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1. A Benchmark JWST Near-Infrared Spectrum for the Exoplanet WASP-39b

Author: Carter, A. L., May, E. M., Espinoza, N., Welbanks, L., Ahrer, E., Alderson, L., Brahm, R., Feinstein, A. D., Grant, D., Line, M., Morello, G., O'Steen, R., Radica, M., Rustamkulov, Z., Stevenson, K. B., Turner, J. D., Alam, M. K., Anderson, D. R., Batalha, N. M., Battley, M. P., Bayliss, D., Bean, J. L., Benneke, B., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Brande, J., Bryant, E. M., Burleigh, M. R., Coulombe, L., Crossfield, I. J. M., Damiano, M., Désert, J. -M., Flagg, L., Gill, S., Inglis, J., Kirk, J., Knutson, H., Kreidberg, L., Morales, M. López, Mansfield, M., Moran, S. E., Murray, C. A., Nixon, M. C., de la Roche, D. J. M. Petit dit, Rackham, B. V., Schlawin, E., Sing, D. K., Wakeford, H. R., Wallack, N. L., Wheatley, P. J., Zieba, S., Aggarwal, K., Barstow, J. K., Bell, T. J., Blecic, J., Caceres, C., Crouzet, N., Cubillos, P. E., Daylan, T., de Val-Borro, M., Decin, L., Fortney, J. J., Gibson, N. P., Heng, K., Hu, R., Kempton, E M. -R., Lagage, P., Lothringer, J. D., Lustig-Yaeger, J., Mancini, L., Mayne, N. J., Mayorga, L. C., Molaverdikhani, K., Nasedkin, E., Ohno, K., Parmentier, V., Powell, D., Redfield, S., Roy, P., Taylor, J., and Zhang, X.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Observing exoplanets through transmission spectroscopy supplies detailed information on their atmospheric composition, physics, and chemistry. Prior to JWST, these observations were limited to a narrow wavelength range across the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared, alongside broadband photometry at longer wavelengths. To understand more complex properties of exoplanet atmospheres, improved wavelength coverage and resolution are necessary to robustly quantify the influence of a broader range of absorbing molecular species. Here we present a combined analysis of JWST transmission spectroscopy across four different instrumental modes spanning 0.5-5.2 micron using Early Release Science observations of the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b. Our uniform analysis constrains the orbital and stellar parameters within sub-percent precision, including matching the precision obtained by the most precise asteroseismology measurements of stellar density to-date, and further confirms the presence of Na, K, H$_2$O, CO, CO$_2$, and SO$_2$ atmospheric absorbers. Through this process, we also improve the agreement between the transmission spectra of all modes, except for the NIRSpec PRISM, which is affected by partial saturation of the detector. This work provides strong evidence that uniform light curve analysis is an important aspect to ensuring reliability when comparing the high-precision transmission spectra provided by JWST., Comment: 34 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. Nat Astron (2024)
Published: 2024
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2. ATMOSPHERIX: II- Characterising exoplanet atmospheres through transmission spectroscopy with SPIRou

Author: Debras, F., Klein, B., Donati, J. -F., Hood, T., Moutou, C., Carmona, A., Charnay, B., Bézard, B., Fouqué, P., Masson, A., Vinatier, S., Baruteau, C., Boisse, I., Bonfils, X., Chiavassa, A., Delfosse, X., Hebrard, G., Leconte, J., Martioli, E., Ould-elkhim, M., Parmentier, V., Petit, P., Pluriel, W., Selsis, F., Teinturier, L., Tremblin, P., Turbet, M., Venot, O., and Wyttenbach, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: In a companion paper, we introduced a publicly-available pipeline to characterise exoplanet atmospheres through high-resolution spectroscopy. In this paper, we use this pipeline to study the biases and degeneracies that arise in atmospheric characterisation of exoplanets in near-infrared ground-based transmission spectroscopy. We inject synthetic planetary transits into sequences of SPIRou spectra of the well known M dwarf star Gl 15 A, and study the effects of different assumptions on the retrieval. We focus on (i) mass and radius uncertainties, (ii) non isothermal vertical profiles and (iii) identification and retrieval of multiple species. We show that the uncertainties on mass and radius should be accounted for in retrievals and that depth-dependent temperature information can be derived from high-resolution transmission spectroscopy data. Finally, we discuss the impact of selecting wavelength orders in the retrieval and the issues that arise when trying to identify a single species in a multi-species atmospheric model. This analysis allows us to understand better the results obtained through transmission spectroscopy and their limitations in preparation to the analysis of actual SPIRou data., Comment: Accepted in MNRAS
Published: 2023

3. ATMOSPHERIX: I- An open source high resolution transmission spectroscopy pipeline for exoplanets atmospheres with SPIRou

Author: Klein, B., Debras, F., Donati, J. -F., Hood, T., Moutou, C., Carmona, A., Ould-elkhim, M., Bézard, B., Charnay, B., Fouqué, P., Masson, A., Vinatier, S., Baruteau, C., Boisse, I., Bonfils, X., Chiavassa, A., Delfosse, X., Dethier, W., Hebrard, G., Kiefer, F., Leconte, J., Martioli, E., Parmentier, V., Petit, P., Pluriel, W., Selsis, F., Teinturier, L., Tremblin, P., Turbet, M., Venot, O., and Wyttenbach, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Atmospheric characterisation of exoplanets from the ground is an actively growing field of research. In this context we have created the ATMOSPHERIX consortium: a research project aimed at characterizing exoplanets atmospheres using ground-based high resolution spectroscopy. This paper presents the publicly-available data analysis pipeline and demonstrates the robustness of the recovered planetary parameters from synthetic data. Simulating planetary transits using synthetic transmission spectra of a hot Jupiter that were injected into real SPIRou observations of the non-transiting system Gl 15 A, we show that our pipeline is successful at recovering the planetary signal and input atmospheric parameters. We also introduce a deep learning algorithm to optimise data reduction which proves to be a reliable, alternative tool to the commonly used principal component analysis. We estimate the level of uncertainties and possible biases when retrieving parameters such as temperature and composition and hence the level of confidence in the case of retrieval from real data. Finally, we apply our pipeline onto two real transits of HD~189733 b observed with SPIRou and obtain similar results than in the literature. In summary, we have developed a publicly available and robust pipeline for the forthcoming studies of the targets to be observed in the framework of the ATMOSPHERIX consortium, which can easily be adapted to other high resolution instruments than SPIRou (e.g. VLT-CRIRES, MAROON-X, ELT-ANDES), Comment: Accepted in MNRAS
Published: 2023

4. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM

Author: Rustamkulov, Z., Sing, D. K., Mukherjee, S., May, E. M., Kirk, J., Schlawin, E., Line, M. R., Piaulet, C., Carter, A. L., Batalha, N. E., Goyal, J. M., López-Morales, M., Lothringer, J. D., MacDonald, R. J., Moran, S. E., Stevenson, K. B., Wakeford, H. R., Espinoza, N., Bean, J. L., Batalha, N. M., Benneke, B., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Crossfield, I. J. M., Gao, P., Kreidberg, L., Powell, D. K., Cubillos, P. E., Gibson, N. P., Leconte, J., Molaverdikhani, K., Nikolov, N. K., Parmentier, V., Roy, P., Taylor, J., Turner, J. D., Wheatley, P. J., Aggarwal, K., Ahrer, E., Alam, M. K., Alderson, L., Allen, N. H., Banerjee, A., Barat, S., Barrado, D., Barstow, J. K., Bell, T. J., Blecic, J., Brande, J., Casewell, S., Changeat, Q., Chubb, K. L., Crouzet, N., Daylan, T., Decin, L., Désert, J., Mikal-Evans, T., Feinstein, A. D., Flagg, L., Fortney, J. J., Harrington, J., Heng, K., Hong, Y., Hu, R., Iro, N., Kataria, T., Kempton, E. M. -R., Krick, J., Lendl, M., Lillo-Box, J., Louca, A., Lustig-Yaeger, J., Mancini, L., Mansfield, M., Mayne, N. J., Miguel, Y., Morello, G., Ohno, K., Palle, E., de la Roche, D. J. M. Petit dit, Rackham, B. V., Radica, M., Ramos-Rosado, L., Redfield, S., Rogers, L. K., Shkolnik, E. L., Southworth, J., Teske, J., Tremblin, P., Tucker, G. S., Venot, O., Waalkes, W. C., Welbanks, L., Zhang, X., and Zieba, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: Transmission spectroscopy of exoplanets has revealed signatures of water vapor, aerosols, and alkali metals in a few dozen exoplanet atmospheres. However, these previous inferences with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes were hindered by the observations' relatively narrow wavelength range and spectral resolving power, which precluded the unambiguous identification of other chemical species$-$in particular the primary carbon-bearing molecules. Here we report a broad-wavelength 0.5-5.5 $\mu$m atmospheric transmission spectrum of WASP-39 b, a 1200 K, roughly Saturn-mass, Jupiter-radius exoplanet, measured with JWST NIRSpec's PRISM mode as part of the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team program. We robustly detect multiple chemical species at high significance, including Na (19$\sigma$), H$_2$O (33$\sigma$), CO$_2$ (28$\sigma$), and CO (7$\sigma$). The non-detection of CH$_4$, combined with a strong CO$_2$ feature, favours atmospheric models with a super-solar atmospheric metallicity. An unanticipated absorption feature at 4$\mu$m is best explained by SO$_2$ (2.7$\sigma$), which could be a tracer of atmospheric photochemistry. These observations demonstrate JWST's sensitivity to a rich diversity of exoplanet compositions and chemical processes., Comment: 41 pages, 4 main figures, 10 extended data figures, 4 tables. Under review in Nature
Published: 2022
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5. The Impact of Mixing Treatments on Cloud Modelling in 3D Simulations of Hot Jupiters

Author: Christie, D. A., Mayne, N. J., Lines, S., Parmentier, V., Manners, J., Boutle, I., Drummond, B., Mikal-Evans, T., Sing, D. K., and Kohary, K.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We present results of 3D hydrodynamical simulations of HD209458b including a coupled, radiatively-active cloud model ({\sc EddySed}). We investigate the role of the mixing by replacing the default convective treatment used in previous works with a more physically relevant mixing treatment ($K_{zz}$) based on global circulation. We find that uncertainty in the efficiency of sedimentation through the sedimentation factor $f_\mathrm{sed}$ plays a larger role in shaping cloud thickness and its radiative feedback on the local gas temperatures -- e.g. hot spot shift and day-to-night side temperature gradient -- than the switch in mixing treatment. We demonstrate using our new mixing treatments that simulations with cloud scales which are a fraction of the pressure scale height improve agreement with the observed transmission spectra, the emission spectra, and the Spitzer 4.5 $\mathrm{\mu m}$ phase curve, although our models are still unable to reproduce the optical and UV transmission spectra. We also find that the inclusion of cloud increases the transit asymmetry in the optical between the east and west limbs, although the difference remains small ($\lesssim 1\%$)., Comment: 17 pages. 14 figures. 1 table
Published: 2021
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6. A new approach to spectroscopic phase curves: The emission spectrum of WASP-12b observed in quadrature with HST/WFC3

Author: Arcangeli, J., Désert, J. -M., Parmentier, V., Tsai, S. -M., and Stevenson, K. B.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We analyse emission spectra of WASP-12b from a partial phase curve observed over three epochs with the Hubble Space Telescope, covering eclipse, quadrature, and transit, respectively. As the 1.1-day period phase curve was only partially covered over three epochs, traditional methods to extract the planet flux and instrument systematic errors cannot recover the thermal emission away from the secondary eclipse. To analyse this partial phase curve, we introduce a new method, which corrects for the wavelength-independent component of the systematic errors. Our new method removes the achromatic instrument and stellar variability, and uses the measured stellar spectrum in eclipse to then retrieve a relative planetary spectrum in wavelength at each phase. We are able to extract the emission spectrum of an exoplanet at quadrature outside of a phase curve for the first time; we recover the quadrature spectrum of WASP-12b up to an additive constant. The dayside emission spectrum is extracted in a similar manner, and in both cases we are able to estimate the brightness temperature, albeit at a greatly reduced precision. We estimate the brightness temperature from the dayside (Tday=3186+-677 K) and from the quadrature spectrum (Tquad=2124+-417 K) and combine them to constrain the energy budget of the planet. We compare our extracted relative spectra to global circulation models of this planet, which are generally found to be a good match. However, we do see tentative evidence of a steeper spectral slope in the measured dayside spectrum compared to our models. We find that we cannot match this increased slope by increasing optical opacities in our models. We also find that this spectral slope is unlikely to be explained by a non-equilibrium water abundance, as water advected from the nightside is quickly dissociated on the dayside., Comment: Published in A&A Volume 646, February 2021
Published: 2021
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7. Water Ice Cloud Variability & Multi-Epoch Transmission Spectra of TRAPPIST-1e

Author: May, E. M., Taylor, J., Komacek, T. D., Line, M. R., and Parmentier, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The precise characterization of terrestrial atmospheres with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is one of the utmost goals of exoplanet astronomy in the next decade. With JWST's impending launch, it is crucial we are well prepared to understand the subtleties of terrestrial atmospheres - particularly ones we may have not needed to consider before due to instrumentation limitations. In this work we show that patchy ice cloud variability is present in the upper atmospheres of M-dwarf terrestrial planets, particularly along the limbs. Here we test whether these variable clouds will introduce unexpected biases in the multi-epoch observations necessary to constrain atmospheric abundances. Using 3D ExoCAM general circulation models (GCMs) of TRAPPIST-1e, we simulate five different climates with varying pCO$_2$ to explore the strength of this variability. These models are post-processed using NASA Goddard's Planetary Spectrum Generator (PSG) and PandExo to generate simulated observations with JWST's NIRSpec PRISM mode at 365 different temporal outputs from each climate. Assuming the need for 10 transits of TRAPPIST-1e to detect molecular features at great confidence, we then use CHIMERA to retrieve on several randomly selected weighted averages of our simulated observations to explore the effect of multi-epoch observations with variable cloud cover along the limb on retrieved abundances. We find that the variable spectra do not affect retrieved abundances at detectable levels for our sample of TRAPPIST-1e models., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures. Accepted to ApJL
Published: 2021
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8. Evidence for disequilibrium chemistry from vertical mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres. A comprehensive survey of transiting close-in gas giant exoplanets with warm-Spitzer/IRAC

Author: Baxter, C., Désert, J-M., Tsai, S-M., Todorov, K. O., Bean, J. L., Deming, D., Parmentier, V., Fortney, J. J., Line, M., Thorngren, D., Pierrehumbert, R. T., Burrows, A., and Showman, A. P.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: [Abridged] Aims. We present a large atmospheric study of 49 gas giant exoplanets using infrared transmission photometry with Spitzer/IRAC at 3.6 and 4.5um. Methods. We uniformly analyze 70 photometric light curves of 33 transiting planets using our custom pipeline, which implements pixel level decorrelation. We use this survey to understand how infrared photometry traces changes in atmospheric chemical properties as a function of planetary temperature. We compare our measurements to a grid of 1D radiative-convective equilibrium forward atmospheric models which include disequilibrium chemistry. We explore various strengths of vertical mixing (Kzz = 0 - 10^12 cm2/s) as well as two chemical compositions (1x and 30x solar). Results. We find that, on average, Spitzer probes a difference of 0.5 atmospheric scale heights between 3.6 and 4.5um, which is measured at 7.5sigma level of significance. We find that the coolest planets show a lack of methane compared to expectations, which has also been reported by previous studies of individual objects. We show that the sample of coolest planets rule out 1x solar composition with >3sigma confidence while supporting low vertical mixing (Kzz = 10^8 cm2/s). On the other hand, we find that the hot planets are best explained by models with 1x solar metallicity and high vertical mixing (Kzz = 10^12 cm2/s). We interpret this as the lofting of CH4 to the upper atmospheric layers. Changing the interior temperature changes the expectation for equilibrium chemistry in deep layers, hence the expectation of disequilibrium chemistry higher up. We also find a significant scatter in the transmission signatures of the mid-temperate and ultra-hot planets, likely due to increased atmospheric diversity, without the need to invoke higher metallicities. Additionally, we compare Spitzer transmission with emission for the same planets and find no evidence for correlation., Comment: 43 pages, 17 Figures. Accepted on 9 Feb 2021 in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2021
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9. Cloud property trends in hot and ultra-hot giant gas planets (WASP-43b, WASP-103b, WASP-121b, HAT-P-7b, and WASP-18b)

Author: Helling, Ch., Lewis, D., Samra, D., Carone, L., Graham, V., Herbort, O., Chubb, K. L., Min, M., Waters, R., Parmentier, V., and Mayne, N.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: Ultra-hot Jupiters are the hottest exoplanets discovered so far. Observations begin to provide insight into the composition of their extended atmospheres and their chemical day/night asymmetries. Both are strongly affected by cloud formation. We explore trends in cloud properties for a sample of five giant gas planets: WASP-43b, WASP-18b, HAT-P-7b, WASP-103b, and WASP-121b. This provides a reference frame for cloud properties for the JWST targets WASP-43b and WASP-121b. We further explore chemically inert tracers to observe geometrical asymmetries, and if the location of inner boundary of a 3D GCM matters for the clouds that form. The large day/night temperature differences of ultra-hot Jupiters cause large chemical asymmetries: cloud-free days but cloudy nights, atomic vs. molecular gases and respectively different mean molecular weights, deep thermal ionospheres vs. low-ionised atmospheres, undepleted vs enhanced C/O. WASP-18b, as the heaviest planet in the sample, has the lowest global C/O. The global climate may be considered as similar amongst ultra-hot Jupiters, but different to that of hot gas giants. The local weather, however, is individual for each planet since the local thermodynamic conditions, and hence the local cloud and gas properties, differ. The morning and the evening terminator of ultra-hot Jupiters will carry signatures of their strong chemical asymmetry such that ingress/egress asymmetries can be expected. An increased C/O ratio is a clear sign of cloud formation, making cloud modelling a necessity when utilizing C/O (or other mineral ratios) as tracer for planet formation. The changing geometrical extension of the atmosphere from the day to the nightside may be probed through chemically inert species like helium. Ultra-hot Jupiters are likely to develop deep atmospheric ionospheres which may impact the atmosphere dynamics through MHD processes., Comment: 38 pages, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2021
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10. Mineral cloud and hydrocarbon haze particles in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter JWST target WASP-43b

Author: Helling, Ch., Kawashima, Y., Graham, V., Samra, D., Chubb, K. L., Min, M., Waters, L. B. F. M., and Parmentier, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: Having a short orbital period and being tidally locked makes WASP-43b an ideal candidate for JWST observations. Phase curve observations of an entire orbit will enable the mapping of the atmospheric structure across the planet, with different wavelengths of observation allowing different atmospheric depths to be seen. We provide insight into the details of the clouds that may form on WASP-43b in order to prepare the forthcoming interpretation of the JWST and follow-up data. We utilize 3D GCM results as input for a kinetic, non-equilibrium model for mineral cloud particles, and for a kinetic model to study a photochemicaly-driven hydrocarbon haze component. Mineral condensation seeds form throughout the atmosphere of WASP-43b. This is in stark contrast to the ultra-hot Jupiters, like WASP-18b and HAT-P-7b. The dayside is loaded with few but large mineral cloud particles in addition to hydrocarbon haze particles of comparable abundance. Photochemically driven hydrocarbon haze appears on the dayside, but does not contribute to the cloud formation on the nightside. The geometrical cloud extension differs across the globe due to the changing thermodynamic conditions. Day and night differ by 6000km in pressure scale height. As reported for other planets, the C/O is not constant throughout the atmosphere. The mean molecular weight is approximately constant in a H2-dominated WASP-43b. WASP-43b is expected to be fully covered in clouds which are not homogeneously distributed throughout the atmosphere. The dayside and the terminator clouds will be a combination of mineral particles of locally varying size and composition, and of hydrocarbon hazes. The optical depth of hydrocarbon hazes is considerably lower than that of mineral cloud particles such that a wavelength-dependent radius measurement of WASP-43b would be determined by the mineral cloud particles but not by hazes., Comment: 22 pages, accepted for publication A&A (correcting auto-correct)
Published: 2020
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11. Influence of stellar variability on the determination of the radius during a transit of an exoplanet

Author: Désert J.-M., Lecavelier des Etangs A., Parmentier V., and Sing D.
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: Stellar variability can affect the estimate of an exoplanet radius measured during a transit. We developed a transit light curve model which includes stellar spots. It appears that, if spectro-photometric technique is used, spots and faculae have to be considered to conclude on atmospheric detection and characterization. When using a model including spots, characterization of Hot-Jupiter atmosphere around active stars is possible with this technique, provided a signal to noise ratio up to 105. For Earth-size planets a long-term parallel photometric follow up monitoring the stellar activity is required to compensate the error due to the stellar variability.
Published: 2011
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12. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM

Author: Rustamkulov, Z., Sing, D. K., Mukherjee, S., May, E. M., Kirk, J., Schlawin, E., Line, M. R., Piaulet, C., Carter, A. L., Batalha, N. E., Goyal, J. M., López-Morales, M., Lothringer, J. D., MacDonald, R. J., Moran, S. E., Stevenson, K. B., Wakeford, H. R., Espinoza, N., Bean, J. L., Batalha, N. M., Benneke, B., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Crossfield, I. J. M., Gao, P., Kreidberg, L., Powell, D. K., Cubillos, P. E., Gibson, N. P., Leconte, J., Molaverdikhani, K., Nikolov, N. K., Parmentier, V., Roy, P., Taylor, J., Turner, J. D., Wheatley, P. J., Aggarwal, K., Ahrer, E., Alam, M. K., Alderson, L., Allen, N. H., Banerjee, A., Barat, S., Barrado, D., Barstow, J. K., Bell, T. J., Blecic, J., Brande, J., Casewell, S., Changeat, Q., Chubb, K. L., Crouzet, N., Daylan, T., Decin, L., Désert, J., Mikal-Evans, T., Feinstein, A. D., Flagg, L., Fortney, J. J., Harrington, J., Heng, K., Hong, Y., Hu, R., Iro, N., Kataria, T., Kempton, E. M.-R., Krick, J., Lendl, M., Lillo-Box, J., Louca, A., Lustig-Yaeger, J., Mancini, L., Mansfield, M., Mayne, N. J., Miguel, Y., Morello, G., Ohno, K., Palle, E., Petit dit de la Roche, D. J. M., Rackham, B. V., Radica, M., Ramos-Rosado, L., Redfield, S., Rogers, L. K., Shkolnik, E. L., Southworth, J., Teske, J., Tremblin, P., Tucker, G. S., Venot, O., Waalkes, W. C., Welbanks, L., Zhang, X., and Zieba, S.
Published: 2023
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13. Understanding the atmospheric properties and chemical composition of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b: I. Cloud and chemistry mapping

Author: Helling, Ch., Iro, N., Corrales, L., Samra, D., Ohno, K., Alam, M. K., Steinrueck, M., Lew, B., Molaverdikhani, K., MacDonald, R. J, Herbort, O., Woitke, P., and Parmentier, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: Ultra-hot Jupiters have recently attracted interest from observers and theoreticians alike, as they provide observationally accessible test cases. We apply a hierarchical modelling approach as a virtual laboratory to study cloud formation and gas-phase chemistry. We utilise 97 vertical 1D profiles of a 3D GCM for HAT-P-7b to evaluate our kinetic cloud formation model consistently with the local equilibrium gas-phase composition. The day/night temperature difference on HAT-P-7b (~ 2500K) causes clouds to form on the nightside (dominated by H2/He) while the dayside (dominated by H/He) retains cloud-free equatorial regions. The cloud particles vary in composition and size throughout the vertical extension of the cloud, but also globally. TiO2[s]/Al2O3[s]/CaTiO3[s]-particles of cm-sized radii occur in the higher dayside-latitudes, resulting in a dayside dominated by gas-phase opacity. The opacity on the nightside, however, is dominated by 0.01 ... 0.1 mum particles made of a material mix dominated by silicates. The gas pressure at which the atmosphere becomes optically thick is ~1d-4 bar in cloudy regions, and ~0.1 bar in cloud-free regions. HAT-P-7b features strong morning/evening terminator asymmetries, providing an example of patchy clouds and azimuthally-inhomogeneous chemistry. The large temperature differences result in an increasing geometrical extension from the night- to the dayside. The chemcial equilibrium H2O abundance at the terminator changes by < 1 dex with altitude and < 0.3 dex (a factor of 2) across the terminator for a given pressure, indicating that H2O abundances derived from transmission spectra can be representative of the well-mixed metallicity at P > 10 bar. We suggest the atmospheric C/O as an important tool to trace the presence and location of clouds in exoplanet atmospheres. Phase curve variability of HAT-P-7b is unlikely to be caused by dayside clouds., Comment: 31 pages, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2019
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14. Sparkling nights and very hot days on WASP-18b: the formation of clouds and the emergence of an ionosphere

Author: Helling, Ch., Gourbin, P., Woitke, P., and Parmentier, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: WASP-18b is an utra-hot Jupiter with a temperature difference of upto 2500K between day and night. Such giant planets begin to emerge as planetary laboratory for understanding cloud formation and gas chemistry in well-tested parameter regimes in order to better understand planetary mass loss and for linking observed element ratios to planet formation and evolution. We aim to understand where clouds form, their interaction with the gas phase chemistry through depletion and enrichment, the ionisation of the atmospheric gas and the possible emergence of an ionosphere on ultra-hot Jupiters. We utilize 1D profiles from a 3D atmosphere simulations for WASP-18b as input for kinetic cloud formation and gas-phase chemical equilibrium calculations. We solve our kinetic cloud formation model for these 1D profiles that sample the atmosphere of WASP-18b at 16 different locations along the equator and in the mid-latitudes and derive consistently the gas-phase composition. The dayside of WASP-18b emerges as completely cloud-free due to the very high atmospheric temperatures. In contrast, the nightside is covered in geometrically extended and chemically heterogeneous clouds with disperse particle size distributions. The atmospheric C/O increases to $>0.7$ and the enrichment of the atmospheric gas with cloud particles is $\rho_{\rm d}/\rho_{\rm gas}>10^{-3}$. The clouds that form at the limbs appear located farther inside the atmosphere and they are the least extended. Not all day-night terminator regions form clouds. The gas-phase is dominated by H$_2$, CO, SiO, H$_2$O, H$_2$S, CH$_4$, SiS. In addition, the dayside has a substantial degree of ionisation due to ions like Na$^+$, K$^+$, Ca$^+$, Fe$^+$. Al$^+$ and Ti$^+$ are the most abundant of their element classes. We find that WASP-18b, as one example for ultra-hot Jupiters, develops an ionosphere on the dayside., Comment: 31 pages, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2019
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15. Atmospheric Circulation and Cloud Evolution on the Highly Eccentric Extrasolar Planet HD 80606b

Author: Lewis, N. K., Parmentier, V., Kataria, T., de Wit, J., Showman, A. P., Fortney, J. J., and Marley, M. S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Observations of the highly-eccentric (e~0.9) hot-Jupiter HD 80606b with Spitzer have provided some of best probes of the physics at work in exoplanet atmospheres. By observing HD 80606b during its periapse passage, atmospheric radiative, advective, and chemical timescales can be directly measured and used to constrain fundamental planetary properties such as rotation period, tidal dissipation rate, and atmospheric composition (including aerosols). Here we present three-dimensional general circulation models for HD 80606b that aim to further explore the atmospheric physics shaping HD 80606b's observed Spitzer phase curves. We find that our models that assume a planetary rotation period twice that of the pseudo-synchronous rotation period best reproduce the phase variations observed for HD~80606b near periapse passage with Spitzer. Additionally, we find that the rapid formation/dissipation and vertical transport of clouds in HD 80606b's atmosphere near periapse passage likely shapes its observed phase variations. We predict that observations near periapse passage at visible wavelengths could constrain the composition and formation/advection timescales of the dominant cloud species in HD 80606b's atmosphere. The time-variable forcing experienced by exoplanets on eccentric orbits provides a unique and important window on radiative, dynamical, and chemical processes in planetary atmospheres and an important link between exoplanet observations and theory., Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, submitted to the Astronomical Journal (AJ)
Published: 2017

16. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Allard, Bruce Swinyard. France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Pallé, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Beaulieu, Mariarosa Zapatero-Osorio. Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Banaszkiewicz, Mark Swain. Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, Foresto, Vincent Coudé du, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Géza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Adriani, Gonzalo Ramos Zapata. Alberto, Azzollini, Ruymán, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Abe, Berend Winter. L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Prieto, C. Allende, Floriano, F. J. Alonso, Altieri, F., Iglesias, C. A. Alvarez, Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Avilés, J. A. Belmonte, Berry, D., Bézard, B., Biondi, D., Błęcka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Bordé, P., Börner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijévic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Contreras, M. Espinoza, Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernández, M., Castella, B. Femenía, Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., López, R. J. García, Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C., Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Hernandez, J. Gonzalez, Merino, B. González, Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hébrard, E., Heiter, U., Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Goldaracena, J. Licandro, Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Cicero, U. Lo, Lodieu, N., Lognonné, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P., Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B., Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S., Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Rodríguez, P. Montañés, Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderón, M., Morello, G., Martín, A. Moro, Moses, J., Bedon, A. Moya, Alcaino, F. Murgas, Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Ramírez, K. Y. Peña, Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, N., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lüftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., López, R. Rebolo, Rebordão, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Béjar, V. J. Sánchez, Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanromá, E., Santos, N., Forcada, J. Sanz, Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X., Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M, Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Torres, J. Martín, Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wiśniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The discovery of almost 2000 exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? What causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) has been designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large and diverse planet sample within its four-year mission lifetime. EChO can target the atmospheres of super-Earths, Neptune-like, and Jupiter-like planets, in the very hot to temperate zones (planet temperatures of 300K-3000K) of F to M-type host stars. Over the next ten years, several new ground- and space-based transit surveys will come on-line (e.g. NGTS, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO), which will specifically focus on finding bright, nearby systems. The current rapid rate of discovery would allow the target list to be further optimised in the years prior to EChO's launch and enable the atmospheric characterisation of hundreds of planets. Placing the satellite at L2 provides a cold and stable thermal environment, as well as a large field of regard to allow efficient time-critical observation of targets randomly distributed over the sky. A 1m class telescope is sufficiently large to achieve the necessary spectro-photometric precision. The spectral coverage (0.5-11 micron, goal 16 micron) and SNR to be achieved by EChO, thanks to its high stability and dedicated design, would enable a very accurate measurement of the atmospheric composition and structure of hundreds of exoplanets., Comment: 50 pages, 30 figures. Experimental Astronomy
Published: 2015
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17. A non-grey analytical model for irradiated atmospheres: II. Analytical vs. numerical solutions

Author: Parmentier, V, Guillot, T, Fortney, JJ, and Marley, MS
Subjects: radiative transfer, planets and satellites: atmospheres, stars: atmospheres, planet-star interactions, astro-ph.EP, astro-ph.SR, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: Context. The recent discovery and characterization of the diversity of the atmospheres of exoplanets and brown dwarfs calls for the development of fast and accurate analytical models. Aims. We wish to assess the goodness of the different approximations used to solve the radiative transfer problem in irradiated atmospheres analytically, and we aim to provide a useful tool for a fast computation of analytical temperature profiles that remains correct over a wide range of atmospheric characteristics. Methods. We quantify the accuracy of the analytical solution derived in paper I for an irradiated, non-grey atmosphere by comparing it to a state-of-the-art radiative transfer model. Then, using a grid of numerical models, we calibrate the different coefficients of our analytical model for irradiated solar-composition atmospheres of giant exoplanets and brown dwarfs. Results. We show that the so-called Eddington approximation used to solve the angular dependency of the radiation field leads to relative errors of up to ∼5% on the temperature profile. For grey or semi-grey atmospheres (i.e., when the visible and thermal opacities, respectively, can be considered independent of wavelength), we show that the presence of a convective zone has a limited effect on the radiative atmosphere above it and leads to modifications of the radiative temperature profile of approximately ∼2%. However, for realistic non-grey planetary atmospheres, the presence of a convective zone that extends to optical depths smaller than unity can lead to changes in the radiative temperature profile on the order of 20% or more. When the convective zone is located at deeper levels (such as for strongly irradiated hot Jupiters), its effect on the radiative atmosphere is again on the same order (∼2%) as in the semi-grey case. We show that the temperature inversion induced by a strong absorber in the optical, such as TiO or VO is mainly due to non-grey thermal effects reducing the ability of the upper atmosphere to cool down rather than an enhanced absorption of the stellar light as previously thought. Finally, we provide a functional form for the coefficients of our analytical model for solar-composition giant exoplanets and brown dwarfs. This leads to fully analytical pressure-temperature profiles for irradiated atmospheres with a relative accuracy better than 10% for gravities between 2.5 m s-2 and 250 m s-2 and effective temperatures between 100K and 3000 K. This is a great improvement over the commonly used Eddington boundary condition.
Published: 2015

18. Transit spectrophotometry of the exoplanet HD189733b. II. New Spitzer observations at 3.6 microns

Author: Desert, J. -M., Sing, D., Vidal-Madjar, A., Hebrard, G., Ehrenreich, D., Etangs, A. Lecavelier des, Parmentier, V., Ferlet, R., and Henry, G. W.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a new primary transit observation of the hot-jupiter HD189733b, obtained at 3.6 microns with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. Previous measurements at 3.6 microns suffered from strong systematics and conclusions could hardly be obtained with confidence on the water detection by comparison of the 3.6 and 5.8 microns observations. We use a high S/N Spitzer photometric transit light curve to improve the precision of the near infrared radius of the planet at 3.6 microns. The observation has been performed using high-cadence time series integrated in the subarray mode. We are able to derive accurate system parameters, including planet-to-star radius ratio, impact parameter, scale of the system, and central time of the transit from the fits of the transit light curve. We compare the results with transmission spectroscopic models and with results from previous observations at the same wavelength. We obtained the following system parameters: R_p/R_\star=0.15566+0.00011-0.00024, b=0.661+0.0053-0.0050, and a/R_\star=8.925+0.0490-0.0523 at 3.6 microns. These measurements are three times more accurate than previous studies at this wavelength because they benefit from greater observational efficiency and less statistic and systematic errors. Nonetheless, we find that the radius ratio has to be corrected for stellar activity and present a method to do so using ground-based long-duration photometric follow-up in the V-band. The resulting planet-to-star radius ratio corrected for the stellar variability is in agreement with the previous measurement obtained in the same bandpass (Desert et al. 2009). We also discuss that water vapour could not be evidenced by comparison of the planetary radius measured at 3.6 and 5.8 microns, because the radius measured at 3.6 microns is affected by absorption by other species, possibly Rayleigh scattering by haze., Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2010
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19. Transit spectrophotometry of the exoplanet HD189733b. I. Searching for water but finding haze with HST NICMOS

Author: Sing, David K., Desert, J. -M., Etangs, A. Lecavelier des, Ballester, G. E., Vidal-Madjar, A., Parmentier, V., Hebrard, G., and Henry, G. W.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We present Hubble Space Telescope near-infrared transit photometry of the nearby hot-Jupiter HD189733b. The observations were taken with the NICMOS instrument during five transits, with three transits executed with a narrowband filter at 1.87 microns and two performed with a narrowband filter at 1.66 microns. Our observing strategy using narrowband filters is insensitive to the usual HST intra-orbit and orbit-to-orbit measurement of systematic errors, allowing us to accurately and robustly measure the near-IR wavelength dependance of the planetary radius. Our measurements fail to reproduce the Swain et al. absorption signature of atmospheric water below 2 microns at a 5-sigma confidence level. We measure a planet-to-star radius contrast of 0.15498+/-0.00035 at 1.66 microns and a contrast of 0.15517+/-0.00019 at 1.87 microns. Both of our near-IR planetary radii values are in excellent agreement with the levels expected from Rayleigh scattering by sub-micron haze particles, observed at optical wavelengths, indicating that upper-atmospheric haze still dominates the near-IR transmission spectra over the absorption from gaseous molecular species at least below 2 microns., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2009
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20. The climate and compositional variation of the highly eccentric planet HD 80606 b – the rise and fall of carbon monoxide and elemental sulfur

Author: Tsai, S-M, Steinrueck, M, Parmentier, V, Lewis, N, and Pierrehumbert, R
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The gas giant HD 80606 b has a highly eccentric orbit (e $\sim$ 0.93). The variation due to the rapid shift of stellar irradiation provides a unique opportunity to probe the physical and chemical timescales and to study the interplay between climate dynamics and atmospheric chemistry. In this work, we present integrated models to study the atmospheric responses and the underlying physical and chemical mechanisms of HD 80606 b. We first run three-dimensional general circulation models (GCMs) to establish the atmospheric thermal and dynamical structures for different atmospheric metallicities and internal heat. Based on the GCM output, we then adopted a 1D time-dependent photochemical model to investigate the compositional variation along the eccentric orbit. The transition of the circulation patterns of HD 80606 b matched the dynamics regimes in previous works. Our photochemical models show that efficient vertical mixing leads to deep quench levels of the major carbon and nitrogen species and the quenching behavior does not change throughout the eccentric orbit. Instead, photolysis is the main driver of the time-dependent chemistry. While CH$_4$ dominates over CO through most of the orbits, a transient state of [CO]/[CH$_4$}] $>$ 1 after periastron is confirmed for all metallicity and internal heat cases. The upcoming JWST Cycle 1 GO program will be able to track this real-time CH$_4$--CO conversion and infer the chemical timescale. Furthermore, sulfur species initiated by sudden heating and photochemical forcing exhibit both short-term and long-term cycles, opening an interesting avenue for detecting sulfur on exoplanets., 18 pages, 18 figures, published in MNRAS
Published: 2023

21. The extremely high albedo of LTT 9779 b revealed by CHEOPS

Author: Hoyer, S., primary, Jenkins, J. S., additional, Parmentier, V., additional, Deleuil, M., additional, Scandariato, G., additional, Wilson, T. G., additional, Díaz, M. R., additional, Crossfield, I. J. M., additional, Dragomir, D., additional, Kataria, T., additional, Lendl, M., additional, Ramirez, R., additional, Peña Rojas, P. A., additional, and Vinés, J. I., additional
Published: 2023
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22. Physique PSI/PSI* - 3e édition actualisée

Author: Vidal L., Bernicot C., Bourdin R., Coq F.-X., Fraticelli V., Menguy L., Parmentier V., Reynier J. L.
Published: 2018

23. Physique-chimie TSI1 - 2e édition

Author: Finot T., Bonomelli C., Choubert E., Fayolle S., Fraticelli V., Legrand D., Parmentier V., Tancrez N
Published: 2016

24. A strong H− opacity signal in the near-infrared emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b

Author: Jacobs, B., primary, Désert, J.-M., additional, Pino, L., additional, Line, M. R., additional, Bean, J. L., additional, Khorshid, N., additional, Schlawin, E., additional, Arcangeli, J., additional, Barat, S., additional, Hoeijmakers, H. J., additional, Komacek, T. D., additional, Mansfield, M., additional, Parmentier, V., additional, and Thorngren, D., additional
Published: 2022
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25. Roasting marshmallows: a campaign to disentangle composition & climate in hot Jupiter atmospheres with near infrared high resolution cross-correlation spectroscopy

Author: Line, M., Brogi, M., Bean, J., Smith, P., Parmentier, V., Mansfield, M., Pino, L., Mace, G., Desert, J.-M., Rauscher, E., Gandhi, S., Kempton, E., Shkolnik, E., Patience, J., Fortney, J., Wardenier, J., Zalesky, J., Hood, C., Cowan, N., and Dang, L.
Published: 2022

26. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, primary, Drossart, Pierre, additional, Eccleston, Paul, additional, Hartogh, Paul, additional, Isaak, Kate, additional, Linder, Martin, additional, Lovis, Christophe, additional, Micela, Giusi, additional, Ollivier, Marc, additional, Puig, Ludovic, additional, Ribas, Ignasi, additional, Snellen, Ignas, additional, Swinyard, Bruce, additional, Allard, France, additional, Barstow, Joanna, additional, Cho, James, additional, Coustenis, Athena, additional, Cockell, Charles, additional, Correia, Alexandre, additional, Decin, Leen, additional, de Kok, Remco, additional, Deroo, Pieter, additional, Encrenaz, Therese, additional, Forget, Francois, additional, Glasse, Alistair, additional, Griffith, Caitlin, additional, Guillot, Tristan, additional, Koskinen, Tommi, additional, Lammer, Helmut, additional, Leconte, Jeremy, additional, Maxted, Pierre, additional, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, additional, Nelson, Richard, additional, North, Chris, additional, Pallé, Enric, additional, Pagano, Isabella, additional, Piccioni, Guseppe, additional, Pinfield, David, additional, Selsis, Franck, additional, Sozzetti, Alessandro, additional, Stixrude, Lars, additional, Tennyson, Jonathan, additional, Turrini, Diego, additional, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, additional, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, additional, Grodent, Denis, additional, Guedel, Manuel, additional, Luz, David, additional, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, additional, Ray, Tom, additional, Rickman, Hans, additional, Selig, Avri, additional, Swain, Mark, additional, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, additional, Barlow, Mike, additional, Bowles, Neil, additional, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, additional, du Foresto, Vincent Coudé, additional, Gerard, Jean-Claude, additional, Gizon, Laurent, additional, Hornstrup, Allan, additional, Jarchow, Christopher, additional, Kerschbaum, Franz, additional, Kovacs, Géza, additional, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, additional, Lim, Tanya, additional, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, additional, Malaguti, Giuseppe, additional, Pace, Emanuele, additional, Pascale, Enzo, additional, Vandenbussche, Bart, additional, Wright, Gillian, additional, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, additional, Adriani, Alberto, additional, Azzollini, Ruymán, additional, Balado, Ana, additional, Bryson, Ian, additional, Burston, Raymond, additional, Colomé, Josep, additional, Crook, Martin, additional, Di Giorgio, Anna, additional, Griffin, Matt, additional, Hoogeveen, Ruud, additional, Ottensamer, Roland, additional, Irshad, Ranah, additional, Middleton, Kevin, additional, Morgante, Gianluca, additional, Pinsard, Frederic, additional, Rataj, Mirek, additional, Reess, Jean-Michel, additional, Savini, Giorgio, additional, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, additional, Stamper, Richard, additional, Winter, Berend, additional, Abe, L., additional, Abreu, M., additional, Achilleos, N., additional, Ade, P., additional, Adybekian, V., additional, Affer, L., additional, Agnor, C., additional, Agundez, M., additional, Alard, C., additional, Alcala, J., additional, Prieto, C. Allende, additional, Alonso Floriano, F. J., additional, Altieri, F., additional, Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., additional, Amado, P., additional, Andersen, A., additional, Aylward, A., additional, Baffa, C., additional, Bakos, G., additional, Ballerini, P., additional, Banaszkiewicz, M., additional, Barber, R. J., additional, Barrado, D., additional, Barton, E. J., additional, Batista, V., additional, Bellucci, G., additional, Belmonte Avilés, J. A., additional, Berry, D., additional, Bézard, B., additional, Biondi, D., additional, Błęcka, M., additional, Boisse, I., additional, Bonfond, B., additional, Bordé, P., additional, Börner, P., additional, Bouy, H., additional, Brown, L., additional, Buchhave, L., additional, Budaj, J., additional, Bulgarelli, A., additional, Burleigh, M., additional, Cabral, A., additional, Capria, M. T., additional, Cassan, A., additional, Cavarroc, C., additional, Cecchi-Pestellini, C., additional, Cerulli, R., additional, Chadney, J., additional, Chamberlain, S., additional, Christian Jessen, N., additional, Ciaravella, A., additional, Claret, A., additional, Claudi, R., additional, Coates, A., additional, Cole, R., additional, Collur, A., additional, Cordier, D., additional, Covino, E., additional, Danielski, C., additional, Damasso, M., additional, Deeg, H. J., additional, Delgado-Mena, E., additional, Del Vecchio, C., additional, Demangeon, O., additional, De Sio, A., additional, De Wit, J., additional, Dobrijévi, M., additional, Doel, P., additional, Dominic, C., additional, Dorfi, E., additional, Eales, S., additional, Eiroa, C., additional, Espinoza Contreras, M., additional, Esposito, M., additional, Eymet, V., additional, Fabrizio, N., additional, Fernández, M., additional, Femenía Castella, B., additional, Figueira, P., additional, Filacchione, G., additional, Fletcher, L., additional, Focardi, M., additional, Fossey, S., additional, Fouqué, P., additional, Frith, J., additional, Galand, M., additional, Gambicorti, L., additional, Gaulme, P., additional, García López, R. J., additional, Garcia-Piquer, A., additional, Gear, W., additional, Gerard, J. -C., additional, Gesa, L., additional, Giani, E., additional, Gianotti, F., additional, Gillon, M., additional, Giro, E., additional, Giuranna, M., additional, Gomez, H., additional, Gomez-Leal, I., additional, Gonzalez Hernandez, J., additional, GonzÁlez Merino, B., additional, Graczyk, R., additional, Grassi, D., additional, Guardia, J., additional, Guio, P., additional, Gustin, J., additional, Hargrave, P., additional, Haigh, J., additional, Hébrard, E., additional, Heiter, U., additional, Heredero, R. L., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Hersant, F., additional, Heyrovsky, D., additional, Hollis, M., additional, Hubert, B., additional, Hueso, R., additional, Israelian, G., additional, Iro, N., additional, Irwin, P., additional, Jacquemoud, S., additional, Jones, G., additional, Jones, H., additional, Justtanont, K., additional, Kehoe, T., additional, Kerschbaum, F., additional, Kerins, E., additional, Kervell, P., additional, Kipping, D., additional, Koskinen, T., additional, Krupp, N., additional, Lahav, O., additional, Laken, B., additional, Lanza, N., additional, Lellouch, E., additional, Leto, G., additional, Goldaracena, J. Licandro, additional, Bertelloni, C. Lithgow, additional, Liu, S. J., additional, Cicero, U. Lo, additional, Lodieu, N., additional, Lognonné, P., additional, Puertas, M. Lopez, additional, Valverde, M. A. Lopez, additional, Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, additional, Luntzer, A., additional, Machado, P., additional, Tavish, C. Mac, additional, Maggio, A., additional, Maillard, J. P., additional, Magnes, W., additional, Maldonado, J., additional, Mall, U., additional, Marquette, J. B., additional, Mauskopf, P., additional, Massi, F., additional, Maurin, A. S., additional, Medvedev, A., additional, Michaut, C., additional, Paez, P. Miles, additional, Montalto, M., additional, Rodríguez, P. Montañés, additional, Monteiro, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morais, H., additional, Morale, J. C., additional, Morales-Calderón, M., additional, Morello, G., additional, Martín, A. Moro, additional, Moses, J., additional, Bedon, A. Moya, additional, Alcaino, F. Murgas, additional, Oliva, E., additional, Orton, G., additional, Palla, F., additional, Pancrazzi, M., additional, Pantin, E., additional, Parmentier, V., additional, Parviainen, H., additional, Ramirez, Y. Pena, additional, Peralta, J., additional, Perez-Hoyos, S., additional, Petrov, R., additional, Pezzuto, S., additional, Pietrzak, R., additional, Pilat-Lohinger, E., additional, Piskunov, N., additional, Prinja, R., additional, Prisinzano, L., additional, Polichtchouk, I., additional, Poretti, E., additional, Radioti, A., additional, Ramos, A., additional, Rank-Luftinger, T., additional, Read, P., additional, Readorn, K., additional, Lopez, R. Rebolo, additional, Rebordao, J., additional, Rengel, M., additional, Rezac, L., additional, Rocchetto, M., additional, Rodler, F., additional, Bejar, J. Sanchez, additional, Sanchez Lavega, A., additional, Sanroma, E., additional, Santos, N., additional, Forcada, J. Sanz, additional, Scandariato, G., additional, Schmider, F.- X., additional, Scholz, A., additional, Scuderi, S., additional, Sethenadh, J., additional, Shore, S., additional, Showman, A., additional, Sicardy, B., additional, Sitek, P., additional, Smith, A., additional, Soret, L., additional, Sousa, S., additional, Stiepen, A., additional, Stolarski, M., additional, Strazzulla, G., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Tanga, P., additional, Tecsa, M., additional, Temple, J., additional, Terenzi, L., additional, Tessenyi, M., additional, Testi, L., additional, Thompson, S., additional, Thrastarson, H., additional, Tingley, B. W., additional, Trifoglio, M., additional, Torres, J. Martin, additional, Tozzi, A., additional, Turrini, D., additional, Varley, R., additional, Vakili, F., additional, de Val-Borro, M., additional, Valdivieso, M. L., additional, Venot, O., additional, Villaver, E., additional, Vinatier, S., additional, Viti, S., additional, Waldmann, I., additional, Waltham, D., additional, Ward-Thompson, D., additional, Waters, R., additional, Watkins, C., additional, Watson, D., additional, Wawer, P., additional, Wawrzaszk, A., additional, White, G., additional, Widemann, T., additional, Winek, W., additional, Wi.niowski, T., additional, Yelle, R., additional, Yung, Y., additional, and Yurchenko, S. N., additional
Published: 2015
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27. Unveiling the atmospheres of giant exoplanets with an EChO-class mission

Author: Parmentier, V., primary, Showman, A. P., additional, and de Wit, J., additional
Published: 2014
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28. The impact of mixing treatments on cloud modelling in 3D simulations of hot Jupiters

Author: Christie, D A, primary, Mayne, N J, additional, Lines, S, additional, Parmentier, V, additional, Manners, J, additional, Boutle, I, additional, Drummond, B, additional, Mikal-Evans, T, additional, Sing, D K, additional, and Kohary, K, additional
Published: 2021
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29. Cloud property trends in hot and ultra-hot giant gas planets (WASP-43b, WASP-103b, WASP-121b, HAT-P-7b, and WASP-18b)

Author: Helling, C., Lewis, D., Samra, D., Carone, L., Graham, V., Herbort, O., Chubb, K.L., Min, M., Waters, R., Parmentier, V., Mayne, N., Helling, C., Lewis, D., Samra, D., Carone, L., Graham, V., Herbort, O., Chubb, K.L., Min, M., Waters, R., Parmentier, V., and Mayne, N.
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 234244.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
Published: 2021

30. Cloud property trends in hot and ultra-hot giant gas planets (WASP-43b, WASP-103b, WASP-121b, HAT-P-7b, and WASP-18b)

Author: Helling, Ch., primary, Lewis, D., additional, Samra, D., additional, Carone, L., additional, Graham, V., additional, Herbort, O., additional, Chubb, K. L., additional, Min, M., additional, Waters, R., additional, Parmentier, V., additional, and Mayne, N., additional
Published: 2021
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31. Water Ice Cloud Variability and Multi-epoch Transmission Spectra of TRAPPIST-1e

Author: May, E. M., primary, Taylor, J., additional, Komacek, T. D., additional, Line, M. R., additional, and Parmentier, V., additional
Published: 2021
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32. A new approach to spectroscopic phase curves

Author: Arcangeli, J., primary, Désert, J.-M., additional, Parmentier, V., additional, Tsai, S.-M., additional, and Stevenson, K. B., additional
Published: 2021
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33. Mineral cloud and hydrocarbon haze particles in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter JWST target WASP-43b

Author: Helling, Ch., primary, Kawashima, Y., additional, Graham, V., additional, Samra, D., additional, Chubb, K. L., additional, Min, M., additional, Waters, L. B. F. M., additional, and Parmentier, V., additional
Published: 2020
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34. Understanding the atmospheric properties and chemical composition of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b

Author: Molaverdikhani, K., primary, Helling, Ch., additional, Lew, B. W. P., additional, MacDonald, R. J., additional, Samra, D., additional, Iro, N., additional, Woitke, P., additional, and Parmentier, V., additional
Published: 2020
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35. Le dégarélix dans la prise en charge des auteurs de violence sexuelle

Author: Lefebvre, A., primary, Wathelet, M., additional, Duhem, S., additional, Parmentier, V., additional, Prasivoravong, J., additional, Le Pen, L., additional, Charrel, C.-L., additional, and Séguret, T., additional
Published: 2019
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36. Global Chemistry and Thermal Structure Models for the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b and Predictions for JWST

Author: Venot, O., Crouzet, N., Carone, L., Tremblin, P., Parmentier, V., Moses, J., Cubillos, P., Blecic, J., Molliere, P., Kreidberg, L., and Stevenson, K.
Subjects: Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be launched in 2020. The observations performed with this telescope will revolutionise the field of exoplanet characterisation. The Transiting Exoplanet Community propose to observe the exoplanet WASP-43b in order to better understand the physical structure and the chemical and dynamical processes occurring in the atmosphere of this planet. We present here the scientific objectives for this observation and the expected results.
Published: 2018

37. The transiting exoplanet community early release science program for JWST

Author: Bean, JL, Stevenson, KB, Batalha, NM, Berta-Thompson, Z, Kreidberg, L, Crouzet, N, Benneke, B, Line, MR, Sing, DK, Wakeford, HR, Knutson, HA, Kempton, EMR, Désert, JM, Crossfield, I, Batalha, NE, De Wit, J, Parmentier, V, Harrington, J, Moses, JI, Lopez-Morales, M, Alam, MK, Blecic, J, Bruno, G, Carter, AL, Chapman, JW, Decin, L, Dragomir, D, Evans, TM, Fortney, JJ, Fraine, JD, Gao, P, Muñoz, AG, Gibson, NP, Goyal, JM, Heng, K, Hu, R, Kendrew, S, Kilpatrick, BM, Krick, J, Lagage, PO, Lendl, M, Louden, T, Madhusudhan, N, Mandell, AM, Mansfield, M, May, EM, Morello, G, Morley, CV, Nikolov, N, Redfield, S, Roberts, JE, Schlawin, E, Spake, JJ, Todorov, KO, Tsiaras, A, Venot, O, Waalkes, WC, Wheatley, PJ, Zellem, RT, Angerhausen, D, Barrado, D, Carone, L, Casewell, SL, Cubillos, PE, Damiano, M, Borro, MDV, Drummond, B, Edwards, B, Endl, M, Espinoza, N, France, K, Gizis, JE, Greene, TP, Henning, TK, Hong, Y, Ingalls, JG, Iro, N, Irwin, PGJ, Kataria, T, Lahuis, F, Leconte, J, Lillo-Box, J, Lines, S, Lothringer, JD, Mancini, L, Marchis, F, Mayne, N, Palle, E, Rauscher, E, Roudier, G, Shkolnik, EL, Southworth, J, Swain, MR, Taylor, J, Teske, J, Tinetti, G, Tremblin, P, Tucker, GS, Boekel, RV, Waldmann, IP, Bean, JL [0000-0003-4733-6532], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: planets and satellites: atmospheres, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, methods: observational, planets and satellites: individual (WASP-79b, WASP-43b, WASP-18b)
Abstract: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) presents the opportunity to transform our understanding of planets and the origins of life by revealing the atmospheric compositions, structures, and dynamics of transiting exoplanets in unprecedented detail. However, the high-precision, time-series observations required for such investigations have unique technical challenges, and prior experience with other facilities indicates that there will be a steep learning curve when JWST becomes operational. In this paper we describe the science objectives and detailed plans of the Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science (ERS) Program, which is a recently approved program for JWST observations early in Cycle 1. The goal of this project, for which the obtained data will have no exclusive access period, is to accelerate the acquisition and diffusion of technical expertise for transiting exoplanet observations with JWST, while also providing a compelling set of representative datasets that will enable immediate scientific breakthroughs. The Transiting Exoplanet Community ERS Program will exercise the time-series modes of all four JWST instruments that have been identified as the consensus highest priorities, observe the full suite of transiting planet characterization geometries (transits, eclipses, and phase curves), and target planets with host stars that span an illustrative range of brightnesses. The observations in this program were defined through an inclusive and transparent process that had participation from JWST instrument experts and international leaders in transiting exoplanet studies. Community engagement in the project will be centered on a two-phase Data Challenge that culminates with the delivery of planetary spectra, time-series instrument performance reports, and open-source data analysis toolkits in time to inform the agenda for Cycle 2 of the JWST mission.
Published: 2018

38. Understanding the atmospheric properties and chemical composition of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b

Author: Helling, Ch., primary, Iro, N., additional, Corrales, L., additional, Samra, D., additional, Ohno, K., additional, Alam, M. K., additional, Steinrueck, M., additional, Lew, B., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, MacDonald, R. J., additional, Herbort, O., additional, Woitke, P., additional, and Parmentier, V., additional
Published: 2019
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39. Sparkling nights and very hot days on WASP-18b: the formation of clouds and the emergence of an ionosphere

Author: Helling, Ch., primary, Gourbin, P., additional, Woitke, P., additional, and Parmentier, V., additional
Published: 2019
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40. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, G., Drossart, P., Eccleston, P., Hartogh, P., Isaak, K., Linder, M., Lovis, C., Micela, G., Olliver, M., Puig, L., Ribas, I., De Sio, A., Frith, J., Justtanot, K., Showman, A., Alard, C., Yurchenko, S. N., Parviainen, H., Fouqué, P., Oliva, E., Bordé, P., Balado, A., Varley, R., Di Giorgio, A., Griffin, M., Maillard, J. P., Maggio, A., Lellouch, E., Strazzulla, G., Villaver, E., Griffith, C., Stamper, R., Amado, P. J., Rezac, L., Laken, B., Hargrave, P., Orton, G., Thompson, S., Morales, J. C., Wright, G., Massi, F., Lundgaard Rasmussen, I., Altieri, F., Covino, E., Coustenis, A., Moses, J., Lithgow Bertelloni, C., Demangeon, O., Fletcher, L., Morales Calderón, M., Lo Cicero, U., López Puertas, M., Capria, M. T., Danielski, C., Luntzer, A., Bulgarelli, A., González Hernández, J., Jacquemoud, S., MacTavish, C., Mall, U., Christian Jessen, N., Sanromá, E., Femenía Castella, B., Rocchetto, M., Miles Paez, P., Allard, F., Aylward, A., Leconte, J., Palla, F., White, G., Malaguti, G., Cavarroc, C., Lammer, H., Leto, G., Batista, V., Adybekian, V., Readorn, K., Polichtchouk, I., Petrov, R., García Piquer, A., Pancrazzi, M., Gómez Leal, I., Israelian, G., Rebolo López, R., Peralta, J., Giro, E., Tecsa, M., Haigh, J., Moro Martín, A., Pezzuto, S., Piskunov, N., Agnor, C., Hollis, M., Radioti, A., De Kok, R., Gear, W., Eymet, V., Achilleos, N., Koskinen, T., Maurin, A. S., Rank Lüftinger, T., Barlow, M., Figueira, P., Affer, L., Viti, S., Machado, P., Vakili, F., Burston, R., González Merino, B., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Smith, A., Sitek, P., Sánchez Lavega, A., Kerschbaum, F., Hoogeeven, R., Ballerini, P., Filacchione, G., Rodler, F., Stixrude, L., Parmentier, V., Del Val Borro, M., Vandenbussche, B., Tingley, B. W., Deeg, H. J., Tabernero, H. M., Shore, S., Fossey, S., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Santos, N., Tozzi, A., Kipping, D., Maruquette, J. B., Trifoglio, M., Scandaratio, G., Scuderi, S., Hébrard, E., Lodieu, N., Forget, F., Gustin, J., Poretti, E., Murgas Alcaino, F., Sicardy, B., Stiepen, A., Hubert, B., Grodent, D., Magnes, W., Tennyson, J., Temple, J., Galand, M., Barton, E. J., Winter, B., Valdivieso, M. L., Cordier, D., Heredero, R. L., Barrado, D., Mueller Wodarg, I., Giani, E., Correira, A., Widemann, T., Ward Thompson, D., Montañés Rodríguez, P., Moya Bedon, A., Venot, O., Prinja, R., Pinfield, D., Waldmann, I., Morello, G., Lim, T., Pallé, E., Waters, R., Wawer, P., Lognonné, P., Pietrzak, R., Fernández Hernández, Maite, Winek, W., Andersen, A., Monteiro, M., Liu, S. J., Rengel, M., Tanga, P., Yelle, R., Barstow, J. K., Maldonado, J., Irshad, R., Nelson, R., Colomé, J., De Witt, J., Lanza, N., Glasse, A., Coudé du Foresto, V., Branduardi Raymont, G., Beaulieu, J. P., Claudi, R., García López, Ramón, Eales, S., López Valverde, M. A., Turrini, D., Vinatier, S., Crook, J., Damasso, M., Ramos Zapata, G., Kovács, G., Banaszkiewicz, M., Focardi, M., Mauskopf, P., Guedel, M., Rebordao, J., Stolarski, M., Adriani, A., Norgaard Nielsen, H. U., Selig, A., Peña Ramírez, K. Y., Schmider, F. X., Baffa, C., Piccioni, G., Pantin, E., Bowles, N., Hornstrup, A., Pilat Lohinger, E., Buchhave, L. A., Soret, L., Börne, P., López Morales, M., Medvedev, A., Gesa, L., Jones, H., Pérez Hoyos, S., Gerard, J. C., Bellucci, G., Morais, H., Álvarez Iglesias, C. A., Abe, L., Pinsard, F., Tessenyi, M., Blecka, M., Wawrzaszk, A., Middleton, K., Martín Torres, J., Cho, J., Berry, D., Rataj, M., Schrader, J. R., Scholz, A., Watkins, C., Abreu, M., Testi, L., Decin, L., Sánz Forcada, J., Sozzetti, A., Lagage, P. O., Ade, P., Alcala, J., Sousa, S., Espinoza Contreras, M., Swinyard, B., Dobrijévic, M., Sánchez Béjar, V. J., Krupp, N., Bakos, G., Chamberlain, S., Chadney, J., Brown, L., Iro, N., Montalto, M., Sethenadh, J., Bouy, H., Ottensamer, R., Kehoe, T., Doel, P., Delgado Mena, E., Read, P., Coates, A., Cecchi Pestellini, C., Guillot, T., Budaj, J., Selsis, F., Jarchow, C., Del Vecchio, C., Cassan, A., Burleigh, M. R., Pagano, I., Ray, T., Gambicorti, L., Biondi, D., Cerulli, R., Ciaravella, A., Watson, D., Deroo, P., Collura, A., Graczyk, R., North, C., Ramos, A. A., Waltham, D., Montes, D., Gianotti, F., Thrastarson, H., Cockell, C., Pace, E., Bryson, I., Gómez, H., Esposito, M., Azzollini, R., Allende Prieto, C., Gillon, M., Fabrizio, N., Rickman, H., Rees, J. M., Pascale, E., Luzzi, D., Bonford, B., Cole, R., Gizon, L., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Agundez, M., Lahav, O., Zapatero Osorio, M. R., Gaulme, P., Encrenaz, T., Heyrovsky, D., Guàrdia, J., Prisinzano, L., Terenzi, L., Swain, M., Grassi, D., Eiroa, C., Maxted, P., Kerins, E., Yung, Y., Irwin, P., Herrero, E., Guio, P., Boisse, I., Claret, A., Kervella, P., Heiter, U., Bézard, B., Cabral, A., Michaut, C., Giuranna, M., Hersant, F., Hueso, R., Savini, G., Snellen, I. A., Charnoz, S., Jones, G., Belmonte Avilés, J. A., Barber, R. J., Wisniowski, T., Morgante, G., University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique (LTM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dpto. de Organización de Empresas, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Leicester], University of Leicester, U.S. Army Research Laboratory [Adelphi, MD] (ARL), United States Army (U.S. Army), Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE), University of Edinburgh, Departamento de Fisica [Aveiro], Universidade de Aveiro, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Planetary Sciences [Tucson], University of Arizona, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Center for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Centre for Astrophysics Research [Hatfield], University of Hertfordshire [Hatfield] (UH), ECLIPSE 2015, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [UCL London], Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire (LPAP), Université de Liège, Centro de Astronomia e Astrofísica da Universidade de Lisboa (CAAUL), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units (ISW), University of Stuttgart, Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units (ISW), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Curie [Paris], Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University [Newcastle], foreign laboratories (FL), CERN [Genève], STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental, Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental, Centre for Planetary Sciences [UCL/Birkbeck] (CPS), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dark Cosmology Centre (DARK), Niels Bohr Institute [Copenhagen] (NBI), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Departamento de Astrofisica [Madrid], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Calar Alto Observatory, Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán, Department of Geoscience, Nelson Mandela University [Port Elizabeth], African Earth Observatory Network - Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute (AEON-ESSRI), Animal Genetics, Teagasc - The Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovacao (INETI), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), CEA- Saclay (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Università di Salerno - Dipartimento di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Salerno = University of Salerno (UNISA), Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC)-Carolina Center for the Genome Sciences, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), ASP 2015, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institute for Astronomy [Vienna], University of Vienna [Vienna], Institut de génétique et microbiologie [Orsay] (IGM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH = German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto (CAUP), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Dipartimento di Matematica 'Ulisse Dini', Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Université de Rennes (UR), Imperial College London, Laboratoire Hippolyte Fizeau (FIZEAU), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bradford, Instituto Universitario de Electroquimica, Universidad de Alicante, Centre de recherche en éducation de Nantes (CREN), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Nantes - UFR Lettres et Langages (UFRLL), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Departamento de Fisica Aplicada [Bilbao], Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [Espagne] (UPV/EHU), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Osserv Astrofis Catania, Ist Nazl Astrofis, Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Consejo Super Invest Cient, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, ES-18080 Granada, Spain, Department of Rheumatology (LEIDEN - Rhumato), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Universiteit Leiden-Universiteit Leiden, Department of Rheumatology (COIMBRA - Rhumato), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des gaz et des plasmas (LPGP), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Department of Computer Science [Verona] (UNIVR | DI), Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona (UNIVR), IEB-UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA, Departamento de Física e Astronomia [Porto] (DFA/FCUP), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto-Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH (BIBA), Universität Bremen, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (OACT), Plasmon Nano-optics, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques [Castelldefels] (ICFO), Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Hong Kong Government Environmental Protection Department, Water Policy and Science Group, National Space Agencies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Agency, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA) - Grenoble-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), University of Oxford [Oxford], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut Curie, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], AEON-ESSRI African Earth Observatory Network — Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovacco (INETI), Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Francois Rabelais [Tours], Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Università degli Studi di Salerno (UNISA), IRTA, Laboratoire d'astrophysique de l'observatoire de Besançon (LAOB), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Universidade do Porto [Porto], Università degli Studi di Firenze [Firenze], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche, culture, éducation, formation, travail (CIRCEFT), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Station biologique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Informatica [Verona], Università degli Studi di Verona, Departamento de Física e Astronomia [Porto], UMR5116, Centre Émile Durkheim (CED), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Rebordao, J. [0000-0002-7418-0345], Kerschbaum, F. [0000-0001-6320-0980], Abreu, M. [0000-0002-0716-9568], Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298], López Puertas, M. [0000-0003-2941-7734], Jacquemoud, S. [0000-0002-1500-5256], Tennyson, J. [0000-0002-4994-5238], Focardi, M. [0000-0002-3806-4283], Leto, G. [0000-0002-0040-5011], Lodieu, N. [0000-0002-3612-8968], Tinetti, G. [0000-0001-6058-6654], Sanroma, E. [0000-0001-8859-7937], Poretti, E. [0000-0003-1200-0473], Deeg, H. [0000-0003-0047-4241], Grassi, D. [0000-0003-1653-3066], Piccioni, G. [0000-0002-7893-6808], Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312], Coates, A. [0000-0002-6185-3125], García Ramón, J. [0000-0002-8204-6832], Bouy, H. [0000-0002-7084-487X[, Lognonne, P. [0000-0002-1014-920X], Demangeon, O. [0000-0001-7918-0355], Morales, J. C. [0000-0003-0061-518X], Ray, T. [0000-0002-2110-1068], Guio, P. [0000-0002-1607-5862], Tanga, P. [0000-0002-2718-997X], Prisinzano, L. [0000-0002-8893-2210], Barstow, J. [0000-0003-3726-5419], Balado, A. [0000-0003-4268-2516], Lithgow Bertelloni, C. [0000-0003-0924-6587], Barton, E. [0000-0001-5945-9244], Delgado, M. E. [0000-0003-4434-2195], Affer, L. [0000-0001-5600-3778], Ciaravella, A. [0000-0002-3127-8078], Barrado Navascues, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Figueira, P. [0000-0001-8504-283X], Covino, E. [0000-0002-6187-6685], Venot, O. [0000-0003-2854-765X], Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X], Watson, D. [0000-0002-4465-8264], Morales Calderon, M. [0000-0001-9526-9499], Ward Thompson, D. [0000-0003-1140-2761], Rebolo, R. [0000-0003-3767-7085], López Valverde, M. A. [0000-0002-7989-4267], Gillon, M. [0000-0003-1462-7739], Morgante, G. [0000-0001-9234-7412], Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852], Bulgarelli, A. [0000-0001-6347-0649], Pena Ramírez, K. [0000-0002-5855-401X], Galand, M. [0000-0001-5797-914X], Pancrazzi, M. [0000-0002-3789-2482], Malaguti, G. [0000-0001-9872-3378], Sánchez Lavega, A. [0000-0001-7234-7634], Waldmann, I. [0000-0002-4205-5267], Kovacs, G. [0000-0002-2365-2330], Guillot, T. [0000-0002-7188-8428], Turrini, D. [0000-0002-1923-7740], Altieri, F. [0000-0002-6338-8300], Bellucci, G. [0000-0003-0867-8679], Baffa, C. [0000-0002-4935-100X], Olivia, E. [0000-0002-9123-0412], Selsis, F. [0000-0001-9619-5356], Scuderi, Salvatore [0000-0002-8637-2109], Hersant, F. [0000-0002-2687-7500], Gear, W. [0000-0001-6789-6196], Damasso, M. [0000-0001-9984-4278], Tizzi, A. [0000-0002-6725-3825], Pinfield, D. [0000-0002-7804-4260], Kipping, D. [0000-0002-4365-7366], Maldonado, J. [0000-0002-4282-1072], Pace, E. [0000-0001-5870-1772], Burleigh, M. [0000-0003-0684-7803], Monteiro, M. [0000-0001-5644-0898], Pilat Lohinger, E. [0000-0002-5292-1923], Chadney, J. [0000-0002-5174-2114], Moro Martín, A. [0000-0001-9504-8426], Claret, A. [0000-0002-4045-8134], Gómez, H. [0000-0003-3398-0052], Maldonado, J. [0000-0002-2218-5689], Michaut, C. [0000-0002-2578-0117], Hornstrup, A. [0000-0002-3363-0936], Scholz, A. [0000-0001-8993-5053], Irwin, P. [0000-0002-6772-384X], Bezard, B. [0000-0002-5433-5661], López Heredero, R. [0000-0002-2197-8388], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Danielski, C. [0000-0002-3729-2663], Sousa, S. [0000-0001-9047-2965], Medved, A. [0000-0003-2713-8977], Bakos, G. [0000-0001-7204-6727], Ade, P. [0000-0002-5127-0401], Vandenbussche, B. [0000-0002-1368-3109], Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236], Correira, A. [0000-0002-8946-8579], Haigh, J. [0000-0001-5504-4754], Scandariato, G. [0000-0003-2029-0626], Guedel, M. [0000-0001-9818-0588], Sánchez Bejar, V. [0000-0002-5086-4232], Rodríguez, P. [0000-0002-6855-9682], Piskunov, N. [0000-0001-5742-7767], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0001-9797-4917], Kervella, P. [0000-0003-0626-1749], Pascale, E. [0000-0002-3242-8154], Claudi, R. [0000-0001-7707-5105], Filacchione, G. [0000-0001-9567-0055], Rickman, H. [0000-0002-9603-6619], Amado, P. J. [0000-0002-8388-6040], Maggio, A. [0000-0001-5154-6108], Agundez, M. [0000-0003-3248-3564], Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X], Fletcher, L. [0000-0001-5834-9588], Stixrude, L. [0000-0003-3778-2432], Morais, M. H. [0000-0001-5333-2736], Hueso, R. [0000-0003-0169-123X], Yurchenko, S. [0000-0001-9286-9501], Rataj, M. [0000-0002-2978-9629], Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0002-2587-4682], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Peralta, J. [0000-0002-6823-1695], Budaj, J. [0000-0002-9125-7340], Barlow, M. [0000-0002-3875-1171], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universidade do Porto, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Verona (UNIVR), Universidade do Porto-Universidade do Porto, Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université de Nantes - UFR Lettres et Langages (UFRLL), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Le Mans Université (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze], COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique ( LESIA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), School of Physics & Astronomy, European Space Agency ( ESA ), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo ( OAPa ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique ( LTM ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation ( IMEP-LAHC ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, U.S. Army Research Laboratory [Adelphi, MD] ( ARL ), United States Army ( U.S. Army ), Royal Observatory Edinburgh ( ROE ), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research ( SRON ), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) ( LMD ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -École polytechnique ( X ) -École des Ponts ParisTech ( ENPC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE ( LAGRANGE ), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson], Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences ( IWF ), Austrian Academy of Sciences ( OeAW ), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon ( CRAL ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Human-Computer Interaction ( HCI ), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali ( IAPS ), University of Hertfordshire [Hatfield] ( UH ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] ( LAB ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire ( LPAP ), Centro de Astronomia e Astrofísica da Universidade de Lisboa ( CAAUL ), Universidade de Lisboa ( ULISBOA ), Space Research Centre [Warsaw] ( CBK ), Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), Mullard Space Science Laboratory ( MSSL ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers ( IRFU ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ), foreign laboratories ( FL ), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ( RAL ), Science and Technology Facilities Council ( STFC ), Centre for Planetary Sciences [UCL/Birkbeck] ( CPS ), Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris ( IAP ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Dark Cosmology Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen ( KU ), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] ( STFC ), LAEX, Depto. Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa]-Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], Teagasc, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Solid-State Physics (IAF), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] ( CAB ), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial ( INTA ) -Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovacco ( INETI ), INETI, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ), Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] ( PRC ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Università degli Studi di Salerno ( UNISA ), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill-Carolina Center for the Genome Sciences, Laboratoire d'astrophysique de l'observatoire de Besançon ( LAOB ), Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Universita degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua = Université de Padoue, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale ( IAS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux ( L3AB ), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers ( OASU ), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] ( LAB ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bordeaux ( UB ), Institut de génétique et microbiologie [Orsay] ( IGM ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH ( DFKI ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas ( CONICET ), Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto ( CAUP ), Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ), Laboratoire Hippolyte Fizeau ( FIZEAU ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario CNR (IFSI), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de recherche en éducation de Nantes ( CREN ), Université de Nantes ( UN ), Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea ( UPV/EHU ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Onsala Space Observatory ( OSO ), Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ), Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire ( SCK-CEN ), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris ( IPGP ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía ( IAA ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Department of Rheumatology ( LEIDEN - Rhumato ), Department of Rheumatology ( COIMBRA - Rhumato ), Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment ( CSTB ), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri ( OAA ), Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche, culture, éducation, formation, travail ( CIRCEFT ), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis ( UP8 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique des gaz et des plasmas ( LPGP ), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg ( TLS ), BIBA Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH, Centre Émile Durkheim ( CED ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Sciences Po-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Sciences Po-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania ( OACT ), Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques [Castelldefels] ( ICFO ), Università di Perugia, Royal Holloway [University of London] ( RHUL ), and Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI)
Subjects: Astrofísica, Solar System, Computer science, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], HOT-JUPITER ATMOSPHERES, 7. Clean energy, Space missions, law.invention, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, Planet, law, Observatory, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Transit (astronomy), Atmospheric science, Exoplanets, IR astronomy, Spectroscopy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, QC, QB, Eclipse, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), education.field_of_study, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Exoplanet, GIANT PLANETS, Physical Sciences, ENERGY-BALANCE, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Population, MU-M, FOS: Physical sciences, F500, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Telescope, INFRARED-EMISSION-SPECTRUM, education, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], EXTRASOLAR PLANET ATMOSPHERE, Science & Technology, Astronomy, EXOPLANET HD 189733B, HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE, Astronomía, TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, WATER-VAPOR, astro-ph.EP, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The discovery of almost 2000 exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? What causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) has been designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large and diverse planet sample within its four-year mission lifetime. EChO can target the atmospheres of super-Earths, Neptune-like, and Jupiter-like planets, in the very hot to temperate zones (planet temperatures of 300K-3000K) of F to M-type host stars. Over the next ten years, several new ground- and space-based transit surveys will come on-line (e.g. NGTS, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO), which will specifically focus on finding bright, nearby systems. The current rapid rate of discovery would allow the target list to be further optimised in the years prior to EChO's launch and enable the atmospheric characterisation of hundreds of planets. Placing the satellite at L2 provides a cold and stable thermal environment, as well as a large field of regard to allow efficient time-critical observation of targets randomly distributed over the sky. A 1m class telescope is sufficiently large to achieve the necessary spectro-photometric precision. The spectral coverage (0.5-11 micron, goal 16 micron) and SNR to be achieved by EChO, thanks to its high stability and dedicated design, would enable a very accurate measurement of the atmospheric composition and structure of hundreds of exoplanets., Comment: 50 pages, 30 figures. Experimental Astronomy
Published: 2015

41. Evolution of exoplanets and their parent stars

Author: Guillot, T., primary, Lin, D.N.C., additional, Morel, P., additional, Havel, M., additional, and Parmentier, V., additional
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

42. Serveur terminologique - extension d’un noyau de base et consolidation d’une méthodologie de développement d’un vocabulaire médical contrôlé (CMV) dans le cadre de la mise en place futur d’un serveur belge de terminologie dans le secteur de la santé. Partie 2 : Vocabulaire contrôlé multilingue et multi-classification

Author: UCL - SSS/IRSS - Institut de recherche santé et société, De Clercq, Etienne, Nicolas, Luc, Van Bruwaene, B., Roland, M., Berquin , M, Mies, K, Parmentier, V., Carbonez, François, UCL - SSS/IRSS - Institut de recherche santé et société, De Clercq, Etienne, Nicolas, Luc, Van Bruwaene, B., Roland, M., Berquin , M, Mies, K, Parmentier, V., and Carbonez, François
Published: 2011

43. Influence of stellar variability on the determination of the radius during a transit of an exoplanet

Author: Parmentier, V., primary, Lecavelier des Etangs, A., additional, Désert, J.-M., additional, and Sing, D., additional
Published: 2011
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. Transit spectrophotometry of the exoplanet HD 189733b

Author: Désert, J.-M., primary, Sing, D., additional, Vidal-Madjar, A., additional, Hébrard, G., additional, Ehrenreich, D., additional, Lecavelier des Etangs, A., additional, Parmentier, V., additional, Ferlet, R., additional, and Henry, G. W., additional
Published: 2010
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. Transit spectrophotometry of the exoplanet HD 189733b

Author: Sing, D. K., primary, Désert, J.-M., additional, Lecavelier des Etangs, A., additional, Ballester, G. E., additional, Vidal-Madjar, A., additional, Parmentier, V., additional, Hebrard, G., additional, and Henry, G. W., additional
Published: 2009
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46. COMPARISON OF QUALITY EVOLUTION DURING STORAGE BETWEEN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF PLUMS

Author: Peirs, A., primary, Parmentier, V., additional, Wustenberghs, H., additional, and Keulemans, J., additional
Published: 2000
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47. ATMOSPHERIC ETHYLENE THROUGHOUT THE KIWIFRUIT TRANSPORT CHAIN

Author: Proft, M., primary and Parmentier, V., additional
Published: 1999
Full Text: View/download PDF

48. Spitzer and HST transit spectrophotometry of the exoplanet HD189733b

Author: Désert, J. -M, David Sing, Vidal-Madjar, A., Lecavelier Des Etangs, A., Hébrard, G., Ehrenreich, D., Ferlet, R., Parmentier, V., and Henry, G.

49. The Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Program

Author: Batalha, Natalie, Bean, Jacob, Stevenson, Kevin, Alam, M., Batalha, N., Benneke, B., Berta-Thompson, Z., Blecic, J., Bruno, G., Carter, A., Chapman, J., Crossfield, I., Crouzet, N., Decin, L., Demory, B., Desert, J., Dragomir, D., Evans, T., Fortney, J., Fraine, J., Gao, P., Garcia Munoz, A., Gibson, N., Goyal, J., Harrington, J., Heng, K., Hu, R., Kempton, E., Sarah Kendrew, Kilpatrick, B., Knutson, H., Kreidberg, L., Krick, J., Lagage, P., Lendl, M., Line, M., Lopez-Morales, M., Louden, T., Madhusudhan, N., Mandell, A., Mansfield, M., May, E., Morello, G., Morley, C., Moses, J., Nikolov, N., Parmentier, V., Redfield, S., Roberts, J., Schlawin, E., Showman, A., Sing, D., Spake, J., Swain, M., Todorov, K., Tsiaras, A., Venot, O., Waalkes, W., Wakeford, H., Wheatley, P., and Zellem, R.

50. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Pallé, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coudé, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Géza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Zapata, Gonzalo Ramos, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruymán, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Avilés, J. A., Berry, D., Bézard, B., Biondi, D., Błęcka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Bordé, P., Börner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Christian Jessen, N., Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijévic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernández, M., Femenía Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., García López, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J.-C., Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., González Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hébrard, E., Heiter, U., Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonné, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Lundgaard Rasmussen, I., Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J.-P., Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J.-B., Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A.-S., Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montañés Rodríguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderón, M., Morello, G., Moro Martín, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Peña Ramírez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, N., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lüftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo López, R., Rebordão, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sánchez Béjar, V. J., Sanchez Lavega, A., Sanromá, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F.-X., Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martín Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G. J., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wiśniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., Yurchenko, S. N., Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Pallé, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coudé, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Géza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Zapata, Gonzalo Ramos, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruymán, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Avilés, J. A., Berry, D., Bézard, B., Biondi, D., Błęcka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Bordé, P., Börner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Christian Jessen, N., Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijévic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernández, M., Femenía Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., García López, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J.-C., Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., González Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hébrard, E., Heiter, U., Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonné, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Lundgaard Rasmussen, I., Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J.-P., Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J.-B., Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A.-S., Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montañés Rodríguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderón, M., Morello, G., Moro Martín, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Peña Ramírez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, N., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lüftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo López, R., Rebordão, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sánchez Béjar, V. J., Sanchez Lavega, A., Sanromá, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F.-X., Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martín Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G. J., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wiśniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Abstract: The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune—all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10−4 relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires

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