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3. Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017

Author

Bais, A. F., Lucas, R. M., Bornman, J. F., Williamson, C. E., Sulzberger, B., Austin, A. T., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Bernhard, G., McKenzie, R. L., Aucamp, P. J., Madronich, S., Neale, R. E., Yazar, S., Young, A. R., de Gruijl, F. R., Norval, M., Takizawa, Y., Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M., Robinson, S. A., Bailaré, C. L., Flint, S. D., Neale, P. J., Hylander, S., Rose, K. C., Wängberg, S. -Å., Hader, D. -P., Worrest, R. C., Zepp, R. G., Paul, N. D., Cory, R. M., Solomon, K. R., Longstreth, J., Pandey, K. K., Redhwi, H. H., Torikai, A., and Heikkilä, A. M.

Published
2018
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13. Contributors

Author

Ala’Aldeen, D.A.A., primary, Allaker, R.P., additional, Atkins, H.S., additional, Banyard, A.C., additional, Barer, M.R., additional, Barrett, A.D.T., additional, Burns, S.M., additional, Chart, H., additional, Cockayne, A., additional, Corbel, M.J., additional, Cubie, H.A., additional, Cubitt, W.D., additional, Cunliffe, N.A., additional, Cuschieri, K.S., additional, Edwards, G.F.S., additional, Falzarano, D., additional, Feldmann, H., additional, Fooks, A.R., additional, Goldberg, D., additional, Govan, J.R.W., additional, Grange, J.M., additional, Greenwood, D., additional, Healy, D.M., additional, Hesketh, L., additional, Hood, J., additional, Humphreys, H., additional, Ironside, J.W., additional, Irving, W.L., additional, Johannessen, I., additional, Ketley, J.M., additional, Kilian, M., additional, Mabey, D., additional, Madeley, C.R., additional, McLauchlin, J., additional, Molyneaux, P.J., additional, Nakagomi, O., additional, Norval, M., additional, Ogilvie, M.M., additional, Oldfield, N., additional, Peeling, R.W., additional, Peiris, J.S.M., additional, Pennington, T.H., additional, Picardeau, M., additional, Pitt, T.L., additional, Preston, N.W., additional, Reid, D., additional, Riegel, P., additional, Riley, T.V., additional, Russell, R.C., additional, Safronetz, D., additional, Simmonds, Peter, additional, Slack, M.P.E., additional, Slack, R.C.B., additional, Stewart, J., additional, Taha, Y.A., additional, Taylor-Robinson, D., additional, Thwaite, J.E., additional, Tong, C.Y.W., additional, Towner, K.J., additional, Van Vliet, A.H.M., additional, Walker, D.H., additional, Warnock, D.W., additional, Weaver, S.C., additional, Wooldridge, K.G., additional, Yu, X.-J., additional, and Zambon, M., additional

Published
2012
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24. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author

Barnes, P.W., Williamson, C.E., Lucas, R.M., Robinson, S.A., Madronich, S., Paul, N.D., Bornman, J.F., Bais, A.F., Sulzberger, B., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., McKenzie, R.L., Neale, P.J., Austin, A.T., Bernhard, G.H., Solomon, K.R., Neale, R.E., Young, P.J., Norval, M., Rhodes, L.E., Hylander, S., Rose, K.C., Longstreth, J., Aucamp, P.J., Ballaré, C.L., Cory, R.M., Flint, S.D., de Gruijl, F.R., Häder, D.-P., Heikkilä, A.M., Jansen, M.A.K., Pandey, K.K., Robson, T.M., Sinclair, C.A., Wängberg, S.-Å., Worrest, R.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Zepp, R.G., Barnes, P.W., Williamson, C.E., Lucas, R.M., Robinson, S.A., Madronich, S., Paul, N.D., Bornman, J.F., Bais, A.F., Sulzberger, B., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., McKenzie, R.L., Neale, P.J., Austin, A.T., Bernhard, G.H., Solomon, K.R., Neale, R.E., Young, P.J., Norval, M., Rhodes, L.E., Hylander, S., Rose, K.C., Longstreth, J., Aucamp, P.J., Ballaré, C.L., Cory, R.M., Flint, S.D., de Gruijl, F.R., Häder, D.-P., Heikkilä, A.M., Jansen, M.A.K., Pandey, K.K., Robson, T.M., Sinclair, C.A., Wängberg, S.-Å., Worrest, R.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., and Zepp, R.G.

Abstract

Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth’s surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.

Published
2019

25. Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate

Author

Lucas, Robyn, Yazar, S, Young, A R, Norval, M, de Gruijl, F.R, Takizawa, Y, Rhodes, L E, Sinclair, Craig, Neale, R E, Lucas, Robyn, Yazar, S, Young, A R, Norval, M, de Gruijl, F.R, Takizawa, Y, Rhodes, L E, Sinclair, Craig, and Neale, R E

Abstract

The Montreal Protocol has limited increases in the UV-B (280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth's surface as a result of depletion of stratospheric ozone. Nevertheless, the incidence of skin cancers continues to increase in most light-skinned populations, probably due mainly to risky sun exposure behaviour. In locations with strong sun protection programs of long duration, incidence is now reducing in younger age groups.

Published
2019

36. Seminal polyamines as agents of cervical carcinoma: production of aneuploidy in squamous epithelium

Author

Fletcher, S., Neill, W.A., and Norval, M.

Subjects
Growth factors -- Physiological aspects, Polyamines -- Physiological aspects, Aneuploidy -- Cases, Cervical cancer -- Development and progression, Health
Abstract

Cancer of the cervix (cervical squamous carcinoma) is not uncommon and it occurs when abnormal changes take place in the epithelial cells lining the cervix. Uncontrolled or abnormal growth of these cells can cause cancer. It is not known what causes these cells to change their pattern of growth and become cancerous, but several factors have been implicated. The human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified in different types of cervical cancer, but its role is not clear. The results of epidemiological studies seem to favor a sexually transmitted agent as a cause of cervical cancer. Sperm contain substances called polyamines (spermine and spermidine) that are important for promoting growth. In animal studies using rats, these polyamines have been shown to promote the growth of embryos (the immature fetus). At the same time, a chemical that prevents the production of polyamines has been shown to inhibit cell growth in animal tumors and in malignant cells grown in culture. Therefore, a study was performed to determine if polyamines found in sperm affect the growth of human cells taken from the cervix. Samples of cervical tissue were obtained during hysterectomy (surgery to remove female reproductive organs) from women with no evidence of cervical cancer or infection with HPV. The cells were experimentally grown in culture and polyamines were then added to the cells. The polyamines did not change the rate of growth of the cells, but they did interact with and alter the amount of DNA (the genetic material) in the cells, changing the number of chromosomes. By interacting with the DNA, polyamines may cause abnormal changes in cervical cells. However, it is not clear what role these changes play in the development of cervical cancer. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1991

46. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2016

Author

Andrady, A, Aucamp, PJ, Austin, AT, Bais, AF, Ballaré, CL, Barnes, PW, Bernhard, GH, Björn, LO, Bornman, JF, Congdon, N, Cory, RM, Flint, SD, de Gruijl, FR, Häder, DP, Heikkilä, A, Hylander, S, Longstreth, J, Lucas, RM, Madronich, S, McKenzie, RL, Neale, P, Neale, R, Norval, M, Pandey, KK, Paul, N, Raut, M, Redhwi, HH, Robinson, SA, Rose, KC, Solomon, KR, Sulzberger, B, Wängberg, SÅ, Williamson, CE, Wilson, SR, Worrest, RC, Young, AR, and Zepp, RG.

Subjects
Greenhouse Effect, Ozone, Skin Neoplasms, Meteorology, Ultraviolet Rays, Climate Change, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, Article, Autoimmune Diseases, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Environmental monitoring, Humans, Ecosystem, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Vitamin D, skin and connective tissue diseases, Greenhouse effect, Biological sciences, Ozone depletion, chemistry, Environmental science, sense organs
Abstract

The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three Panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously believed. As a result of this, human health and environmental issues will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Reports of the relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2016, 15, 141-147). The present Progress Report for 2016 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. The more detailed Quadrennial Assessment will be made available in 2018.

Published
2017

47. Ultraviolet Radiation and Kaposi Sarcoma Incidence in a Nationwide US Cohort of HIV-Infected Men

Author

Engels Ea, Norval M, Elizabeth K. Cahoon, Ruth M. Pfeiffer, and DM Freedman

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Adult, Male, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, Skin Neoplasms, Ultraviolet Rays, viruses, HIV Infections, White People, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Risk factor, Sarcoma, Kaposi, integumentary system, Proportional hazards model, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Hazard ratio, virus diseases, Articles, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, United States, Black or African American, 030104 developmental biology, Quartile, Carcinoma, Basal Cell, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cohort, Immunology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Skin cancer, business
Abstract

Background Although ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is established as both an inducer of herpes simplex virus reactivation and as the primary risk factor for many common skin cancers, its relationship with human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) infection or risk of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is unknown. Methods Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between ambient UVR, history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC; as a biomarker of personal cumulative UVR dose), and incidence of first primary KS in a nationwide US cohort of white and African American male veterans infected with HIV between 1986 and 1996 (prior to the widespread availability of treatment) using Cox regression. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Based on discharge records, there were 422 newly diagnosed KS cases among 17 597 HIV-infected veterans. Cohort members with prior NMSC had a statistically significantly increased risk of KS (HR = 8.64, 95% CI = 6.23 to 11.96) in the total population. Risk of KS was higher for quartile 4 vs 1 among the total population (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.16, Ptrend UVR quartile [coded 1 to 4] = .02) and among whites (HR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.78, Ptrend = .009), but not among African Americans (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.71 to 2.15, Ptrend = .23). Conclusions KS risk was elevated among HIV-infected men with NMSC diagnosis and in those living in locations with high ambient UVR at time of HIV diagnosis. Our novel findings suggesting that UVR exposure may increase KS risk warrant further investigation.

Published
2016

49. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2016

Author

Andrady, A., Aucamp, P., Austin, A., Bais, A., Ballaré, C., Barnes, P., Bernhard, G., Björn, L., Bornman, Janet, Erickson, D., De Gruijl, F., Häder, D., Ilyas, M., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R., Madronich, S., McKenzie, R., Neale, R., Norval, M., Pandey, K., Paul, N., Redhwi, H., Robinson, S., Rose, K., Shao, M., Sinha, R., Solomon, K., Sulzberger, B., Takizawa, Y., Torikai, A., Tourpali, K., Williamson, C., Wilson, S., Wängberg, S., Worrest, R., Young, A., Zepp, R., Andrady, A., Aucamp, P., Austin, A., Bais, A., Ballaré, C., Barnes, P., Bernhard, G., Björn, L., Bornman, Janet, Erickson, D., De Gruijl, F., Häder, D., Ilyas, M., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R., Madronich, S., McKenzie, R., Neale, R., Norval, M., Pandey, K., Paul, N., Redhwi, H., Robinson, S., Rose, K., Shao, M., Sinha, R., Solomon, K., Sulzberger, B., Takizawa, Y., Torikai, A., Tourpali, K., Williamson, C., Wilson, S., Wängberg, S., Worrest, R., Young, A., and Zepp, R.

Abstract

© 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry and Owner Societies. The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three Panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously believed. As a result of this, human health and environmental issues will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Reports of the relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2016, 15, 141-147). The present Progress Report for 2016 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. The more detailed Quadrennial Assessment will be made available in 2018.

Published
2017

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