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Background: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variables represent central and peripheral factors and combined factors in the pathology of patients with cardiac disease. The difference in end‐tidal oxygen partial pressure from resting to anaerobic threshold (ΔPETO2) may represent predominantly peripheral factors. This study aimed to verify the prognostic significance of ΔPETO2 for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in cardiac patients, including comparison with the minute ventilation–carbon dioxide production relationship (VE/VCO2 slope), and peak oxygen uptake (VO2). Methods: In total, 185 patients with cardiac disease who underwent CPET were consecutively enroled in this retrospective study. The primary endpoint was 3‐year MACCE. The ability of ΔPETO2, VE/VCO2 slope, and peak VO2 to predict MACCE was examined. Results: Optimal cut‐off values for predicting MACCE were 2.0 mmHg for ΔPETO2 (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.829), 29.8 for VE/VCO2 slope (AUC: 0.734), and 19.0 mL/min/kg for peak VO2 (AUC: 0.755). The AUC of ΔPETO2 was higher than those of VE/VCO2 slope and peak VO2. The MACCE‐free survival rate was significantly lower in the ΔPETO2 ≤ 2.0 group versus the ΔPETO2 > 2.0 group (44.4% vs. 91.2%, p < 0.001). ΔPETO2 ≤ 2.0 was an independent predictor of MACCE after adjustment for age and VE/VCO2 slope (hazard ratio [HR], 7.28; p < 0.001) and after adjustment for age and peak VO2 (HR, 6.52; p < 0.001). Conclusion: ΔPETO2 was a strong predictor of MACCE independent of and superior to VE/VCO2 slope and peak VO2 in patients with cardiac disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) loading is used to increase the success rate of adrenal vein sampling (AVS). Objective We aimed to determine the effect of intraprocedural cortisol measurement (ICM) on ACTH-stimulated AVS (AS-AVS) owing to a lack of reliable data on this topic. Methods This multicenter, retrospective, observational study took place in 28 tertiary centers in Japan. Among 4057 patients enrolled, 2396 received both basal AVS (B-AVS) and AS-AVS and were divided into 2 groups according to whether ICM was used. The effect of ICM on AS-AVS was measured. Results In patients who underwent both AVS procedures, the ICM group had significantly higher success rates for both B-AVS and AS-AVS than the non-ICM group did. However, the probability of failure of AS-AVS after a successful B-AVS and the probability of success of AS-AVS after a failed B-AVS were not significantly different in the 2 groups. For subtype diagnosis, propensity-score matching revealed no significant difference between the 2 groups, and the discrepancy rate between B-AVS and AS-AVS for subtype diagnosis was also not significantly different. Conclusion ICM significantly increased the success rate of B-AVS and AS-AVS in protocols in which both AVS procedures were performed and had no effect on subtype diagnosis. However, in protocols in which both AVS procedures were performed, the results suggest ICM may not be necessary when performing AS-AVS if ICM is used only when B-AVS is performed. Our study suggests that ICM during AVS plays an important role and should be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new spectroscopic observations of Ly α (Ly α) Blob 2 (z ∼ 3.1). We observed extended Ly α emission in three distinct regions, where the highest Ly α surface brightness (SB) centre is far away from the known continuum sources. We searched through the MOSFIRE slits that cover the high Ly α SB regions, but were unable to detect any significant nebular emission near the highest SB centre. We further mapped the flux ratio of the blue peak to the red peak and found it is anticorrelated with Ly α SB with a power-law index of ∼ –0.4. We used radiative transfer models with both multiphase, clumpy, and shell geometries and successfully reproduced the diverse Ly α morphologies. We found that most spectra suggest outflow-dominated kinematics, while 4/15 spectra imply inflows. A significant correlation exists between parameter pairs, and the multiphase, clumpy model may alleviate previously reported discrepancies. We also modelled Ly α spectra at different positions simultaneously and found that the variation of the inferred clump outflow velocities can be approximately explained by line-of-sight projection effects. Our results support the 'central powering  + scattering' scenario, i.e. the Ly α photons are generated by a central powering source and then scatter with outflowing, multiphase H   i gas while propagating outwards. The infalling of cool gas near the blob outskirts shapes the observed blue-dominated Ly α profiles, but its energy contribution to the total Ly α luminosity is less than 10 per cent, i.e. minor compared to the photoionization by star-forming galaxies and/or AGNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present observations of [N  ii ] 205 μm, [O  iii ] 88 μm, and dust emission in a strongly-lensed, submillimeter galaxy (SMG) at z = 6.0, G09.83808, with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Both [N  ii ] and [O  iii ] line emissions are detected at >12σ in the |${0{^{\prime \prime}_{.}}8}$| -resolution maps. Lens modeling indicates that the spatial distribution of the dust continuum emission is well characterized by a compact disk with an effective radius of 0.64 ± 0.02 kpc and a high infrared surface brightness of ΣIR = (1.8 ± 0.3) × 1012  L ⊙ kpc−2. This result supports that G09.83808 is the progenitor of compact quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 4, where the majority of its stars are expected to be formed through a strong and short burst of star formation. G09.83808 and other lensed SMGs show a decreasing trend in the [N  ii ] line to infrared luminosity ratio with increasing continuum flux density ratio between 63 and 158 μm, as seen in local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). The decreasing trend can be reproduced by photoionization models with increasing ionization parameters. Furthermore, by combining the [N  ii ]/[O  iii ] luminosity ratio with far-infrared continuum flux density ratio in G09.83808, we infer that the gas phase metallicity is already Z ≈ 0.5–0.7  Z ⊙. G09.83808 is likely one of the earliest galaxies that has been chemically enriched at the end of reionization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyman-α emitters are thought to be young, low-mass galaxies with ages of ~[10.sup.8] yr (refs 1, 2). An overdensity of them in one region of the sky (the SSA 22 [...]

Aim: Worsening renal function (WRF) induced by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality. Peak oxygen uptake may contribute to prognosis in AMI patients with WRF, however, the impact of WRF on peak oxygen uptake is unclear. Methods: Among 154 patients with AMI who underwent emergency percutaneous coronary intervention and participated in phase II cardiac rehabilitation, those who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing were consecutively enrolled. WRF was defined as a ≥20% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR [ml/min/1.73 m2]) from admission to that at cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The association of WRF with peak oxygen uptake was evaluated by multivariate regression analysis. The non‐WRF group was divided into two subgroups according to eGFR <60/≥60 at cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and eGFR at cardiopulmonary exercise testing and peak oxygen uptake of all three groups were compared. Results: Ninety‐four patients were enrolled in the final analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that WRF was associated with peak oxygen uptake (p =.003). Comparing the non‐WRF group with eGFR at cardiopulmonary exercise testing <60 and the WRF group, although eGFR at cardiopulmonary exercise testing was similar (p = 1.000), peak oxygen uptake in the WRF group was significantly lower (p =.026). Conclusion: WRF, not eGFR at cardiopulmonary exercise testing was significantly associated with peak oxygen uptake in patients with AMI. This result suggests that when considering the relationship between renal function and peak oxygen uptake, WRF must be taken into account. SUMMARY AT A GLANCE: This is a retrospective cohort study on 94 patients followed for up to 6 months in Japan showing that worsening of kidney function after acute myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with peak oxygen uptake on exercise test, and this association is independent of baseline kidney function. Thus a decline is kidney function post MI may have implications for worse outcomes than the absolute level of kidney function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author(s): Masanori Iye (corresponding author) [1, 2, 3]; Kazuaki Ota [2]; Nobunari Kashikawa [1]; Hisanori Furusawa [4]; Tetsuya Hashimoto [2]; Takashi Hattori [4]; Yuichi Matsuda [5]; Tomoki Morokuma [6]; Masami [...]

We present the results of CO(1–0) observations of the host galaxy of a Type I superluminous supernova (SLSN-I), SN 2017egm, one of the closest SLSNe-I at z = 0.03063, by using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The molecular gas mass of the host galaxy is M gas = (4.8 ± 0.3) × 109  M ⊙, placing it on the sequence of normal star-forming galaxies in an M gas–star-formation rate (SFR) plane. The molecular hydrogen column density at the location of SN 2017egm is higher than that of the Type II SN PTF10bgl, which is also located in the same host galaxy, and those of other Type II and Ia SNe located in different galaxies, suggesting that SLSNe-I have a preference for a dense molecular gas environment. On the other hand, the column density at the location of SN 2017egm is comparable to those of Type Ibc SNe. The surface densities of molecular gas and the SFR at the location of SN 2017egm are consistent with those of spatially resolved local star-forming galaxies and follow the Schmidt–Kennicutt relation. These facts suggest that SLSNe-I can occur in environments with the same star-formation mechanism as in normal star-forming galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is often seen in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA), and the prevalence of LVH is reportedly higher among patients with PA than patients with essential hypertension. However, the correlation between aldosterone levels and LVH is undefined, and how aldosterone affects LVH in patients with PA remains unclear. We, therefore, retrospectively assessed a large PA database established by the multicenter JPAS (Japan Primary Aldosteronism Study) to reveal the factors associated with LVH in patients with PA without suspected autonomous cortisol secretion. In the 1186 patients with PA studied, the basal plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, and the aldosterone-to-renin ratio did not significantly correlate with left ventricular LV mass index (LVMI) in single or multiple regression analyses. However, the plasma aldosterone concentration after the captopril challenge test or saline-infusion test, which are associated with autonomous aldosterone secretion, correlated significantly with LVMI, even after adjusting for patients' backgrounds, including age and blood pressure. In addition, hypokalemia and the unilateral subtype also correlated with LVMI. Longitudinal subanalysis of medically or surgically treated patients with PA showed significant reductions in LVMI in both the surgery (63.0±18.1 to 55.3±19.5 g/m2.7, P<0.001) and drug treatment (56.8±14.1 to 52.1±13.5 g/m2.7, P<0.001) groups. Our results suggest the autonomous aldosterone secretion level, not the basal aldosterone level itself, is relevant to LVH in patients with PA. In addition, the elevated LVMI seen in patients with PA is at least partially reversible with surgical or medical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the detection of the [C  ii ] 157.7 μ m emission from the Lyman break galaxy (LBG) MACS0416_Y1 at z  = 8.3113, by using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The luminosity ratio of [O  iii ] 88 μ m (from previous campaigns) to [C  ii ] is 9.3 ± 2.6, indicative of hard interstellar radiation fields and/or a low covering fraction of photodissociation regions. The emission of [C  ii ] is cospatial to the 850 μ m dust emission (90 μ m rest frame, from previous campaigns), however the peak [C  ii ] emission does not agree with the peak [O  iii ] emission, suggesting that the lines originate from different conditions in the interstellar medium. We fail to detect continuum emission at 1.5 mm (160 μ m rest frame) down to 18 μ Jy (3σ). This non-detection places a strong limits on the dust spectrum, considering the 137 ± 26 μ Jy continuum emission at 850 μ m. This suggests an unusually warm dust component (T > 80 K, 90 per cent confidence limit), and/or a steep dust-emissivity index (βdust > 2), compared to galaxy-wide dust emission found at lower redshifts (typically T ∼ 30–50 K, βdust ∼ 1–2). If such temperatures are common, this would reduce the required dust mass and relax the dust production problem at the highest redshifts. We therefore warn against the use of only single-wavelength information to derive physical properties, recommend a more thorough examination of dust temperatures in the early Universe, and stress the need for instrumentation that probes the peak of warm dust in the Epoch of Reionization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We investigated the clinical significance of ACTH stimulation d uring adrenal venous sampling (AVS) by surgical outcome of primary aldosteronism (PA). Design: Multicenter retrospective study by Japan PA study. Method: We allocated 314 patients with both basal and ACTH-stimulated AVS data who underwent adrenalectomy to three groups: basal lateralization index (LI) =2 with ACTH-stimulated LI =4 on the ipsilateral side (Unilateral (U) to U group, n = 245); basal LI <2 with ACTH-stimulated LI =4 (Bilateral (B) to U group, n = 15); and basal LI =2 with ACTH-stimulated LI <4 (U to B group, n = 54). We compared surgical outcomes among the groups using the Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome (PASO) criteria. Results: Compared with U to U group, U to B group had poor clinical and biochemical outcomes and low rates of adrenal adenoma as pathological findings (P = 0.044, 0.006, and 0.048, respectively), although there were no significant differences between U to U and B to U groups. All patients in U to B group with clinical and biochemical benefits, however, had adrenal adenoma as pathological findings and could be well differentiated from those with poor surgical outcomes via basal LI (>8.3), but not ACTH-stimulated LI. These results were similar ev en when we defined each group based on a cut-off value of 4 for basal LI. Conclusions: Although PA patients in U to B group had worse surgical outcom es than did those in U to U group, basal LI could discriminate among patients with better surgical outcomes in U to B group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Aldosterone-producing adenomas are a curable subtype of primary aldosteronism (PA); however, hypertension persists in some patients after adrenalectomy. Objective To identify factors associated with, and develop prediction models for, blood pressure (BP) normalization or improvement after adrenalectomy. Design Retrospective analysis of patients treated between 2006 and 2018, with a 6-month follow-up. Setting A nationwide, 29-center Japanese registry encompassing 15 university hospitals and 14 city hospitals. Patients We categorized 574 participants in the Japan Primary Aldosteronism Study, who were diagnosed with PA and underwent adrenalectomy, as BP normalized or improved, on the basis of their presentations at 6 months postsurgery. Main Outcome Measure The rate of complete, partial, and absent clinical success. Predictive factors related to BP outcomes after PA surgery were also evaluated. Results Complete clinical success was achieved in 32.6% and partial clinical success was achieved in 53.0% of the patients at 6 months postsurgery. The following five variables were independent predictors for BP normalization: ≤7 years of hypertension, body mass index ≤25 kg/m2, no more than one antihypertensive medication, absence of medical history of diabetes, and female sex. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.797 in the BP normalization model. Conclusion We established models that predicted postoperative BP normalization in patients with PA. These should be useful for shared decision-making regarding adrenalectomy for PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report results of a search for galaxies at z > 3 with Lyman continuum (LyC) emission using a narrow-band filter NB359   with Subaru/Suprime-Cam in an ∼800 arcmin2 blank field around the GOODS-N. We use 103 star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and 8 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with spectroscopic redshifts in a range between 3.06 and 3.5 and 157 photometrically selected z  = 3.1 Lyman α emitter (LAE) candidates as the targets. After removing galaxies spectroscopically confirmed to be contaminated by foreground sources, we found two SFGs and one AGN as candidate LyC-emitting sources among the targets with spectroscopic redshifts. Among LAE candidates, five sources are detected in the NB359 image, and three among them may be contaminated by foreground sources. We compare the sample galaxies in the GOODS-N with those in the SSA22, where a prominent protocluster at z  = 3.1 is known and an LyC search using the same NB359 filter has been made. The frequency of galaxies with LyC leakage in the SSA22 field may be about two times higher than that of galaxies in the GOODS-N with the sample ultraviolet (UV) magnitude range, although the numbers of LyC detections in these fields are too small to make a statistically significant conclusion. By combining the sample galaxies in these fields, we place the 3σ upper limits of the observed LyC-to-UV flux density ratio and LyC escape fraction for galaxies at z  = 3.1 with absolute UV magnitude M UV < −18.8 as (f LyC/ f UV)obs < 0.036 and |$f_\mathrm{esc}^\mathrm{abs}\,\lt\, 8$|  per cent, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent cause of secondary hypertension. Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is an established method for finding patients with the unilateral subtype of PA, for which adrenalectomy is an applicable treatment. In this study, we analyzed a large database of patients with PA who underwent adrenal vein sampling, to investigate the sex differences in the impact of age at diagnosis on the subtype and cause of PA. In 2122 patients, women with the unilateral subtype were younger than men with the same subtype and women with the bilateral subtype. Younger age and older age were associated with unilateral PA in women and men, respectively. After stratification by tertiles of age, there was a trend of decreased and increased incidence of unilateral PA with aging in women and men, respectively. Male sex was a predictor of unilateral PA in middle-aged and older patients but not in younger patients. We also found that obesity, a known factor associated with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, was positively associated with bilateral PA in younger patients but not in older patients. These findings suggest that the proportion of operable patients with unilateral PA differs depending on the combination of sex and age, and that other than obesity, the cause of PA is also associated with the bilateral subtype in older patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context In patients with primary aldosteronism (PA), it remains unclear whether aldosterone-producing adenomas are likely to develop in the left or right adrenal gland. Objective To investigate left-right differences of PA laterality diagnoses via CT imaging and adrenal vein sampling (AVS). Design Retrospective, observational study. Patients From the Japan Primary Aldosteronism Study, 1493 patients with PA were enrolled who underwent CT and ACTH-stimulated AVS. Measurements Left or right adrenal nodular lesion distribution and laterality observed on CT scans and from AVS were noted. Results Both on CT scans and AVS, unilateral results were observed more frequently on the left side than on the right side (25.1% vs 15.4% and 17.3% vs 13.5%, respectively; P < 0.01for both diagnostic techniques). There was no significant difference in the concordance rate for CT and AVS between patients with left and right unilateral nodular lesions observed on CT scans (44.1% and 50.9%, respectively; P = 0.15). In patients with nodules <20 mm, the concordance rate was significantly greater on the right side than the left side (45.8% vs 56.4%; P = 0.03). In patients with bilateral results of AVS, unilateral nodular lesions were detected more frequently on the left side than the right side (17.8% vs 9.4%; P < 0.01). Conclusion These results suggest aldosterone-producing adenomas and nonfunctioning tumors are more likely to develop on the left side in patients with PA and that misdiagnosis of CT-based lateralization may occur more frequently on the left side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A primary goal of the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array-2 web survey is to perform tomography of the early intergalactic medium by studying systems containing some of the brightest quasi-stellar objects (QSOs; 2.5 |$\, {\lt }\, z\, {\lt }\,$| 3.0) and nearby submillimetre galaxies (SMGs). As a first step, this paper aims to characterize the galaxies that host the QSOs. To achieve this, a sample of 13 hyper-luminous (⁠|$L_{\rm AGN}\, {\gt }\, 10^{14}\, {\rm L}_{\odot }$|⁠) QSOs with previous submillimetre continuum detections were followed up with CO(3–2) observations using the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array interferometer. All but two of the QSOs are detected in CO(3–2); for one non-detection, our observations show a tentative 2σ line at the expected position and redshift, and for the other non-detection we find only continuum flux density an order of magnitude brighter than the other sources. In three of the fields, a companion potentially suitable for tomography is detected in CO line emission within 25 arcsec of the QSO. We derive gas masses, dynamical masses, and far-infrared luminosities, and show that the QSOs in our sample have similar properties compared to less luminous QSOs and SMGs in the literature, despite the fact that their black hole masses (which are proportional to L AGN) are 1–2 orders of magnitude larger. We discuss two interpretations of these observations: this is due to selection effects, such as preferential face-on viewing angles and picking out objects in the tail ends of the scatter in host-galaxy mass and black hole mass relationships; or the black hole masses have been overestimated because the accretion rates are super-Eddington. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the VIMOS Spectroscopic Survey of a Supercluster in the COSMOS field (VIS3COS) at z ∼ 0.84. We use VIMOS high-resolution spectra (GG475 filter) to spectroscopically select 490 galaxies in and around the superstructure and an additional 481 galaxies in the line of sight. We present the redshift distribution, the catalogue to be made public, and the first results on the properties of individual galaxies and stacked spectra (3500 Å < λ <  4200 Å rest-frame). We probe a wide range of densities and environments (from low-density field to clusters and rich groups). We find a decrease in the median star formation rate from low- to high-density environments in all bins of stellar mass and a sharp rise of the quenched fraction (from ∼10% to ∼40 − 60%) of intermediate-stellar-mass galaxies (10 <  log10 (M⋆/M⊙) <  10.75) from filaments to clusters. The quenched fraction for massive galaxies shows little dependence on environment, being constant at ∼30 − 40%. We find a break in the strength of the [O II] emission, with nearly constant line equivalent widths at lower densities (∼ − 11 Å) and then a drop to ∼ − 2.5 Å towards higher densities. The break in the [OII] line strength happens at similar densities (log10(1 + δ) ∼ 0.0 − 0.5) as the observed rise in the quenched fraction. Our results may provide further clues regarding the different environmental processes affecting galaxies with different stellar masses and highlight the advantages of a single dataset in the COSMOS field probing a wide range of stellar masses and environments. We hypothesise that quenching mechanisms are enhanced in high-density regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) detected far-infrared emission lines such as the [O  iii ] |$88\,\mu \mathrm{ m}$| line from galaxies at z ∼ 7−9. We use a cosmological simulation of galaxy formation to study the physical properties of [O  iii ] |$88\,\mu \mathrm{ m}$| emitters. In a comoving volume of 50  h −1 Mpc on a side, we locate 34 galaxies with stellar masses greater than |$10^8\ \rm M_{\odot }$| at z = 9, and more than 270 such galaxies at z = 7. We calculate the [O  iii ] |$88\,\mu \mathrm{ m}$| luminosities (⁠|$L_{{\rm O\,{{\rm {\small{III}}}, 88}}}$|⁠) by combining a physical model of H  ii regions with emission line calculations using the photoionization code cloudy. We show that the resulting |$L_{{\rm O\,{{\rm {\small{III}}}, 88}}}$|⁠, for a given star formation rate, is slightly higher than predicted from the empirical relation for local galaxies, and is consistent with recent observations of galaxies at redshifts 7–9. Bright [O  iii ] emitters with |$L_{{\rm O\,{{\rm {\small{III}}}, 88}}}\gt 10^8\, \rm L_{\odot }$| have star formation rates higher than |$3\,\rm M_{\odot }\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$|⁠, and the typical metallicity is |${\sim } 0.1\, \rm Z_{\odot }$|⁠. The galaxies are hosted by dark matter haloes with masses greater than |$10^{11}\, \rm M_{\odot }$|⁠. We propose to use the [O  iii ] 5007 Å line, to be detected by James Webb Space Telescope, to study the properties of galaxies whose [O  iii ] |$88\,\mu \mathrm{ m}$| line emission has been already detected with ALMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Context: The current Endocrine Society Guideline suggests that patients aged <35 years with marked primary aldosteronism (PA) and unilateral adrenal lesions on adrenal computed tomography (CT) scan may not need adrenal vein sampling (AVS) before proceeding to unilateral adrenalectomy. This suggestion is, however, based on the data from only one report in the literature. Objective: We sought to determine the accuracy of CT findings in young PA patients who had unilateral adrenal disease on CT with hypokalaemia and elevation of aldosterone. Design and patients: We retrospectively studied 358 PA patients (n = 30, aged <35 years; n = 39, aged 35‐40 years; n = 289, aged ≥40 years) with hypokalaemia and elevation of aldosterone and unilateral disease on CT who had successful AVS. Main outcome measure: Accuracy of CT findings is determined by AVS findings and/or surgical outcomes in patients aged <35 years. Results: Concordance of the diagnosis between CT and AVS was 90% (27/30) in patients aged <35 years, 79% (31/39) in patients aged 35‐40 years and 69% (198/289) in those aged ≥40 years (trend for P < .01). Surgical benefit was confirmed in three patients aged <35 years and in three patients aged 35‐40 years with the available surgical data who had discordance between CT and AVS findings. Collectively, the diagnostic accuracy of CT findings was 100% (30/30) if aged <35 years and 87% (34/39) if aged 35‐40 years. Conclusion: Primary aldosteronism patients aged <35 years with hypokalaemia and elevation of aldosterone and unilateral disease on adrenal CT could be spared AVS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context In adrenal vein sampling (AVS) for patients with primary aldosteronism, the contralateral ratio of aldosterone/cortisol (A/C) between the nondominant adrenal vein and the inferior vena cava is one of the best criteria for determining lateralized aldosterone secretion. Despite successful cannulation in some patients, the A/C ratios in the adrenal veins are bilaterally lower than that in the inferior vena cava (bilateral aldosterone suppression; BAS). Objectives To investigate the prevalence of BAS in AVS and how to resolve this condition. Design and setting Retrospective study involving nine referral centres. Patients Four hundred and ninety-one patients who were confirmed as having primary aldosteronism and had an AVS between January 2006 and December 2013. Measurements The prevalence of BAS before and after ACTH stimulation was compared. In addition, we investigated other methods for overcoming BAS. Results In 304 patients with successful AVS before ACTH stimulation, BAS was observed in 29 (9·5%). BAS was resolved after ACTH stimulation in 22 patients. In 276 patients with successful AVS both before and after ACTH stimulation, the frequency of BAS was significantly reduced after ACTH (8·7% vs 2·5%, P < 0·01). In a few patients, BAS was also resolved by adding a sampling point at the common trunk of the left adrenal vein and by an alternative drainage vein from the adrenal tumour. Conclusions BAS sometimes occurs in AVS without ACTH stimulation. ACTH stimulation significantly reduces BAS with a single AVS procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adrenal venous sampling is considered to be the most reliable diagnostic procedure to lateralize aldosterone excess in primary aldosteronism (PA). However, normative criteria have not been established partially because of a lack of data in non-PA hypertensive patients. The aim of the study was to investigate aldosterone concentration and its gradient in the adrenal vein of non-PA hypertensive patients. We retrospectively studied the results of cosyntropin-stimulated adrenal venous sampling in 40 hypertensive patients who showed positive screening testing but negative results in 2 confirmatory tests/captopril challenge test and saline infusion test. Plasma aldosterone concentration, aldosterone/cortisol ratio, its higher/lower ratio (lateralization index) in the adrenal vein with cosyntropin stimulation were measured. Median plasma aldosterone concentration in the adrenal vein was 25 819 pg/mL (range, 5154-69 920) in the higher side and 12 953 (range, 1866-36 190) pg/mL in the lower side (P<0.001). There was a significant gradient in aldosterone/cortisol ratio between the higher and the lower sides (27.2 [5.4-66.0] versus 17.3 [4.0-59.0] pg/mL per μg/dL;P<0.001) with lateralization index ranging from 1.01 to 3.87. The aldosterone lateralization gradient was between 1 to 2 in 32 patients and 2 to 4 in 8 patients. None of the patients showed lateralization index ≥4. The present study demonstrated that plasma aldosterone concentration in the adrenal veins showed significant variation and lateralization gradient even in non-PA hypertensive patients. Adrenal venous sampling aldosterone lateralization gradients between 2 and 4 should be interpreted with caution in patients with PA because these gradients can be found even in patients with negative confirmatory testing for PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We exploit wide-field Ly α imaging with Subaru to probe the environment around TN J1338−1942, a powerful radio galaxy with a > 100 kpc Ly α halo at z = 4.11. We used a sample of Ly α emitters (LAEs) down to log (LLyα[ erg s−1]) ∼ 42.8 to measure the galaxy density around TN J1338−1942, compared to a control sample from a blank field taken with the same instrument. We found that TN J1338−1942 resides in a region with a peak overdensity of δLAE = 2.8 ± 0.5 on scales of 8 h− 1 Mpc (on the sky) and 112 h− 1 Mpc (line of sight) in comoving coordinates. Adjacent to this overdensity, we found a strong underdensity where virtually no LAEs are detected. We used a semi-analytical model of LAEs derived from the Millennium Simulation to compare our results with theoretical predictions. While the theoretical density distribution is consistent with the blank field, overdense regions such as that around TN J1338−1942 are very rare, with a number density of 6.4 × 10− 8 Mpc− 3 (comoving), corresponding to the densest <0.4 percentile at z ≃ 4.1. We also found that the Ly α luminosity function in the TN J1338−1942 field differs from that in the blank field: the number of bright LAEs (log (LLyα[ erg s− 1]) ≳ 43.3) is enhanced, while the number of fainter LAEs is relatively suppressed. These results suggest that some powerful radio galaxies associated with Ly α nebulae reside in extreme overdensities on ∼3–6 Mpc scales, where star formation and AGN activity may be enhanced via frequent galaxy mergers or high rates of gas accretion from the surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new deep and wide narrow-band surveys undertaken with United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT), Subaru and the Very Large Telescope (VLT), a unique combined effort to select large, robust samples of Hα star-forming galaxies at z = 0.40, 0.84, 1.47 and 2.23 (corresponding to look-back times of 4.2, 7.0, 9.2 and 10.6 Gyr) in a uniform manner over ∼2 deg2 in the Cosmological Evolution Survey and Ultra Deep Survey fields. The deep multi-epoch Hα surveys reach a matched 3σ flux limit of ≈3 M⊙ yr−1 out to z = 2.2 for the first time, while the wide area and the coverage over two independent fields allow us to greatly overcome cosmic variance and assemble by far the largest samples of Hα emitters. Catalogues are presented for a total of 1742, 637, 515 and 807 Hα emitters, robustly selected at z = 0.40, 0.84, 1.47 and 2.23, respectively, and used to determine the Hα luminosity function and its evolution. The faint-end slope of the Hα luminosity function is found to be α = −1.60 ± 0.08 over z = 0–2.23, showing no significant evolution. The characteristic luminosity of star-forming galaxies, L*Hα, evolves significantly as log L*Hα(z) = 0.45z + log L*z = 0. This is the first time Hα has been used to trace star formation activity with a single homogeneous survey at z = 0.4–2.23. Overall, the evolution seen with Hα is in good agreement with the evolution seen using inhomogeneous compilations of other tracers of star formation, such as far-infrared and ultraviolet, jointly pointing towards the bulk of the evolution in the last 11 Gyr being driven by a statistically similar star-forming population across cosmic time, but with a strong luminosity increase from z ∼ 0 to ∼2.2. Our uniform analysis allows us to derive the Hα star formation history (SFRH) of the Universe, showing a clear rise up to z ∼ 2.2, for which the simple parametrization log10ρSFR = −2.1(1 + z)−1 is valid over 80 per cent of the age of the Universe. The results reveal that both the shape and normalization of the Hα SFRH are consistent with the measurements of the stellar mass density growth, confirming that our Hα SFRH is tracing the bulk of the formation of stars in the Universe for z < 2.23. The star formation activity over the last ∼11 Gyr is responsible for producing ∼95 per cent of the total stellar mass density observed locally, with half of that being assembled in 2 Gyr between z = 1.2 and 2.2, and the other half in 8 Gyr (since z < 1.2). If the star formation rate density continues to decline with time in the same way as seen in the past ∼11 Gyr, then the stellar mass density of the Universe will reach a maximum which is only 5 per cent higher than the present-day value. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results from the first wide and deep dual narrow-band survey to select Hα and [O ii] line emitters at z= 1.47 ± 0.02, exploiting synergies between the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope and the Subaru telescope by using matched narrow-band filters in the H and z′ bands. The Hα survey at z= 1.47 reaches a 3σ flux limit of FHα≈ 7 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−2 (corresponding to a limiting star formation rate (SFR) in Hα of ≈7 M⊙ yr−1) and detects ≈200 Hα emitters over 0.7 deg2, while the much deeper [O ii] survey reaches an effective flux of ≈7 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 (SFR in [O ii] of ∼1 M⊙ yr−1), detecting ≈1400 z= 1.47 [O ii] emitters in a matched comoving volume of ∼2.5 × 105 Mpc3. The combined survey results in the identification of 190 simultaneous Hα and [O ii] emitters at z= 1.47. Hα and [O ii] luminosity functions are derived and both are shown to evolve significantly from z∼ 0 in a consistent way. The SFR density of the Universe at z= 1.47 is evaluated, with the Hα analysis yielding ρSFR= 0.16 ± 0.05 M⊙ yr−1 Mpc−3 and the [O ii] analysis ρSFR= 0.17 ± 0.04 M⊙ yr−1 Mpc−3. The measurements are combined with other studies, providing a self-consistent measurement of the star formation history of the Universe over the last ∼11 Gyr. By using a large comparison sample at z∼ 0.1, derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), [O ii]/Hα line ratios are calibrated as probes of dust extinction. Hα emitters at z∼ 1.47 show on average AHα≈ 1 mag, the same as found by SDSS in the local Universe. It is shown that although dust extinction correlates with SFR, the relation evolves by about ∼0.5 mag from z∼ 1.5 to ∼0, with local relations overpredicting the dust extinction corrections at high z by that amount. Stellar mass is found to be a much more fundamental extinction predictor, with the same relation between mass and dust extinction being valid at both z∼ 0 and ∼1.5, at least for low and moderate stellar masses. The evolution in the extinction-SFR relation is therefore interpreted as being due to the evolution in median specific SFRs over cosmic time. Dust extinction corrections as a function of optical colours are also derived and shown to be broadly valid at both z∼ 0 and ∼1.5, offering simpler mechanisms for estimating extinction in moderately star-forming systems over the last ∼9 Gyr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study that explores the relationship between dynamic balance and standard leg extension strength, right and left leg differences and gender of healthy elderly people in Japan. The right and left leg differences were revealed in the leg extension strengths of females that shows significant link with knee extension strength. The study suggests that leg extension strength is strongly correlated with dynamic balance than the knee extension strength.

We present the environmental properties of a sample of 260 Lyα emitters (LAEs) with extremely large equivalent widths (EW0 > 240 Å) at z ∼ 3. Such large EW LAEs may be very low-metal / young starbursts in void regions or Hi gas /galaxies illuminated by ionizing radiation from the QSO. We undertook Subaru/HSC Lyα imaging observations around a hyper luminous QSO at z = 2.84. We identified 3490 LAEs including 260 large EW LAEs. We found that the large EW LAEs tend to lie at galaxy over-dense regions surrounding the QSO, suggesting that most of the large EW LAEs are illuminated by the QSO. From the radial distribution of the large EW LAEs from the QSO, we found that the fraction of large EW LAE shows two excesses in the range of 2 to 5 Mpc and 14 to 16 Mpc from the QSO. If the two peaks are reflected with the QSO activity, the QSO should have episodic lifetimes with ∼10 Myr duration and ∼30 Myr separations. However, we require future spectroscopic observations to investigate if the large EW LAEs far from the QSO are low-metal young starbursts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study objective – The aim was to clarify the effects of endothelin on coronary vasculature in the intact rabbit by coronary angiographic examination.Design – By selective coronary angiography bolus injections of various amounts of endothelin (0.01-1 nmol) were given into the right coronary artery of anaesthetised rabbits. The preventive effects of nifedipine on endothelin induced myocardial ischaemia were examined.Subjects – Adult male Japanese white rabbits (2.7-3.5 kg, n=29) were used for in vivo and in vitro studies.Measurements and main results – Intracoronary administration of 0.1 nmol endothelin led to the delayed filling of contrast medium into the distal coronary artery and the sustained retention of contrast medium in both large and small coronary arteries, associated with distinct ST elevation in leads II, III and aVF on the electrocardiogram. However, endothelin produced no evident constriction at any site in the large epicardial coronary arteries. Intracoronary administration of glyceryl trinitrate (50 μg) or nifedipine (5 μg) failed to reverse myocardial ischaemic changes induced by endothelin. Pretreatment with intravenous administration of nifedipine (3 μg·kg−1) partially inhibited the endothelin induced vasoconstrictor effect on small coronary arteries and subsequent ischaemic changes. In isolated coronary arterial preparation, endothelin produced long lasting contraction in a dose dependent manner [ED50=3.7 (SEM 1.8) nM]. Pretreatment with nifedipine inhibited the maximum contraction induced by endothelin, but did not affect the threshold dose or the half maximal effective dose (ED50). Endothelin (0.1 μM) per se did not produce aggregatory responses of rabbit platelets.Conclusions – Endothelin induced myocardial ischaemia cannot be ascribed to vasospastic constriction of large coronary arteries nor to platelet thrombi, but diffuse constriction of small coronary arteries occurs in the intact rabbit. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]