الوعى الجنسي لدي أمهات المعاقين عقليًا.Abstract The researcher has conducted a study aiming to know the level of the sexual awareness of the mothers of mentally retarded children , how to deal with sexual behaviors among mentally retarded children .The researcher selected a purposeful sample consisting of (40 mothers) of retarded children to whom the sexual awareness questionnaire was applied (Amira Mahmoud, 2023). Their mothers` ages range from 30 to 50 with an average (38.7) and standard deviation (10.98) The researcher conducted a study relying on the descriptive approach. These IQ levels range from 55 to 79 on Stanford Scale, Picture 5 (Prepared by: Safwat Farag). The researcher has reached the condnison that There is a decrease in the level of sexual awareness for the mothers of mentally retarded Children (N=40) as the average of their response to the questionnaire of sexual awareness (conducted by the researcher) indicates that the level is lower than the total degree of the questionnaire (.84). There are no significant differences between the mothers of mentally retarded boys and those of girls, which means that the sex of the child is not related to the level of sexual awareness, although the researcher was expected to find the level of sexual awareness for the mothers of mentally retarded girls to be higher than those of boys.

تهدف الدِّراسة بوجه عام إلى رصد وتحليل جريمة السرقة بالإكراه بعد ثورة 25 يناير 2011 ، وتحديد دور الأمن في مواجهة هذه الجرائم والسيطرة عليها ، وذلك من خلال التعرف علي ماهية السرقة وأنماطها، ورصد التغيرات الاجتماعية التي حدثت في المجتمع المصري عقب ثوره 25 يناير والتي أدت إلى ارتفاع معدلات جريمة السرقة. ودِّراسة معدلات ومؤشرات السرقة بعد الثورة مع عمل تحليلي سوسيولجي لهذه الجريمة ، ودِّراسة أنماط مرتكبي جرائم السرقة بالإكراه ونشأتهم الإجتماعية، مع ذكر الأسباب التي دفعت بهم إلى ذلك. بالإضافة للتعرف علي دور المؤسسات الأمنية في مواجهة هذه الجرائم ، وكيفية السيطرة عليها. وذلك تمهيدا لوضع بعض التوصيات العامة للحد من جرائم السرقة بالإكراه والدور الفعال في مواجهة مثل هذه الجرائم والسيطرة عليها ومن أجل تحقيق أهداف الدِّراسة اعتمدت الباحثة على أسلوب المسح الاجتماعي "Social Survery " عن طريق العينة، من المجتمع المصري من الحضر والريف. وقد تم الاعتماد في هذه الدِّراسة على استمارة الاستبيان مقسمة إلى أربعة محاور كما استعانت الباحثة بأسلوب تحليل الوثائق والسجلات.AbstractThe study generally aims to monitor and analyze the crime of forced theft after the January 25 Revolution, 2011, and to determine the role of security in confronting and controlling these crimes, by identifying the nature of theft and its patterns, and monitoring the social changes that occurred in Egyptian society after the January 25 Revolution, which led to High rates of theft crime. Studying the rates and indicators of theft after the revolution with sociological analytical work for this crime, and studying the patterns of perpetrators of forced theft crimes and their social upbringing, mentioning the reasons that led them to do so. In addition to learning about the role of security institutions in confronting these crimes, and how to control them. This is in preparation for developing some general recommendations that define the mechanisms used in monitoring coercive theft crimes and the effective role in confronting and controlling such crimes. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher relied on the “Social Survey” method through a sample of (200) individuals. Of Egyptian society, This study relied on a questionnaire form divided into four axes, and the researcher also used the method of analyzing documents and records.

يدرس هذا البحث المدح بالصفات الحِسِّيَّة بين زُهير بن أبي سُلمى وابن الرُّومي، بهدف إيضاح مدى التَّطور والتَّغيير الذي حدث في هذا الجانب من المدح في العصر العبَّاسي ومحاولة تفسيره، وذلك بمقابلته بالأصل في العصر الجاهلي. وقد اعتمدت في هذا البحث على المنهج التاريخيّ لتتبُّع مدى تأثُّر هذا الجانب من المدح عند الشاعرين بالأحوال السياسيَّة والاجتماعيَّة والثقافيَّة والدينيَّة في عصريهما، والمنهج النَّفسي لتعليل بعض الظواهر في شعر الشاعرين لما يتميَّز به كل منهما من صفاتٍ نفسيَّة، والمنهج الوصفيّ القائم على الوصف والاستقراء، ثم التحليل والتفسير، ومن ثَمَّ عقد الموازنة بين الشاعرين والوصول إلى النتائج. ويتكون هذا البحث من تمهيدٍ ومطلبين وخاتمة وقائمة بالمصادر والمراجع. أمَّا التمهيد فيتناول مفهوم المدح لغةً واصطلاحًا، وأنواع الصفات التي يُمتدح بها، وأمَّا المطلب الأول فيتناول المدح بالصفات الحسِّيَّة عند زُهير، وبيان أهم هذه الصفات، وإلى أي مدى عُني بها، وتفسير ذلك، وأمَّا المطلب الثاني فيتناول المدح بالصفات الحسِّيَّة عند ابن الرُّومي، وبيان أهم هذه الصفات، وإلى أي مدى عُني بها، وتفسير ذلك، ثم جاءت الخاتمة وأجملت أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة، وبيان أوجه الشبه والاختلاف بين الشاعرين ومن ثَمَّ العصرين، وما أهم الخصائص التي امتــــاز بهـــا هـــذا الجـــانــب مـــن المـــدح لــــدى الشـــاعـــريـــن.AbstractThis research studies praise of sensory attributes between Zuhair bin Abi Salma and Ibn Al-Rumi, with the aim of clarifying the extent of development and change that occurred in this aspect of praise in the Abbasid era and attempting to explain it through contrasting it with the original in the pre-Islamic era. This research relies on the historical approach to trace the extent to which this aspect of praise among the two poets was affected by the political, social, cultural and religious conditions of their eras, the psychological approach to explain some phenomena in the poetry of the two poets due to the psychological characteristics that distinguish each of them, and the descriptive approach based on description and induction, then the analysis and interpretation, and finally establishing a balance between the two poets and arriving at results. This research consists of an introduction, two sections, a conclusion, and a list of sources and references. Concerning the introduction, it deals with the concept of praise linguistically and idiomatically, and the types of attributes with which one is praised. As for the first section, it deals with praise of sensory attributes according to Zuhair, and an explanation of the most important of these attributes, and to what extent he meant them, and the interpretation of that. As regards the second section, it deals with praise of sensory attributes according to Ibn Al-Rumi, and an explanation of the most important of these attributes, and to what extent he meant them, and the interpretation of that. Then came the conclusion and summary of the most important results reached by the study, and explanation of the similarities and differences between the two poets and then the two eras, as well as the most important attributes that characterized this aspect of praise among the two poets.

تهتم هذه الدراسة بكشف اللثام عن أحد المخطوطات الأدبية المهمة؛ وهو مخطوط منطق الطير رقم "14988" المحفوظ بمركز الملك فيصل للدراسات والبحوث الإسلامية، بالرياض، بالمملكة العربية السعودية، ونشره ودراسته لأول مرة، -بعد موافقة القائمين عليه كتابةً-، والتعريف به وبمؤلفه، ومدى أهميته للأدب والشعر الفارسي بل للأدب والشعر عمومًا، والوقوف على الموضوعات التصويرية التي ضمتها النسخة - موضوع الدراسة- والعناصر الفنية لتحديد المدرسة التصويرية التي تنتمي إليها تصاوير المخطوط، وذلك من خلال وصف هذه التصاوير بدقة وتحليلها تحليلًا فنيًّا دقيقًا، وقد أسفرت الدراسة في الوقوف على مجموعة من النتائج من بينها: أكدت أن تصاوير المخطوط غير موقَّعة من قبل المصور، كما أن الفنان قام بتصوير القصص والحكايات التي توضح أفكار القصة الرئيسية للمخطوط؛ مثل قصة الشيخ صنعان، وشراء سيدنا يوسف عليه السلام ...إلخ، ولم يقم بتصوير تجمع الطيور أو رحلتها في البحث عن طائر السيمرغ. AbstractThis study is concerned with uncovering one of the important literary manuscripts. It is the manuscript of Mantiq Al-Tair No. 14988, which is preserved in the King Faisal Center for Islamic Studies and Research, in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was published and studied for the first time, - after the written approval of those in charge of it -, and introducing it and its author, and the extent of its importance to Persian literature and poetry, and indeed to literature and poetry in general, and examining the pictorial topics that it included. The copy - the subject of the research - and the artistic elements to determine the Painting school to which the Paintings belong The manuscript was created by carefully describing these Paintings and analyzing them in a precise technical manner. The study resulted in a number of results, including: It confirmed that the manuscript’s Paintings were not signed by the Painter, and that the artist Painted the stories and anecdotes that illustrate the main story ideas of the manuscript ; Such as the story of Sheikh Sanaan, and the purchase of our master Yousef , peace be upon him, etc., and he did not Paint the gathering of birds or their journey in search of the Simorgh bird.

حُببت الدُّعَابَة وبكثير من صورها إلى غالبية النُّفوس البشريَّة، عند جميع الشُّعُوب والطَّبقات الاجتماعيَّة المُتعددة، وكانت مجالًا للتَّرويح عن النَّفس، وأحيانًا وسيلة للمعيشة، وكسب المال، وتنفيسًا لبعض المُشكلات الاجتماعيَّة، والاقتصاديَّة، والسِيَاسِيَّة، والتي لا يجرأ بعض الأشخاص على مواجهتها، فيلجأ بعضهم إلى الالتفاف عليها ومُعالجتها عن طريق السُّخْرِيَة والدُّعَابَة، وقد جُبِل المصريون على حب الدُّعَابَة، وحرص سلاطين الدَّولَة المملوكِيَّة والكثير من أُمرائها وكبار رجالها على تعيين أشخاص- وصفوا بخِفَّة الدَّم، وكثرة المُزاح، وقُدرتهم على إسعاد غيرهم- وتكثر في مصادر التَّاريخ المملوكي الجركسي الإشارات الدَّالة على وجودهم بوفرة في قصور الأُمراء، والوزراء، وبلاط سلاطين المماليك الجراكسة، وقد تبوأ الكثير مِمَّن عمل في وظائف المَسْخَرَة مكانة اجتماعيَّة، وأَدَبِيَّة كبيرة، واستطاعوا أن يُحققوا من عملهم بالسُّخْرِيَة ثروات هائلة، كما أُتيحت لهم العديد من الوظائف الإِدَارِيَّة، والسِّيَاسِيَّة، والعسكَرِيَّة، كرئاسة البعثات، والسِّفَارَات الدُّبلوماسِيَّة خارج الدَّولَة، وتكليفهم بالخروج إلى الحرب، وتولية الوظَائِف الدِّيوانِيَّة، والمالِيَّة، والقضائِيَّة، كوكالة بيت المال، والنَّظر، والحسبة، ونيابة الحُكْم، والقضاء استقلالًا، وغيرها؛ نظرًا لما حققوه من إسعاد مخدوميهم بإدخال البهجة والسُّرور عليهم. Abstract Amusement, in its various forms, has fascinated most humans from different backgrounds and social classes. It has served as a form of recreation, livelihood, and a means to alleviate certain social, economic, and political issues that some individuals dare not confront directly. Instead, they resort to circumventing these issues through sarcasm and humor. Egyptians have long shown a fondness for amusement, and the Mamluk sultans, along with their emirs and notable figures, were keen on appointing individuals renowned for their light-heartedness, humor, and talent for entertaining others. Many historical sources from the Mamluk and Circassian periods confirm that they were widely present in the palaces of princes, viziers, and the courts of Mamluk sultans of Circassian origin. Numerous individuals involved in the entertainment industry achieved significant social and moral status, accumulating vast wealth through their use of sarcasm. Moreover, they were granted various administrative, political, and military positions including leading missions and diplomatic embassies abroad, being assigned to participate in warfare, and assuming positions in the administrative, financial, and judicial sectors, such as the agency of the treasury, administration, calculation (hisba), delegation, independent judicial representation, and other roles. This was due to the joy and delight they brought to their patrons by injecting happiness and pleasure into their lives.

The Indonesia’s presidential election 2024, as one of the largest democratic nations, gained wide attention from both national and international media. This research carries out a pragmatic analysis of news report on the post-presidential election of Indonesia 2024 from selected national and international newspapers using Austin (1962) and Searle’s (1969) Speech Act Theory. 30 utterances were purposively taken from three newspapers (The Jakarta Post, The Guardian, and The New York Times). By implementing qualitative research method, this research analysis discussed three aspects of Speech Acts: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary. The result of the analysis showed that there was obvious finding on the reporting style of newspapers on the election outcome. Based on the analysis, assertive statements were dominantly found as it is in line with the nature of newspaper style; present factual information impartially, aiding in neutral and concise reporting. Directive statements wielded figures’ influence and attitudes toward ongoing issues. Commissive speech acts conveyed promises, pledges, and accusations persuasively, while declarative ones declared figures’ initiatives and actions on issues. Expressive speech acts reflected collective societal feelings, particularly regarding election outcomes.

Critical Thinking (Hereafter, CT) significantly correlates to the EFL students' speaking ability; students with high critical thinking perform better than students with low critical thinking. Several strategies can be implemented for initiating CT in the classroom. One of them is using language style conveyed by the teachers. However, few studies concern about this pragma-stylistic usage in the teaching-learning process. Therefore, this current study aims to analyze (1) types of pragma-stylistics strategies used by teachers in initiating the EFL university students' CT in oral mode; (2) the ways teachers use pragma-stylistics strategies in initiating the EFL university students' CT in oral mode; and (3) the teachers' perception of the students' response towards initiating the CT in oral mode. Qualitative descriptive using Interview was conducted to collect the data. The result showed that teachers prefer using Assertive-Stating, Assertive-Suggesting, Directive-Advising and Prolepsis strategies to initiate students' CT in their speaking classroom. They implement those strategies through some activities during the class, such as giving stimulus (text, audio, and video) in a particular theme, conducting group discussions or speaking club, providing instructions or questions, and giving feedback. Besides, the teachers pointed out that most students positively respond to the strategies that they have utilized. The strategies effectively motivate and encourage the students to enhance their CT. Furthermore, this study suggests language teachers initiate their students' CT through the pragma-stylistic strategies mentioned. Finally, further researchers are expected to discuss the same field in more comprehensive scopes with different language skills.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the library institution in the preservation, dissemination and development of national languages. The author attempted a retrospective, comparative, axiological analysis of changes in the image of the library in accordance with the cultural characteristics of different eras. The main attention was aimed at identifying the linguistic and cultural features of library texts. It has been revealed and substantiated that in the ancient East the library served as a sacralized archive of texts mainly in the ancient Sumerian and Assyrian languages. Linguistic texts of ancient Eastern libraries connected sacred meanings and everyday life. In antiquity, lively dialogue and the dialectical development of thought came to the fore, so the library became a place for debate. The libraries of Alexandria, Pergamon, and private collections contained scrolls in different languages, but many of them were professionally translated into Greek. In medieval culture, the library became a library of one book, the Bible, which was copied in Greek and Latin. In the late Middle Ages, books in vernacular languages appeared in libraries, which contributed to the development of the latter. In modern times, the library becomes a way of education and mass dissemination of national literary languages. In the information age, the library acquires the global features of a «universal library»; the boundaries of the virtual and real space of the library are erased. A modern library acquires many functions: it provides information to users, is a place for holding various educational events, and educational games. In modern Russia, the library institution plays a huge role in preserving the languages of the small peoples of our country. Thus, libraries in all eras play an important role in the formation, preservation, dissemination and development of national languages.

The article examines the linguistic means of expressing the linguistic meaning of the «feature of the subject» in the military engineering sublanguage. Relative adjectives describing various properties of building materials and their single-root nouns are relevant for the construction sector. Adjectives denoting hydrophysical, thermophysical, physico-chemical, mechanical, chemical, technological, operational and special properties are used to characterize building materials. Quantitative numerals are less likely than ordinal adjectives to participate in the expression of the linguistic meaning of the «feature of the object» and are inconsistent, non-morphologized definitions, however, in the military engineering field they are active in characterizing the quantitative parameters of temperature, thickness, depth, height and other characteristics of construction objects. The onomasiological correlation between relative adjectives and participles in the construction sector is observed in constructions, «adjective name» is «an object with a certain quality»; «adjective name is an object made of a certain material»; «adjective name is an object built of a certain material». It was revealed that speakers prefer the use of relative adjectives to denote the construction materials used; participles — to denote construction technological processes; quantitative numerals — to denote the nomenclature of construction mechanisms. Adjectives and participles as part of terminological combinations represent a contamination of the linguistic meanings of «subject attribute» and «subject».

The identity of Russian culture and its historical development was determined by the most important verbal and visual archetypes. The first include some key words identified according to the principle of “basic lexemes of a given language” by M. Svodesh, and the language structure that arose in the Proto-Slavic and Old Slavic eras. The second should include the sacred plastic images of medieval Orthodoxy, largely inherited from the Old Russian pre-Christianity of the second half of the first millennium.

The article is devoted to the contribution of Vladimir Monomakh to the development of literature and state system of Rus. Large works of authorship: “Teachings” by Vladimir Monomakh; “Tale of the Blinding of Prince Vasilko Rostislavich” by the hegumen Vasily, close to Monomakh; the literary and historical epic of early Rus - the II (Monomakh's) edition of “Tale of Bygone Years” (1116/1117) by the Mikhailovsky hegumen Sylvester — are important parts of the foundation of future Russian literature. The prominent place of Vladimir Monomakh in the literary and state development of Rus is emphasized by the modern historian A.Yu. Karpov, especially singling out Monomakh's destruction of the Old Kiev construction of the “rota ascent” of the princes of Russia to the Kiev great throne, his actions on the arrangement of the central region of Russia, which was inherited by him, with a new political center founded by him — Vladimir-on-Klyazma (1108), in the long run — the forerunner of Moscow.

The article is devoted to the study of the formulas of speech etiquette, the most common in everyday communication of the speakers of the Shangodinsky speech of the Andalal dialect of the Avar language. The relevance of the study is due to the following factors: 1) the real threat of the disappearance of this speech (today, less than a hundred people live in the village of Shangoda; 2) the lack of a special scientific study of the speech in Shangoda, the data on which are scarce and contradictory. The main research objective of the presented article is to describe the communicative functions of etiquette formulas used in the everyday discourse of the Shangodinsky speech of the Andalal dialect, with the identification of their pragmatic and semantic potential. To solve this problem, the following research methods were used: synchronous-descriptive (for a systematic description of various types of etiquette formulas), a functional method (for a communicative-semantic analysis of speech etiquette formulas); method of component analysis (for the analysis of the semantic structure of speech formulas). The method of introspection also turned out to be in demand in the work. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the involvement in scientific circulation of previously unexplored original etiquette vocabulary from the sphere of everyday discourse of one of the unexplored dialects of the Avar language. The results obtained in this connection are new. They have a certain scientific and practical significance for linguistic Dagestan studies. The practical significance of the study conducted in this article lies in the fact that the results obtained in the course of the study can be used in the preparation of special courses on the theory of speech acts, on the principles of discourse construction, as well as in the preparation of lectures on ethno-linguistics, intercultural communication and linguoculturology for the Dagestan audience.

This article is dedicated to the lexical and stylistic analysis of advertising texts published in the official Telegram channel of Federal Agency for Youth Affairs («Росмолодежь», hereafter Rosmolodezh), in which Erich Fromm's philosophy is traced. The author identifies the category of advertising texts with such telegram posts that contain advertisements of Rosmolodezh’s projects and elements of social advertising. The author analyzes the lexical and stylistic techniques used by writers who create texts for the social network Telegram to influence the target audience (young people of Russia) through the Fromm's ideas «To Have or to Be?». As a result of the study, the author of the article identifies the main linguistic features used by writers in texts to attract readers’ attention in the advertising message.

This article presents a comparative stylistic and genre analysis of the messages delivered by Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and Archbishop Justin Welby of Canterbury. The study examines the unique stylistic elements and genre conventions employed in their respective messages, aiming to reveal the underlying rhetorical strategies, thematic emphases, and communicative techniques. Employing qualitative analysis methods, the paper explores how these religious leaders use language and genre to articulate their theological perspectives and address contemporary issues. The analysis underscores the differences and similarities in their approaches, reflecting their distinct cultural, theological, and institutional contexts. By comparing the messages of these prominent figures in the Russian Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of contemporary religious communication and its impact on global and local religious communities.

This article is devoted to the implementation of the principle of historicism in the process of teaching Russian language. It is noted that taking this principle into account allows to present language as a national-cultural phenomenon, as a multifunctional, historically developing system, and also helps to understand its structure and features of functioning.

The article examines the role of representatives of a specific ethnic group of inhabitants of the South American steppes-Pampas — pastoralists-Gaucho nomads in the formation, formation and development of national Spanish-American literature based on its genres such as oral folk art, lyrical and epic poetry, drama, realistic and psychological novel. The existence of this ethnic type can be traced back to 1775, but the process of turning a Spanish shepherd into a half-breed Gaucho is still largely unclear. The formation of Gaucho literature can serve as an example of the emergence of folk literature in the countries of Spanish America. Gaucho poetry reached the culmination point of its development with «Martin Fierro» by H. Hernandez, however, it did not take much time for the gaucho theme to turn into prose: drama, short story and novel. The transition from poetry to prose, as well as the transition from oral to written poetry, did not take place immediately. Gaucho poetry continued to develop and gained prominence for the reworking of the legend of Santos Vega, but new forms of Gaucho literature were already supplanting poetry. The novel about the gaucho arose from a primitive popular print, but the popularity gained by the very first attempts to create a novel about the gaucho testified to the prospects of this genre, which soon attracted the attention of truly talented authors. Thus, the Gaucho gave his native land a regional literature, which became a model of cultural and spiritual independence for all countries of Spanish America. Having formed a whole trend in literature, the Gaucho archetype has left a noticeable mark in other forms of art and, perhaps, will serve as an example to national forces called upon to make the transition from imitation of European models to literary Americanism.

The article is devoted to the study of the US language policy in the field of teaching foreign languages, including Russian, and the relationship between language policy and the national security strategy of the country. At the same time, due to the lack of federal regulation in the field of teaching foreign languages, the creation and use of textbooks of the Russian language as a foreign language is not regulated and is given to the educational and regional organizations on the state level. Based on the study of textbooks of Russian as a foreign language compiled by American authors from the beginning of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century, which is conducted according to several parameters — the content of the preface, methodological and motivational component, textual and lexical material, as well as the target audience — the author of the article concludes that textbooks do not reflect the real picture of cultural and social life in Russia, do not motivate learners, do not keep up with the changes taking place in Russian society, and thus create a false stereotypical image of our country among American students. The author sees the solution to this situation in the creation of digital textbooks of Russian as a foreign language.

This study investigates the roles of the teachers in promoting autonomous English language learning at Addis Ababa Science and Technology University. Its emphasis was on the roles of facilitator, guide/mentor, and inspirator/supporter and to what extent supporting environment helping to promote autonomous language learning are available and are used effectively. A survey questionnaire was distributed to 313 freshmen engineering students at Addis Ababa Science and Technology University where 24 students participated in FGD. Furthermore, an interview was conducted with four teachers to obtain supplementary data and for triangulation. The quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS and the qualitative data obtained from FGD and interview was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that teachers were involved in very limited practices that promote autonomous language learning and used available supporting facilities ineffectively. Offering teachers with professional development programs on how to promote autonomous language learning will help develop learner autonomy.

Teachers’ role in enhancing the students’ speaking skills in EFL class is the focus of the research that needs to be investigated. This study focused on how teachers at two government high schools help students become more proficient speakers of English by examining their roles in this regard. A descriptive research design was used in the study, and both qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed. Students and their teachers participated in the study. 10 instructor respondents were selected on purpose and participated in the interview and classroom observation, whereas the 40 student respondents were selected at random and enrolled in answering the questionnaire. The survey's conclusions demonstrated that educators are not performing their jobs in a way that would benefit students develop their speaking fluency. It was also found that teachers prefer to teach grammar and reading rather than speaking because they are unwilling to invest the time and energy required to teach speaking. This poses a serious challenge to the learners’ language development. Since teachers are in charge of assisting pupils in learning more, they should be aware of this.

Artiklis vaadeldakse eesti keelt teise keelena omandavate 8–10-aastaste laste sõnavara ja konstruktsioonide arengut aasta jooksul 2022. ja 2023. aastal läbi viidud pildikirjelduskatse põhjal. Aasta jooksul suurenes õpilaste sõnavara, areng toimus kõikides sõnaliikides suhteliselt ühtlaselt, siiski oli lekseemide hulga kasv kõige suurem omadus- ja asesõnade puhul. Ka konstruktsioonides toimus märkimisväärne areng, lisandus uusi konstruktsioonitüüpe ning need muutusid komplekssemaks. Sõnavara ja konstruktsioonide hulk oli omavahel seotud: mida suurem oli õppija sõnavara 2022. a pildi kirjelduses, seda rohkem eri konstruktsioone oli lisandunud tema 2023. a pildikirjeldusse. Eri sõnaliikide sõnavara ulatus konstruktsioonide arengut ei paista mõjutavat. *** "Development of vocabulary and constructions in the speech of young learners of Estonian as a second language over the course of one year" The article examines the development of vocabulary and grammatical constructions on both phrase and clause level of children aged 8-10 years acquiring Estonian as a second language on the basis of a picture description test carried out in 2022 and 2023. Over the course of the year students’ vocabulary increased, development occurred relatively evenly in all parts of speech, however, the increase in the number of lexemes was the greatest for adjectives and pronouns. The growth of vocabulary was faster for children whose language skills were weaker in 2022. The constructions also developed significantly over the year: new types of constructions were added and they became more complex. In most children, the growth of structures was focused either on the phrase or on the clause level. The correlation between the number of lexemes and the number of constructions was significant: those children whose vocabulary was bigger in 2022 used more constructions in test conducted in 2023.The scope of the vocabulary of the different parts of speech does not seem to affect the development on the level of constructions. Data from the study on the relationship between vocabulary and constructions strongly support the view that syntactic development is driven by lexicon-level development, i.e. sufficient words must be acquired so that different types of constructions can be recognized and used.

Tekstikeskne emakeeleõpetus kui eesti keele ja kirjanduse ainekavade keskne põhimõte pole veel piisavalt juurdunud ning vajab metoodilist tuge. Varasemate uuringute järgi sobib tekstikeskse käsitlusviisi aluseks süsteemfunktsionaalsest keeleteooriast lähtuv Sydney koolkonna žanripedagoogika, mille esimene katsetus Eestis näitas, et lähenemist tuleks emakeeleõpetuse kontekstis arendada. Siinse uuringu eesmärk on proovida žanriõpetuse toestatud meetodit “Lugedes õppima”, et parandada õpilaste tekstiteadlikkust ja kirjutamisoskust. Küsime: kuidas aitab meetod “Lugedes õppima” toetada õpilaste tekstiloomet? Viisime läbi kaks eraldiseisvat tegevusuuringut kahes Eesti koolis. Esimene grupp koosnes 6. klassi õpilastest (n = 33) ja õpiti õudusjuttu, teises grupis olid gümnaasiumi.pilased (n = 15) ning õpiti arutlevat kirjandit. Õpilastekste analüüsisime struktuurianalüüsi ja lingvistilise tekstianalüüsi meetodil. Mõlemal juhul joonistus välja žanrile omane ülesehitusmudel ja iseloomulikud keelevahendid: õpilaste kirjutatud õudusjuttudes anti mitmekülgsete lausetarinditega edasi pinget, võeti üle õudusjutule iseloomulikke poeetilisi võtteid, kirjandites kasutati arutlusele omaselt hinnangulisust ja neutraalses stiilis modaalsõnu. *** "Applying genre studies to narrative and argumentative text writing" Text-centred L1 teaching as a central principle of Estonian language syllabi is not yet sufficiently established and requires methodological support. Based on a system-functional language theory (Halliday 1985, Halliday, Matthiessen 2014) and realization model (Martin 2009), it offers a suitable framework for a text-centred approach (Aruvee 2023). Sydney school's genre pedagogy (Rose, Martin 2012) provides comprehensive strategies to implement that framework in the classroom. The first pilot study of genre pedagogy in Estonia indicated that the approach must be developed and scaffolded (Aruvee 2021). The aim of this study was to implement the “Reading to Learn” (R2L) programme in order to increase students’ text awareness and quality of text creation. We focused on two genres: essay as argumentative text and horror story as narrative text, which are at the heart of L1 teaching. The R2L programme is known for systematic and scaffolded activities which engage students and integrate reading and writing in a meaningful way (Coyle, Meyer 2021). We asked: how does the “Reading to Learn” programme support students’ text composition and lexicogrammatical choices? The study consists of two independent action research studies conducted by two teachers in two Estonian schools. The first group (n = 33) learned to write horror stories, the second group (n = 15) learned argumentative texts. The students’ texts were analysed using the method of structural analysis and linguistic text analysis, based on the specific characteristics of each genre. 6th-grade students copied the structure of the original text, although not in the same order. The analysis of the word and sentence stratum showed that most of the students used appropriate style, which is not taught explicitly. Their language use was notable, as they copied the style appropriate for horror stories: they used the vocabulary of the original text or found alternatives, and also formed complex sentences and non-finite structures and stylistic features. Essay writers mostly used a given structure for argumentation, which made rhetorical moves more cohesive. Sentence-level analysis of the essays revealed that students used neutral language, modal verbs and adverbs to stress the value of their claims. The results show that in both cases the quality of texts improved: structure and linguistic features became more visible. We thus conclude that “Reading to Learn” provided the necessary scaffolding for text-centred L1 teaching.

This study focuses on the metadiscourse category of endophoric markers in Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian linguistics research articles. The aim is to investigate whether language, writing tradition, or disciplinary conventions play a more significant role in the variation of these metadiscourse markers across the three languages. Furthermore, the study seeks to determine whether the use of endophoric markers might reflect distinct writing traditions in the Baltic states. For the study, we collected corpora from the key linguistics journals in Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian. Comparison of different types of endophoric markers, including reviewing and previewing markers, visuals, and references to the whole text, reveals a number of language- and discipline-specific differences in the distributional properties and functions of these metadiscourse markers. This crosslinguistic variation of endophorics might be attributed to different writing styles or writing traditions in the Baltic states. *** "“Vt järgnevat arutelu siinse uuringu lõpus”: tekstisisesed viited eesti, läti ja leedu teadusartiklites" Artikkel uurib metadiskursuse üht kategooriat, tekstisiseseid viiteid (ingl endophoric markers) eesti, läti ja leedu keeleteaduslikes artiklites. Eesmärk on välja selgitada, kas tekstisiseste viidete varieerumist võib mõjutada rohkem keel, kirjutamistraditsioon või valdkondlikud tavad. Otsitakse vastust küsimusele, kas tekstisiseste viidete kasutusmustrid peegeldavad Balti riikide erinevaid kirjutamis traditsioone. Uurimisandmestiku moodustavad kolm omakorpust, millest igaühte on kogutud keeleteaduslikud artiklid ühes keeles. Analüüs keskendub teadus artiklites esinevatele eri tüüpi tekstisisestele viidetele: 1) ees- või 2) tagapool kirjutatule, 3) visuaalsetele elementidele või 4) kogu tekstile osutavatele keelenditele. Analüüsi tulemusena ilmnesid mitmesugused keele- ja valdkonnaspetsiifilised eripärad nii metadiskursuse markerite jaotuses kui ka funktsioonides. Sellist tekstisiseste viidete varieerumist keeliti võib põhjendada erinevate kirjutamisstiilide või -traditsioonidega Balti riikides.

Tänapäeva hariduses on kirjutamisel keskne roll ja seetõttu on oluline ka see, kuidas kirjutamist toetatakse ja juhendatakse. Artiklis anname ülevaate Eesti gümnaasiumide ja ülikoolide uurimis- ning lõputööde juhenditest. Kogusime uurimiseks 60 juhendit ja analüüsisime neid, et näha, mida juhendid tavapäraselt sisaldavad ning millist abi need (üli)õpilasele kirjutamisprotsessi eri etappides pakuvad. Analüüsist selgus, et juhendites moodustasid sisuteemad ((üli)õpilastööde liigid; teema valik; kavandamine; allikate valik ja käsitlemine; ülesehitus; keel ja stiil; eetilised põhimõtted) vaid 22% juhendite kogumahust, ülejäänud 78% oli pühendatud vormistusele jm formaalsetele aspektidele. Sisuteemadest käsitleti kõige sagedamini töö ülesehitust, vähim räägiti töö kavandamisest. Rõhuasetused juhendites viitavad kirjutamise mõtestamisele Eesti haridussüsteemis üldisemalt: tähelepanu pööratakse eelkõige lõpptulemusele ja selle nõuetekohasusele, samas tulemuseni jõudmise protsess jäetakse sageli tagaplaanile. *** "Academic writing guidelines: TNR, 12, 1.5 and done?" In the article, we introduce an analysis of guidelines for theses and other written assignments in Estonian high schools and universities. We have collected 60 guidelines and analyzed them quantitatively to see what topics they contain and in which proportions, and qualitatively to see how those topics are presented and explained. The goal of this study was to understand how guidelines assist students throughout the process of writing longer assignments. First of all, it is important to emphasize that written guidelines are only a part of the guidance students receive (in addition to writing courses, seminars etc), yet they are regulated and more centralized at the institutional level compared to other options (e.g selective courses or Bachelor’s/Master’s seminars which can vary by teacher). Our analysis of the guidelines shows that they mainly focus on formal aspects. Only 22% of the total volume of guidelines (in pages) is dedicated to aspects related to the actual writing process and the content of the paper (planning, structure, working with sources, use of language). The rest is concerned with requirements on formatting, citation styles, submitting and defending the thesis etc. Of the content and process-related topics, the most attention is paid to the structure of the paper, which is mentioned in all guidelines, whereas the planning and drafting stage is discussed only in 14 guidelines out of 60. It can thus be concluded from our analysis that the guidelines for writing in Estonian high schools and universities appear to be oriented more toward form than content. The students receive thorough and detailed instructions on what the final text must look like, but the process of creating the text itself is often neglected. Our suggestion is to keep that tendency towards form in mind while creating or updating guidelines in order to make them more content-rich and therefore encouraging and motivating – all that to support (university) students in creation of meaningful texts.

Selleks et kirjutamise õpetamist koolis efektiivsemaks ja loomulikumaks muuta, tuleks seni tavapärase tulemusele orienteeritud õppe asemel rakendada protsessikesket lähenemist. See tähendab, et kirjutamist käsitletakse teadlikult mitmest erineva sisuga etapist koosneva tegevusena. Selline kirjutamisviis aitab kognitiivseid võimeid optimaalsemalt kasutada, sest kirjutaja keskendub korraga üht tüüpi tegevusele. Protsessikeskse kirjutamise lahutamatu osa on valmivale tööle etappide vahel saadav tagasiside. Erinevalt lõpus valmis tööle antavast tagasisidest võimaldab protsessi käigus antud tagasiside kirjutajal oma teksti jooksvalt muuta ja täiendada ning seeläbi kogu kirjutamisprotsessi vältel õppida. Vähem oluline pole ka see, et tagasiside – ning kooli kontekstis eriti kaasõppija tagasiside – toob kirjutamise lähemale oma algsele sotsiaalsele funktsioonile. *** "I write, therefore I communicate" Writing always involves communication: between the reader and the writer, as well as between texts. Teaching writing should, therefore, help the students to understand and utilise this communicative function. One means of implementing this philosophy in education is shifting away from result-oriented teaching to process-oriented teaching. This involves dividing writing into different activities (most commonly prewriting, writing and reviewing) as well as giving and receiving peer feedback between those stages. In the article, we introduce the benefits of the process-oriented view on teaching writing and discuss its relevance to the Estonian educational system.

Värvingupartikkel ju võimaldab eesti keeles kergelt rõhutada ning tugevdada lauses esitatut, vihjates endastmõistetavusele või teadaolemisele. Artiklis analüüsitakse, kuidas ja mis eesmärgil see endastmõistetavus keelekasutuses avaldub. Kui seni on partiklit ju käsitletud enamasti suulise kõne või seda jäljendava näidenditeksti põhjal, siis käesolev uurimus kirjeldab selle partikli abil tuvastatavaid omamoodi näiliselt kaasava tõsikindluse ilminguid kahes kirjalikus registris eesti keele ühendkorpuse (ÜK 2021) akadeemiliste tekstide ja perioodikaväljaannete allkorpuste materjali põhjal. Analüüsi aluseks on vaieldamatust argumentatsiooni tööriistana uuriva Marie-Anne Paveau eeldiskursuste teooria, millest lähtuvalt kirjeldatakse ju abil väljendatava endastmõistetavuse toetumist eelnevale teadmisele, tüüpilistele näidetele või samalaadse kogemuse üldistamisele. Kokkuvõttes sedastatakse ju rolli n-ö meenutava informeerimise markerina adressaadi informeerimise ja kaasamise pingeväljas. *** "The Estonian discourse particle ju as a marker of obviousness in Estonian academic and journalistic texts" The Estonian particle ju serves to emphasize or reinforce an utterance, suggesting that the information conveyed is obvious or based on common knowledge. While discussions about the use of this particle in Estonian have primarily focused on spoken language or texts that imitate it, this study concerns written argumentation, exploring the role of ju as a marker of uncontroversial information (Panov 2020) and thus as an indicator of “pre-discourses” (Paveau 2006) in academic texts and periodicals represented in the Estonian National Corpus 2021. The analysis illustrates how ju signals reliance on obviousness in these texts in three argumentation patterns: 1) drawing on prior knowledge, 2) citing typical examples, and 3) formulating generalized statements based on similar experiences. Between informing or involving the addressee in the speech act, the particle ju has thus a kind of reminding informative function.

This study examines metadiscourse markers across a corpus of Estonian and Lithuanian journal articles in the field of linguistics. We aim to 1) compare the global use of all the metadiscourse markers across the languages and texts, making distinctions between these languages and specific academic journals, and 2) to discern whether similar and/or different patterns can be identified across the languages and whether such patterns also manifest across various academic journals. We find that Estonian writers use self-mentions more frequently in methods sections than Lithuanian counterparts. Comparing journals, the Lithuanian journal Kalbotyra shows more transition markers, code glosses, and endophoric markers, while the Estonian ERÜ aastaraamat relies more on transition markers in results and discussion sections. Despite discipline similarities, variations emerge in specific sections and interpersonal categories across languages and journals. The study provides insights into metadiscourse patterns and their role in different languages and academic contexts, offering potential guidance for future research and practice in non-English academic writing. *** "Metadiskursuse mustrite keeltevaheline võrdlus: valdkondlikud sarnasused ja artikliosade erinevused" Artikkel käsitleb metadiskursuse markereid eesti ja leedu keeleteaduslikes ajakirjades. Meie eesmärk on 1) võrrelda kõigi metadiskursuse markerite üldist kasutust tekstides keeliti, otsides nii keeltes kui ka ajakirjade kaupa ilmnevaid erinevusi, ning 2) leida keeliti võimalikud sarnased ja/või erinevad mustrid ja selgitada välja, kas need mustrid tulevad esile ka eri ajakirjades. Tulemused näitavad, et eesti autorid kasutavad artiklite meetodiosas enesele osutamisi (ingl self mentions) sagedamini kui leedu autorid. Ajakirjade võrdluses leidub leedu ajakirjas Kalbotyra rohkem sidususmarkereid (transition markers), täpsustavaid markereid (code glosses) ja tekstisiseseid viiteid (endophoric markers), samal ajal kui Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Ühingu aastaraamatus jäävad sellised lugejat juhatavad markerid rohkem tulemuste ja arutelu osadesse. Vaatamata valdkondlikele sarnasustele ilmneb siiski erinevusi teatud artikliosades ja interpersonaalse metadiskursuse kategooriates nii keeliti kui ka ajakirjade lõikes. Uurimus heidab valgust metadiskursuse kasutusmustritele ja nende rollile eri keeltes ja akadeemilistes kontekstides ning võib olla edaspidi suunanäitajaks mitteingliskeelsete akadeemiliste tekstide uurijatele ja praktikutele.