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Clinical Scenario: Athletic identity (AI) can be defined as, "the degree to which an individual identifies with an athlete role, and the values, and social networks associated with that identity," and can pose a problem when athletes do not explore themselves outside of sport. This lack of identity development beyond athletics has the potential to lead to the development of a high AI. High AI in athletes can have positive effects in areas such as performance, however, high AI may also pose negative consequences. The development of such an identity can limit the adaptive responses to substantial life changes such as retirement from sport. This inability to adapt may thereby contribute to mental health problems during the transition. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to better understand the relationship between athletic identity and mental health symptoms so clinicians may provide support to enable positive outcomes after retirement from sport. Clinical Question: What is the influence of athletic identity on mental health symptoms in athletes retiring from sports? Summary of Key Findings: (1) High athletic identity contributes to increased mental health symptoms following retirement. (2) Athletic identity had no relationship to mental health symptoms during the preretirement phase of an athlete's career Clinical Bottom Line: The findings suggest that there is high-quality evidence to support that AI has no relationship with mental health symptoms during the preretirement phase and that athletes with high AI are more likely to experience mental health symptoms during their transition out of or retirement from sport. Strength of Recommendation: The grade of B is recommended by the Strength of Recommendation taxonomy for consistent, limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence that high AI has a strong relationship to mental health symptoms following retirement in athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the bivariate association between fatigue and depression symptoms and physical activity behavior in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). The sample of adults with MS completed the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and wore a waist mounted accelerometer during waking hours for 7 days. We categorized participants as having elevated fatigue and depression based on cut-points for the FSS (i.e., 4+ as indicative of severe fatigue) and the HADS (i.e., 8+ as indicative of elevated depressive symptoms). We used a two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine the contribution of fatigue and depression to volume and pattern of sedentary, light (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Results indicated no bivariate association between fatigue and depression and measures of physical activity behavior. The MANOVA indicated there was a significant association between fatigue and MVPA (F = 2.30, p = 0.032) and steps/day (F = 13.6, p < 0.001), independent of depression symptoms. There was no association between depression symptoms and physical activity behavior. This study demonstrated an interrelation between fatigue symptoms and MVPA and steps/day in MS, independent of depression symptoms, and this should be considered in the future design and delivery of physical activity interventions in MS. Fatigue and depression are prevalent and burdensome symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). These symptoms can collectively worsen psychological and functional outcomes in MS. Fatigue symptoms may impact ambulatory physical activity to a greater degree than depression symptom status in persons with MS. Fatigue is an important consideration when designing behavior change interventions targeted at promoting physical activity in persons with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient activation is associated with treatment adherence, self-accountability for healthcare and a healthy lifestyle change. Mobile health (m-Health) apps can lead to greater patient treatment adherence and health behaviour change. This study aimed to evaluate the health behaviour change of elderly people through a healthcare programme focused on activation with the support of technology. Three phases were conducted: (1) pre-intervention – design of the intervention protocol and the app, (2) intervention – randomised clinical trial with 41 overweight/obese elderly people. m-Health app-supported group psychotherapy was compared with group psychotherapy only and individual psychotherapy (control) and (3) post-intervention – statistical analysis, intervention's assistant interviews and app heuristics evaluation. By crossing the results, the study has shown that there was no significant difference in the activation level before and after intervention between groups. However, there was a significant increase from the initial mean score to the final one when considering the three groups together. Group therapy, whether with or without the support of the app, was more effective for behaviour change measured by the achievement of the goals, than individual psychotherapy. The lack of impact on group therapy with app support calls into question which and how much technology support is useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly assessed using self-rating instruments like the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (current symptoms) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF) (worst-episode symptoms). We performed a systematic comparison between them for their genetic architecture and utility in investigating MDD heterogeneity. Using data from the UK Biobank (n = 41,948–109,417), we assessed the single nucleotide polymorphism heritability and genetic correlation (r g) of both sets of MDD symptoms. We further compared their r g with non-MDD traits and used Mendelian randomization to assess whether either set of symptoms has more genetic sharing with non-MDD traits. We also assessed how specific each set of symptoms is to MDD using the metric polygenic risk score pleiotropy. Finally, we used genomic structural equation modeling to identify factors that explain the genetic covariance between each set of symptoms. Corresponding symptoms reported through the PHQ-9 and CIDI-SF have low to moderate genetic correlations (r g = 0.43–0.87), and this cannot be fully attributed to different severity thresholds or the use of a skip structure in the CIDI-SF. Both Mendelian randomization and polygenic risk score pleiotropy analyses showed that PHQ-9 symptoms are more associated with traits that reflect general dysphoria, whereas the skip structure in the CIDI-SF allows for the identification of heterogeneity among likely MDD cases. Finally, the 2 sets of symptoms showed different factor structures in genomic structural equation modeling, reflective of their genetic differences. MDD symptoms assessed using the PHQ-9 and CIDI-SF are not interchangeable; the former better indexes general dysphoria, while the latter is more informative about within-MDD heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While major depression has been linked to changes in white matter architecture, it remains unclear whether risk factors for depression are directly associated with these alterations. We reexamined white matter fiber tracts in individuals with depressive symptoms and investigated the connection between genetic and environmental risk for depression and structural changes in the brain. We included 19,183 participants from the UK Biobank imaging cohort, with depression status and adverse life experience based on questionnaire data and genetic liability for depression quantified by polygenic scores. The integrity of 27 white matter tracts was assessed using mean fractional anisotropy derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. White matter integrity was reduced, particularly in thalamic and intracortical fiber tracts, in individuals with depressive symptoms, independent of current symptom status. In a group of healthy individuals without depression, increasing genetic risk and increasing environmental risk were associated with reduced integrity in relevant fiber tracts, particularly in thalamic radiations. This association was stronger than expected based on statistical dependencies between samples, as confirmed by subsequent in silico simulations and permutation tests. White matter alterations in thalamic and association tracts are associated with depressive symptoms and genetic risk for depression in unaffected individuals, suggesting an intermediate phenotype at the brain level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on how family status and health in later life relate is extensive. Although research has focused on the health effects of grandparenthood and grandparenting, explorations of whether ageing without children can lead to mental health impairments have achieved mixed results. We bridge empirical traditions to investigate the relationship between family status and mental health in Europe by using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and sampling roughly 160,000 men and women aged 50–89 from 17 European countries. Mental health is evaluated through depressive symptoms on the EURO-D scale and compared between childless or grandchildless people and grandparents at different ages. To identify the association between (grand)parenthood and mental health status net of confounders, we perform inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA). The rich information SHARE provides facilitates considering the common factors that may influence (grand)parenthood and depressive symptoms. Results show that the three groups hardly differ in mental health: grandchildless men and grandfathers reported fewer depressive symptoms, if any, than childless men aged 70–79. Overall, while mental health does not seem to relate to family status per se, it could be crucial when accounting for the entire individual life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust evidence suggests that individuals exposed to childhood trauma are more vulnerable to suffering from later depression. However, the pathway connecting the experience of childhood trauma and depression remains unclear. A total of 3663 participants from six colleges in China completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7, and Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale. Among all participants, 3115 (M age = 19.20, SD age = 1.38, males = 1384) participants met the selective standard of suffering from childhood trauma and were divided into the traumatized depressed group (the DT group) (n = 1432, M age = 19.26, males = 700) and traumatized non-depressed group (the UDT group) (n = 1683, M age = 19.15, males = 684). In the present study, we examined the comorbidity of anxiety and the facets of meaning in the life network model. We then calculated the bridge symptoms and compared the networks of the DT group and the UDT group. The results of the t -test showed that the DT group scored significantly higher on all symptoms of anxiety and significantly lower on all dimensions of meaning in life compared to the UDT group. Meanwhile, the strongest bridge exists between "Mattering" and "Restlessness" in the symptom network of the DT group, while there is no bridge in the symptom network of the UDT group. The result of NCT indicates that the global strength and the EI value of "Mattering" are significantly higher in the symptom network of the DT group than in the UDT group. Intervention targeting improving the self-esteem of individuals suffering from childhood trauma may help to alleviate their depression and anxiety symptoms. • Higher anxiety and lower meaning in life in traumatic depression adolescents. • "Mattering" and "Restlessness" were bridge symptoms in the comorbidity network. • Improving self-esteem could alleviate the comorbidity of anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrophysiologic measures provide an opportunity to inform mechanistic models and possibly biomarker prediction of response. Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) (i.e., psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) and ketamine represent new investigational and established treatments in mood disorders respectively. There is a need to better characterize the mechanism of action of these agents. We conducted a systematic review investigating the spectral signatures of psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and healthy controls. Ketamine and SPs are associated with increased theta power in persons with depression. Ketamine and SPs are also associated with decreased spectral power in the alpha, beta and delta bands in healthy controls and persons with depression. When administered with SPs, theta power was increased in persons with MDD when administered with SPs. Ketamine is associated with increased gamma band power in both healthy controls and persons with MDD. The studies included in our review were heterogeneous in their patient population, exposure, dosing of treatment and devices used to evaluate EEG and MEG signatures. Our results were extracted entirely from persons who were either healthy volunteers or persons with MDD or TRD. Extant literature evaluating EEG and MEG spectral signatures indicate that ketamine and SPs have reproducible effects in keeping with disease models of network connectivity. Future research vistas should evaluate whether observed spectral signatures can guide further discovery of therapeutics within the psychedelic and dissociative classes of agents, and its prediction capability in persons treated for depression. • Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) decreased gamma power in healthy controls. • Ketamine & SPs increased theta power in persons with depression. • Ketamine & SPs decreased alpha, beta, and delta power in healthy and MDD persons. • Ketamine increased gamma power in both healthy and MDD persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depression is the most frequent psychiatric disorder and primary care is a crucial setting for its early recognition. This study aimed to develop and validate the DEP-HScore as a tool to predict depression risk in primary care and increase awareness and investigation of this condition among General Practitioners (GPs). The DEP-HScore was developed using data from the Italian Health Search Database (HSD). A cohort of 903,748 patients aged 18 years or older was selected and followed until the occurrence of depression, death or end of data availability (December 2019). Demographics, somatic signs/symptoms and psychiatric/medical comorbidities were entered in a multivariate Cox regression to predict the occurrence of depression. The coefficients formed the DEP-HScore for individual patients. Explained variance (pseudo-R2), discrimination (AUC) and calibration (slope estimating predicted-observed risk relationship) assessed the prediction accuracy. The DEP-HScore explained 18.1 % of the variation in occurrence of depression and the discrimination value was equal to 67 %. With an event horizon of three months, the slope and intercept were not significantly different from the ideal calibration. The DEP-HScore has not been tested in other settings. Furthermore, the model was characterized by limited calibration performance when the risk of depression was estimated at the 1-year follow-up. The DEP-HScore is reliable tool that could be implemented in primary care settings to evaluate the risk of depression, thus enabling prompt and suitable investigations to verify the presence of this condition. • The proposed DEP-HScore accurately captured 18.1 % of the variance in depression occurrence. • The discrimination power of the DEP-HScore was quantified as 67 % (AUC). • The calibration plot demonstrated good performance when selecting a three-month event horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N -acetyl aspartate (NAA) is a marker of neuronal integrity and metabolism. Deficiency in neuronal plasticity and hypometabolism are implicated in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) pathophysiology. To test if cerebral NAA concentrations decrease progressively over the MDD course, we conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies comparing NAA concentrations in chronic MDD (n = 1308) and first episode of depression (n = 242) patients to healthy controls (HC, n = 1242). Sixty-two studies were meta-analyzed using a random-effect model for each brain region. NAA concentrations were significantly reduced in chronic MDD compared to HC within the frontal lobe (Hedges' g = −0.330; p = 0.018), the occipital lobe (Hedges' g = −0.677; p = 0.007), thalamus (Hedges' g = −0.673; p = 0.016), and frontal (Hedges' g = −0.471; p = 0.034) and periventricular white matter (Hedges' g = −0.478; p = 0.047). We highlighted a gap of knowledge regarding NAA levels in first episode of depression patients. Sensitivity analyses indicated that antidepressant treatment may reverse NAA alterations in the frontal lobe. We highlighted field strength and correction for voxel grey matter as moderators of NAA levels detection. Future studies should assess NAA alterations in the early stages of the illness and their longitudinal progression. • We compared 1H-MRS NAA levels between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and controls. • Only 8 studies reported NAA levels in first episode of depression. • Thalamic, frontal, occipital NAA was lower in chronic MDD compared to controls. • Antidepressants may reverse frontal NAA deficits, but further research is needed. • Field strength and correction for voxel grey matter fraction modify NAA detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroticism has been identified as a significant predictor for depression within the adolescent population However, few longitudinal studies have investigated this association and explored the mediation effect of the negative life events. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal association between neuroticism, negative life events, and depression in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. Data on Five Factor Inventory-Neuroticism Subscale (FFI-N) was collected from 1150 participants aged 14–19 years old at baseline, and data on Adolescent Life Event Questionnaire (ALEQ) and Center of Epidemiological Study-Depression (CES-D) were collected both at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Multilevel modelings were used to analyze the longitudinal associations among neuroticism, negative life events and depression. Through a longitudinal study design, results from multilevel regression analyses indicated a direct correlation between increased levels of neuroticism and the aggregation of negative life events with the prediction of more severe depressive symptoms. Further, results of multilevel mediations suggested that the negative life events served to partially mediate the relationship between neuroticism and each dimension of depression. The results cannot be used to make a clinical diagnosis. The current findings suggest the negative life events as a cross-dimensional mediator in the relationship between neuroticism and each dimension of depression. Regulating neuroticism levels and implementing strategies to coping stress derived from daily life events could be integral approaches to reducing the prevalence of depression within the adolescent population. • Neuroticism and negative life events positively predict depression. • Negative life events mediate the effect of neuroticism on all the dimensions of depression. • Negative life events may be the cross-dimensional mediator between neuroticism and each dimension of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and dementia psychiatric and neurological diseases that are clinically widespread, but whether there is a causal link between them is still unclear. In this study, bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to investigate the potential causal relationship between MDD and dementia via a genome-wide association study (GWAS) database, containing samples from the European population. We collected data on MDD and common clinical dementia subtypes from GWAS, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), and vascular dementia (VaD). A series of bidirectional two-sample MR studies and correlation sensitivity analysis were carried out. In the study of the effect of MDD on dementia subtypes, no causal relationship was found between MDD and dementia subtypes other than VaD, inverse variance weighted (IVW) method: odds ratio (OR), 2.131; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.249–3.639, P = 0.006; MDD-AD: OR, 1.000; 95 % CI, 0.999–1.001, P = 0.537; MDD-FTD: OR, 1.476; 95 % CI, 0.471–4.627, P = 0.505; MDD-PDD: OR, 0.592; 95 % CI, 0.204–1.718, P = 0.335; MR–Egger method: MDD-DLB: OR, 0.582; 95 % CI, 0.021–15.962, P = 0.751. In reverse MR analyses, no dementia subtype was found to be a risk factor for MDD. The results of this study may not be generalizable to non-European populations. MDD was identified as a potential risk factor for VaD, but no dementia subtype was found to be a risk factor for MDD. These results suggest a new avenue for the prevention of VaD. • Major depressive disorder and dementia are on the rise. • There may be a link between major depressive disorder and dementia. • The study included all clinically common subtypes of dementia. • Major depressive disorder is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia. • The results provide a new idea for the prevention of dementia from mental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) is commonly based on the subjective evaluation by experienced psychiatrists using clinical scales. Hence, it is particularly important to find more objective biomarkers to aid in diagnosis and further treatment. Alpha-band activity (7-13 Hz) is the most prominent component in resting electroencephalogram (EEG), which is also thought to be a potential biomarker. Recent studies have shown the existence of multiple sub-oscillations within the alpha band, with distinct neural underpinnings. However, the specific contribution of these alpha sub-oscillations to the diagnosis and treatment of MDD remains unclear. In this study, we recorded the resting-state EEG from MDD and HC populations in both open and closed-eye state conditions. We also assessed cognitive processing using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). We found that the MDD group showed significantly higher power in the high alpha range (10.5–11.5 Hz) and lower power in the low alpha range (7–8.5 Hz) compared to the HC group. Notably, high alpha power in the MDD group is negatively correlated with working memory performance in MCCB, whereas no such correlation was found in the HC group. Furthermore, using five established classification algorithms, we discovered that combining alpha oscillations with MCCB scores as features yielded the highest classification accuracy compared to using EEG or MCCB scores alone. Our results demonstrate the potential of sub-oscillations within the alpha frequency band as a potential distinct biomarker. When combined with psychological scales, they may provide guidance relevant for the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. • MDD group showed significantly higher power in the high alpha range and lower power in the low alpha range. • High alpha power in the MDD group is negatively correlated with working memory performance in MCCB. • Combining alpha oscillations with MCCB scores as features yielded the highest classification accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the high prevalence of comorbid hypertension in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), the relationship between the two diseases has received little attention. Previous observational studies have descripted the association between MDD and hypertension, the causality from MDD on hypertension remained unknown. The present Mendelian randomization (MR) study aimed to assess the causal effect of MDD on hypertension. A set of genetics instrument was used for analysis, derived from publicly available genetic meta-analysis data. A total of 44 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with MDD. The largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) for hypertension (54,358 cases and 408,652 controls) was used to assess the effect of MDD on hypertension. Inverse variance weighted method (IVW), weighted median method (WM), and MR-Egger regression were used for MR analyses. The MR-Egger_intercept test and Cochran's Q statistic were used to determine the pleiotropy and the heterogeneity, respectively. A total of 28 independent and effective MDD genetic instrumental variables were extracted from the hypertension GWAS summary statistics. Pleiotropy analysis suggested no significant pleiotropic variant among the 28 selected MDD genetic instrument variants in hypertension GWAS datasets. As MDD based on genetic changes increased, the risk of hypertension increased using MR-Egger (OR = 1.004436, 95%CI 0.9884666–1.020663, P = 0.5932928), WM (OR = 1.000499, 95%CI 1.0000188–1.000980, P = 0.0416871), and IVW (OR = 1.000573, 95%CI 1.0000732–1.001074, P = 0.0246392). Our results were robust, with no obvious bias based on investigating the single MDD SNP on hypertension. Our result suggested a causal associated between genetically increased MDD and increased hypertension risk in European population. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have analyzed the association between family cohesion and depression, but there are different views and the results are inconsistent. It is necessary to use meta-analysis to explore the association between family cohesion and depression and its influencing factors. Chinese database (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and English databases (ERIC, MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, Elsevier SD, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, and ProQuest dissertations and theses) were searched for articles published by November 2023. Measurements of family cohesion and depression, study design, age, gender, cultural background, and sampling year were analyzed as moderators. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model in CMA3.0 software. A total of 71 studies (90,023 participants) were included in this study. The meta-analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between family cohesion and depression (r = −0.31, 95 % CI [−0.35, −0.27]). The association was moderated by measurements of family cohesion and depression, design type, and cultural background, but not by age, gender, or sampling year. The sample size included in this study is relatively small in European and African cultures, making it challenging to analyze cultural differences in the study results at present comprehensively. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate between Social Support Theory and The Circumplex Model, showing that individuals with lower family cohesion tend to experience higher levels of depression. • This meta-analysis found a high correlation between family cohesion and depression. • Measurement tools, cultural background, and design type can moderate this association. • This study clarified the debate on Social Support Theory and the Circumplex Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between inflammatory dietary patterns and the risk of depression/anxiety has not been clearly established due to differences in study populations, geographic regions, sex, and methods of calculating the inflammatory index. We drew upon a prospective cohort in the UK Biobank and calculated the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E -DII). The follow-up time was defined from the date of completing the last dietary survey questionnaire to the date of diagnosis of depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, other types of anxiety, death, loss to follow-up, or the respective censoring dates for England (September 30, 2021), Scotland (July 31, 2021), and Wales (February 28, 2018). The final follow-up times end on September 30, 2021, July 31, 2021, and February 28, 2018, for England, Scotland, and Wales, respectively. During the follow-up process, if a participant develops the condition, dies, or is lost to follow-up, the follow-up is terminated. We used Cox regression to evaluate the connection between E -DII and depression/anxiety. We employed restricted cubic spline curves for nonlinear relationships. We also conducted mediation analyses to explore whether biological age mediated the relationship between E -DII and depression. Additionally, we investigated whether genetic susceptibility modified the relationship between E-DII and depression through interaction modeling. In the final analysis, we included a total of 151,295, 159,695, 165,649, and 160,097 participants for the analysis of depression, all types of anxiety, specific phobia anxiety, and other types of anxiety, respectively. For every one-unit increase in E -DII, the risk of experiencing depression and anxiety increased by 5 % and 4 %, respectively. We identified a "J"-shaped nonlinear relationship (P for nonlinear = 0.003) for both depression and anxiety. A significant association with an elevated risk of depression was observed when E -DII exceeded 0.440, and an increased risk of anxiety was noted when E-DII was more than −0.196. Mediation analysis demonstrated that PhenoAge age acceleration (AA) (For depression, proportion of mediation = 9.6 %; For anxiety, proportion of mediation = 10.1 %) and Klemera-Doubal method Biological Age (KDM AA) (For depression, proportion of mediation = 2.9 %; For anxiety, proportion of mediation = 5.1 %) acted as mediators between E -DII and the development of depression and anxiety (P < 0.05). Diets with pro-inflammatory characteristics are associated with a heightened risk of depression and anxiety. Furthermore, the association of pro-inflammatory diets and depression is mediated by biological age. • Survival analysis with dose-response examined diet's link to depression/anxiety. • Investigating how biological aging mediates inflammation-related diet's impact on depression and anxiety. • Further studies were conducted based on the genetic susceptibility of the participants. • An analysis based on data from a large cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most COVID-19-related mental health research focused on average levels of mental health parameters in the general population. However, considering heterogeneous groups and their long-term responses could deepen our understanding of mental health during community crises. This four-wave study aimed to (1) identify subgroups with different trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the German general population, and (2) investigate associated risk factors. We analyzed self-report data from N = 1257 German adults participating in a European cohort study, assessed in summer 2020 (T1), and at 6 (T2), 12 (T3), and 30 months (T4). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured using the PHQ-4. Sociodemographic, health-related, and pandemic-related variables were assessed at baseline. We applied growth mixture modeling to identify subgroups of symptom trajectories and conducted multinomial logistic regression to examine factors associated with class membership. We identified six symptom trajectories: Low-stable (n = 971, 77.2 %), Continuous deterioration (n = 30, 2.4 %), Transient deterioration (n = 75, 6.0 %), Continuous improvement (n = 97, 7.7 %), Transient improvement (n = 38, 3.0 %) and Chronicity (n = 46, 3.7 %). Age, education, work status, mental health diagnoses, self-reported health, and pandemic-related news consumption were significantly associated with subgroup membership. The generalizability of the study is constrained by an unrepresentative sampling method, a notable dropout rate, and limited consideration of risk factors. Most people experienced low symptoms or improvement during the pandemic, while others experienced chronic or transient symptoms. Specific risk factors were associated with these trajectories, revealing nuanced mental health dynamics. • Investigating long-term trajectories in different subgroups during the pandemic • Six subgroups with different trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms • Subgroup membership was associated with sociodemographic, health and pandemic-related risk factors. • Provides insights for tailored clinical interventions in future community stressors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An association between insulin resistance (IR) and depression has been identified in recent years. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between IR and depression in the general population. The population for this cross-sectional study consisted of adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2018. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the Metabolic Score for IR (METS-IR) index, while depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9. Logistic regression analyses, subgroup analyses, and dose-response curves were conducted to assess the association between the METS-IR index and depression. A total of 13,157 adults aged over 20 years were included in this study. After adjusting for potential confounders, it was observed that each unit increase in the METS-IR index was associated with a 1.1 percentage point increase in the prevalence of depression (OR = 1.011; 95 % CI: 1.008, 1.014). Patients in the 4th quartile of the METS-IR index had a higher likelihood of depression compared to those in the 1st quartile (OR = 1.386, 95 % CI: 1.239, 1.549). Stratified analyses demonstrated consistent results in all subgroups, except for men, patients under 40 years of age, and those with a history of cancer. Dose-response curves indicated a nonlinear relationship between the METS-IR index and the risk of depression, with an inflection point value of 32.443 according to threshold effect analysis. Our findings suggest that higher METS-IR scores are associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing depressive symptoms among U.S. adults. • The metabolic score is a reliable new way to measure insulin resistance. • A higher metabolic score for insulin resistance index is linked to depression. • There is a "J" shaped relationship between the metabolic score and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between diabetes and depressive symptoms is well recognized. However, the impact of depressive symptoms on prediabetes remains unclear. This study aims to explore the specific correlation between depressive symptoms and prediabetes. A total of 7467 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included in this study, spanning five rounds of surveys conducted between 2007 and 2016. Weighted logistic regression was utilized to assess the relationship between depressive symptoms and prediabetes. Compared with the normoglycemic population, individuals with prediabetes had a significantly higher probability of experiencing trouble sleeping (P = 0.020). After adjusting for non-glucose factors, there was no significant correlation between PHQ-9 and prediabetes; however, severe depressive symptoms were positively associated with abnormal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (OR = 1.093 [95 % CI 1.002, 1.192]). There was a positive correlation between trouble concentrating and FPG abnormalities (OR = 1.065 [95 % CI 1.004, 1.129]). The cross-sectional design limits causal inference. Individuals with depressive symptoms, especially severe cases, should be targeted for prediabetes prevention and management efforts. The diverse symptom presentations may have distinct impacts on glucose, necessitating personalized prevention and management strategies. • Depressive symptoms may be positively associated with prediabetes. • Severe depressive symptoms and trouble concentrating are specifically linked to elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. • It appears that depressive symptoms have minimal impact on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressive symptoms seem to be interrelated in a complex and self-reinforcing way. To gain a better understanding of this complexity, the inclusion of theoretically relevant constructs (such as risk and protective factors) offers a comprehensive view into the complex mechanisms underlying depression. Cross-sectional data from individuals diagnosed with a major depressive disorder (N = 986) and healthy controls (N = 1049) were analyzed. Participants self-reported their depressive symptoms, as well as several risk factors and protective factors. Regularized partial correlation networks were estimated for each group and compared using a network comparison test. Symptoms of depression were more strongly connected in the network of depressed patients than in healthy controls. Among the risk factors, perceived stress, the experience of negative life events, emotional neglect, and emotional abuse were the most centrally embedded in both networks. However, the centrality of risk factors did not significantly differ between the two groups. Among the protective factors, social support, personal competence, and acceptance were the most central in both networks, where the latter was significantly more strongly associated with the symptom of self-hate in depressed patients. The network analysis revealed that key symptoms of depression were more strongly connected for depressed patients than for healthy controls, and that risk and protective factors play an important role, particularly perceived stress in both groups and an accepting attitude for depressed patients. However, the purpose of this study is hypothesis generating and assisting in the potential selection of non-symptom nodes for future research. • Symptoms of depression are interrelated in a complex and self-reinforcing way. • The inclusion of risk and protective factors offers a more comprehensive view into depression. • Key symptoms of depression were indecisiveness and lack of satisfaction. • Perceived stress plays an important role in healthy controls and depressed patients. • An accepting attitude seems especially beneficial for depressed patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population-based evidence on the relationship between dynapenic abdominal obesity and depressive symptoms is rare. We aimed to prospectively investigate the relationship between dynapenic abdominal obesity and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese adults. A total of 9322 participants free of depressive symptoms in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included. The participants were divided into four groups: non-dynapenic/non-abdominal obesity (ND/NAO), non-dynapenic/abdominal obesity (ND/AO), dynapenic/non-abdominal obesity (D/NAO) and dynapenic/abdominal obesity (D/AO) according to the sex-specific grip strength (<28 kg for men and <18 kg for women) and waist circumference (≥85 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women) that in line with the Chinese criteria. Depressive symptoms was defined as a score of ≥12 for the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Logistic regression model was used to explore the association between dynapenic abdominal obesity and depressive symptoms. After an approximately 3-year of follow-up, 1810 participants (19.4 %) developed depressive symptoms. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for the D/AO versus ND/NAO was 1.61 (95 % CI: 1.31–1.98) for depressive symptoms. In addition, this relationship was more profound in participants aged<60 years (OR = 2.27, 95 % CI: 1.60–3.22) than participants aged ≥60 (OR = 1.36, 95 % CI: 1.05–1.77; P -interaction = 0.04). However, dynapenic obesity (defined by body mass index) was not linked to depressive symptoms. Causal link and residual confounding were not addressed because of the observational study design. Dynapenic abdominal obesity was associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms, especially among those aged<60 years. • Little is known about the relationship between dynapenic abdominal obesity and depressive symptoms. • Dynapenic abdominal obesity was associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms. • Dynapenic obesity (defined by body mass index) was not linked to depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the gut microbiome has gained significant attention in the spheres of research and public health. As a result, studies have increasingly explored the potential of probiotic dietary supplements as treatment interventions for conditions such as anxiety and depression. The present study examined the effect of mixed probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium) on inflammation, microbiome composition, and depressive-like behaviors in a macaque monkey model. The mixed probiotics effectively reduced the severity of depressive-like behaviors in macaque monkeys. Further, treatment with mixed probiotics gradually increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut, improving the balance of the gut microbiota. Additionally, macaques treated with the mixed probiotics showed decreased serum levels of inflammatory factors (P < 0.05), an increased rate of L-tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.05), and the restoration of 5-HT and 5-HTP levels (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis confirmed that Lacticaseibacillus and other beneficial bacteria exhibited a negative correlation with inflammation in the body (P < 0.05), and a positive correlation with tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the mixed probiotics effectively restored intestinal homeostasis in macaques and enhanced tryptophan metabolism, ultimately alleviating inflammation and depressive-like behaviors. • Effects of mixed probiotics on microbes and tryptophan metabolism in macaques. • Mixed probiotics can improve the depression-like behavior of macaques. • Mixed probiotics can significantly reduce the inflammatory level in macaques. • Mixed probiotics can restore gut microbes and metabolic homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extends from the 2015 Shandong Province Epidemiological Survey of Mental Disorders in adults aged 18 and above. Over five years, it investigates pain characteristics and influencing factors in individuals with depressive disorders in Shandong Province. The study encompasses 871 individuals who met DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorders in 2015. Using 1:1:1 matching by gender, age, and residence, 825 non-afflicted individuals were selected as high-risk controls, and 825 screening-negative individuals became low-risk controls. A follow-up study in 2020 involved 1848 participants. Survey tools included a general information questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), SCID-I/P, Global Pain Scale (GPS), Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ), PSQI, MoCA, and clinical data questionnaire. GPS scores in the current depressive group were higher than in non-current depressive group (Z = 14.36 , P < 0.01). GPS scores in study group exceeded those in high-risk and low-risk control groups (H = 93.71 , P < 0.01). GPS scores in non-remission group were higher than in the remission group (Z = 8.90 , P < 0.01). Regression analysis revealed positive correlations between GPS scores and physical illnesses, current depression, incumbency, GHQ-12 total score, and PSQI total score. Negative correlations were observed with QLQ total score and MoCA total score. The study could not assess pain during the 2015 survey, limiting controlled pain analysis before and after five years. Depression sufferers may experience prolonged heightened pain, potentially relieved when depression subsides. Individual pain is influenced by depression, physical illnesses, sleep quality, quality of life, cognitive function, gender, residence, and occupation. • Pain Persists in Depression: Depressed individuals have prolonged pain, even after remission. • Multifactorial Pain Influence: Pain level in depression linked to depression, physical illness, and sleep quality. • Gender and Location Impact: Female gender and rural residence contribute to higher depression-related pain. • Depression Affects Quality of Life: Pain in depression harms quality of life, warranting comprehensive treatment. • Occupational Status Matters: Occupational status, like incumbency, affects pain levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with major depression often suffer from excessive interpersonal sensitivity, although it is not typically measured in antidepressant clinical trials. Preliminary evidence suggests selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have the capacity to reduce interpersonal sensitivity. This was a pooled analysis of data from 1709 patients in three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of fluoxetine and paroxetine for acute major depressive disorder. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. A factor from the Symptom Checklist was used to assess interpersonal sensitivity. Our outcome of interest was change from baseline scores at the last assessment (up to 8 or 12 weeks, depending on the trial). Both medications produced significantly greater reductions in interpersonal sensitivity relative to placebo. The effect of medication remained significant after controlling for depression improvement, which explained 18.5% of the variation in interpersonal sensitivity improvement among those treated with active medication. The effect of medication on depressive symptoms, relative to placebo, was not influenced by baseline interpersonal sensitivity. The outcome measured interpersonal sensitivity over the last week, and the results do not necessarily reflect changes in long-standing, trait-like patterns of interpersonal sensitivity. Only two medications were studied. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective at treating interpersonal sensitivity in acutely depressed patients. This appears to be a unique drug effect that is not only the result of depression improvement. Future clinical trials might benefit from assessing interpersonal sensitivity more routinely. • Paroxetine and fluoxetine reduced interpersonal sensitivity more than placebo. • This effect could not be fully explained by concurrent depression improvement. • Baseline interpersonal sensitivity did not moderate the depression treatment effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is an international health concern with immeasurable impact from the perspective of human and social suffering. Prior suicide attempts, anxious and depressive symptoms, and relatively lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are among the most replicated risk factors for suicide. Our goal was to visualize the distribution of these features and their interconnections with use of a network analysis approach in individuals who recently attempted suicide. Individuals with a recent suicide attempt were recruited from nine University Hospitals across Spain as part of the SURVIVE cohort study. Anxious and depressive symptoms, and perceived HRQoL were included in the network analysis. Network structures were estimated with the EBICglasso model. Centrality measures and bridge symptoms connecting communities were explored. Subnetworks comparing younger and older individuals, and women and men were analyzed. A total of 1106 individuals with a recent suicide attempt were included. Depressed mood was the symptom with the greatest influence in the overall network, followed by anxiety symptoms such as feeling nervous, worrying, restless, and having difficulties to relax. Perceived general health was associated with increased suicidal ideation in the whole sample. Older people showed a specific connection between perceived general health and depressed mood. The cross-sectional design does not allow determination of established causality. Depressed mood was the core network's symptom and, therefore, an important target in the management and prevention of suicide. HRQoL had more influence on the network of older populations, in which it should be a primary focus. • Identifying risk factors for suicide is crucial for developing prevention programs. • Network analysis allows studying interrelations of symptoms in suicidal behaviors. • Depressed mood is the core symptom in individuals who recently attempted suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the temporal and dyadic associations between anxiety and depressive symptoms during the transition to parenthood (TTP), while exploring the antecedence of attachment insecurities in these associations. Couples of first-time parents (N = 211) completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Experiences in Close Relationships scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire during the second trimester of pregnancy and at four and twelve months postpartum. Both prenatal anxiety and depressive symptoms predicted postnatal depressive and anxiety symptoms. Prenatal attachment-related anxiety predicted higher postnatal anxiety and depressive symptoms whereas prenatal attachment-related avoidance predicted higher postnatal depressive symptoms only. Parents whose partners had a higher level of prenatal attachment-related anxiety experienced higher postnatal anxious and depressive symptoms via their own's prenatal depressive symptoms. Parents whose partners had a higher level of prenatal attachment-related avoidance experienced higher postnatal depressive symptoms via their own's prenatal anxious symptoms. No gender differences were found for these associations. The sample was predominantly composed of educated heterosexual French-Canadian Caucasian couples and all measures were self-reported. Our original findings suggest that professionals should routinely screen for anxiety and depressive symptoms in both partners from pregnancy up to one year postpartum. Also, our findings suggest addressing attachment insecurities with both partners to prevent the development of future symptoms during pregnancy or after childbirth. Finally, our study supports the relevance of considering these symptoms at subclinical levels during the TTP. • Anxiety symptoms during pregnancy predicted postpartum depressive symptoms. • Depressive symptoms during pregnancy predicted postpartum anxiety symptoms. • Attachment-related anxiety predicted both anxiety and depressive symptoms. • Attachment-related avoidance is closely related to depressive symptoms. • Parents' attachment insecurities are associated with their partner's symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple observational studies have reported substantial comorbidity between neuropsychiatric disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Using GWAS summary datasets of 8 neuropsychiatric disorders and 6 cardiovascular diseases, an integrative analysis incorporating linkage-disequilibrium-score-regression (LDSC), Mendelian randomization (MR), functional mapping and annotation (FUMA), and functional enrichment analysis, was conducted to investigate shared genetic etiology of the brain-heart axis from the whole genome level, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level, gene level, and biological pathway level. In LDSC analysis, 18 pairwise traits between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVD were identified with significant genetic overlaps, revealing extensive genome-wide genetic correlations. In bidirectional MR analysis, 19 pairwise traits were identified with significant causal relationships. Genetic liabilities to neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder, conferred extensive significant causal effects on the risk of CVD, while hypertension seemed to be a risk factor for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, with no significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy. In FUMA analysis, 13 shared independent significant SNPs and 887 overlapping protein-coding genes were detected between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVD. With GO and KEEG functional enrichment analysis, biological pathways of the brain-heart axis were highly concentrated in neurotransmitter synaptic transmission, lipid metabolism, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, glutathione metabolism, and MAPK signaling pathway. Extensive genetic correlations and genetic overlaps between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVD were identified in this study, which might provide some new insights into the brain-heart axis and the therapeutic targets in clinical practice. • This is the first integrative multi-phenotype genetic analysis between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVDs. • Extensive genome-wide genetic correlations between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVDs were revealed in LDSC analysis. • Bidirectional MR analysis showed extensive significant causal relationships between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVDs. • 13 shared SNPs and 887 overlapping genes were detected between neuropsychiatric disorders and CVDs in FUMA analysis. • Several biological pathways of the brain-heart axis were identified in functional enrichment analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although several previous studies have reported on the relationship between vision impairment and caregiver mental health, mixed results were obtained, and only one study reported the association between spousal vision impairment and partner depression. Therefore, our study aimed to examine the association between spousal vision impairment and the partner's depressive symptoms and cognitive decline. This cross-sectional study gathered baseline data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2011. A total of 10,956 couples were included in the study. Vision impairment was assessed by respondents' self-reported distance or near vision. Multivariate logistic and linear regression were conducted to evaluate the association between the spouse's vision impairment and the partner's depressive symptoms and cognitive function. The prevalence of partners with depressive symptoms was significantly higher among spouses with vision impairment than among those without (43.3 % vs. 32.5 %; P < 0.001), and cognitive function was significantly lower (spousal vision impairment 14.4 ± 4.5 vs. no spousal vision impairment 15.5 ± 4.6; P < 0.001). After fully adjusting for potential confounders, the partner had greater odds of depressive symptoms for spouses with vision impairment than for those without (odds ratio: 1.525; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.387 to 1.677). Furthermore, spousal vision impairment was negatively associated with the partner's cognitive function (β = −0.640; 95 % CI: −0.840 to −0.440). Sensitivity analysis was performed, and consistent results were obtained (all P < 0.05). Visual function was assessed by self-reporting. A spouse's vision impairment is associated with depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in the partner. The findings imply the importance of considering the partner's mental health when managing their spouse's vision impairment. • Few studies reported the association between spousal vision impairment and partner depression • No studies have explored the relationship between spouses with vision impairment and partners' cognitive function • A spouse's vision impairment is associated with depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in the partner [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of antidepressant pharmacotherapies on cardiovascular risk are unclear. We completed a systematic review with meta-analysis to assess the effect of paroxetine on heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The searches were accomplished via EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed (using the National Library of Medicine), Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. We included non-blind, single, or double-blind randomized control trials in patients older than 18 diagnosed with MDD. Paroxetine needs to be enforced as a chronic therapeutic medication. We included individual studies that investigated resting HRV. We documented 402 studies, only following screening and eligibility phases; only six were included (five studies in the meta-analysis). No significant change was noticed for the SDNN index: subtotal = 8.23 [CI: −2.17, 18.63], p = 0.12, I2 = 54 % (very low quality of evidence). A significant change was distinguished for the LF index: subtotal = 0.74 [CI: 0.33, 1.15], p = 0.0004, I2 = 0 % (low quality of evidence). A significant alteration was perceived for the HF index: subtotal = 0.33 [CI: 0.06, 0.6], p = 0.02, I2 = 0 % (low quality of evidence). Meta-analysis demonstrated that paroxetine could advance HRV in MDD patients. Nevertheless, our supposition is founded only on statistical analysis and the very low quality of evidence breakdown reinforces the necessity for further studies to confirm or reject this theory. • We evaluated the effects of paroxetine on heart rate variability in patients identified with major depressive disorder. • Meta-analysis specified that paroxetine improved LF and HF; • Quality of evidence for SDNN was very low and low for LF and HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressed patients who have become victim of violence are prone to revictimization. However, no evidence-based interventions aimed at reducing revictimization in this group exist. This multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of an internet-based emotion regulation training (iERT) added to TAU in reducing revictimization, emotion dysregulation, and depressive symptoms in recently victimized, depressed patients compared to TAU alone. Adult outpatients (N = 153) with a depressive disorder who had experienced threat, physical assault, or sexual assault within the previous three years were randomly allocated to TAU+iERT (n = 74) or TAU (n = 79). TAU involved psychotherapy (mainly cognitive behavioral therapy [77.8 %]). iERT comprised six guided online sessions focused on the acquisition of adaptive emotion regulation skills. The primary outcome measure was the number of revictimization incidents at 12 months after baseline, measured with the Safety Monitor. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Both groups showed a large decrease in victimization incidents. Mixed-model negative binomial regression analyses showed that TAU+iERT was not effective in reducing revictimization compared to TAU (IRR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.64,1.46; p =.886). Linear mixed-model analyses demonstrated that TAU+iERT yielded a larger reduction of emotion dysregulation (B = −7.217; p =.046; Cohens d = 0.33), but not depressive symptoms (B = −1.041; p =.607) than TAU. The study was underpowered to detect small treatment effects. Additionally, uptake of iERT was quite low. Although TAU+iERT resulted in a larger decrease of emotion dysregulation than TAU alone, it was not effective in reducing revictimization and depressive symptoms. Patients' revictimization risk substantially decreased during psychotherapy. • Online emotion regulation training improved emotion regulation in depressed patients. • iERT did not reduce revictimization rates or depressive symptoms compared to TAU. • Violent victimization rates decreased substantially during psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is a severe and treatable mental illness that significantly affects individuals' daily activities. Obstetric care providers are the most vulnerable group for depression because they work in an emergency to save two lives at a time, share the stress of women during labor, and are at great risk for contamination. Objectives: To assess depression and associated factors among obstetric care providers working in public health facilities. Method and materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 obstetric care providers working in public health facilities found in the West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia, from June 1 to 30, 2023. Study participants were selected through a simple random sampling technique. A pretested, face-to-face interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with depression. The level of statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05 with a 95% CI. Conclusions and results: Overall, the prevalence of depression among obstetric care providers was 31.1% (95% CI: 26.6%, 35.5%). Marital status not in union (AOR = 2.86, 95%CI: 1.66, 4.94), working more than 40 hours per week (AOR = 2.21, 95%CI: 1.23, 3.75), current substance use (AOR = 2.73, 95%CI: 1.64, 4.56), not being satisfied with their job (AOR = 3.52, 95%CI: 2.05, 6.07) and having burnout symptoms (AOR = 5.11, 95%CI: 2.95, 8.83) were factors significantly associated with depression. Recommendations: We recommend that health professionals take care of themselves and avoid substance use. We also recommended that stakeholders enhance job satisfaction and avoid burnout by implementing various programs, like raising wages for workers, increasing staff members, offering various benefits, and regularly monitoring issues that arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological distress has been associated with dampened antibody production following vaccination. Questions remain, however, about whether psychological distress influences vaccine response uniformly across the lifespan, and whether changes in distress result in changes in antibody production across the same period. Participants (N = 148; M age = 32.2 years, SD = 19.7, range = 12–80 years) took part in consecutive vaccine studies during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 influenza seasons. Each influenza season, they reported on their depressive symptoms, provided blood samples, and received the standard influenza vaccine. Participants then provided a second blood sample one month later. Antibody titers were examined pre- and post-vaccination. Analyses examined both within-season and across-season effects of depressive symptoms, age, and their interaction on vaccine response. Within-season analyses revealed that age predicted antibody response during both seasons (2017–2018 and 2018–2019). Neither depressive symptoms nor the interaction with age were associated with antibody response to vaccination within either season. Across the two seasons, age significantly moderated the association between change in depressive symptoms and change in antibody production. For people who were 48 or older, increases in depressive symptoms across the two seasons were associated with a less robust response to the vaccine in the second season relative to the first season. For people younger than 48, changes in depressive symptoms were not significantly related to changes in antibody production. These findings highlight the important role of mental health for older adults' vaccine response, which could have clinical relevance for protection against disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postpartum depression and anxiety are major public health concerns that affect 3–39% of women after childbearing and can adversely affect maternal and child health. Most studies have investigated postpartum depression and anxiety and their associated factors among women 4–12 weeks after delivery. There is a scarcity of research among women immediately after delivery from low- and middle-income countries, the gap this study aimed to fill. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 386 postpartum women within one week after delivery. The Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder − 7 scale was used to screen for symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Participants were systematically selected from the postnatal wards and interviewed by trained research assistants from November 2019 to March 2020. Results: Using standard cut points, the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms was 25.39%, and 37.31% respectively. Having a baby with a weight of 2.5 kgs or more and having partner support were associated with decreased odds of both depression and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, complications during delivery, caesarian section, marital status, and partner violence, were associated with increased odds of depressive and anxiety symptoms post-delivery. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms among the study participants in the first week post-delivery, with delivery complications and outcome and psychosocial supports identified as associated factors for depression and anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the need for early screening to identify those at risk for appropriate intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Herein, we examined the correlation between platelet/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (PHR) and symptoms of depression among United States adults. Methods: Data acquired from the 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, involving individuals ≥ 20 years of age, with available PHR and depression diagnosis information. We employed weighted uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess the distinct correlation between PHR and depressive symptoms. Additionally, we conducted subgroup, interaction, and restricted cubic spline analyses. Results: In all, 28,098 subjects were recruited for analysis, with 8.04% depression status and 19.31 ± 0.11 mean PHR value. Depressive symptoms increased with higher quartiles of PHR. Following fully confounder adjustments in model 2, participants with the largest PHR quartiles exhibited a 53% (OR: 1.53, 95%CI: 1.00–2.33, P = 0.05) raised depressive symptoms, relative to participants with least PHR quartiles. Based on the two-piece-wise regression, the breakpoint was PHR = 23.76, and a positive association was more evident when PHR < 23.76 (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.02–1.10, P = 0.01). When PHR ≥ 23.76, the correlation disappeared (P = 0.85). Using subgroup and interaction analyses, we revealed a positive relationship between PHR and depressive symptoms almost consistent among various population settings. Conclusions: A convenient biomarker, the PHR was independently associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms and may be a promising new bioindicator for the prediction of depression diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is a complex mood disorder whose pathogenesis involves multiple cell types and molecular pathways. The prefrontal cortex, as a key brain region for emotional regulation, plays a crucial role in depression. Microglia, as immune cells of the central nervous system, have been closely linked to the development and progression of depression through their dysfunctional states. This study aims to utilize single-cell RNA-seq technology to reveal the pathogenic mechanism of YAP1 in prefrontal cortex microglia in depression. Methods: Firstly, we performed cell type identification and differential analysis on normal and depressed prefrontal cortex tissues by mining single-cell RNA-seq datasets from public databases. Focusing on microglia, we conducted sub-clustering, differential gene KEGG enrichment analysis, intercellular interaction analysis, and pseudotime analysis. Additionally, a cross-species analysis was performed to explore the similarities and differences between human and rhesus monkey prefrontal cortex microglia. To validate our findings, we combined bulk RNA-Seq and WGCNA analysis to reveal key genes associated with depression and verified the relationship between YAP1 and depression using clinical samples. Results: Our study found significant changes in the proportion and transcriptional profiles of microglia in depressed prefrontal cortex tissues. Further analysis revealed multiple subpopulations of microglia and their associated differential genes and signaling pathways related to depression. YAP1 was identified as a key molecule contributing to the development of depression and was significantly elevated in depression patients. Moreover, the expression level of YAP1 was positively correlated with HAMD scores, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for predicting the onset of depression. Conclusion: This study utilized single-cell RNA-seq technology to reveal the pathogenic mechanism of YAP1 in prefrontal cortex microglia in depression, providing a new perspective for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of depression and identifying potential targets for developing novel treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Resistance to treatment is common in patients with major depressive disorder. • Animal models have been used to explore the neural basis of treatment resistance. • We systematically identified published strategies for studying treatment resistance. • The advantages and limitations of preclinical models should be considered carefully. Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent psychiatric diseases, and up to 30–40% of patients remain symptomatic despite treatment. Novel therapies are sorely needed, and animal models may be used to elucidate fundamental neurobiological processes that contribute to human disease states. We conducted a systematic review of current preclinical approaches to investigating treatment resistance with the goal of describing a path forward for improving our understanding of treatment resistant depression. We conducted a broad literature search to identify studies relevant to the preclinical investigation of treatment resistant depression. We followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and included all relevant studies. We identified 467 studies in our initial search. Of these studies, we included 69 in our systematic review after applying our inclusion/exclusion criteria. We identified 10 broad strategies for investigating treatment resistance in animal models. Stress hormone administration was the most commonly used model, and the most common behavioral test was the forced swim test. We systematically identified and reviewed current approaches for gaining insight into the neurobiology underlying treatment resistant depression using animal models. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, but all require careful consideration of their potential limitations regarding therapeutic translation. An enhanced understanding of treatment resistant depression is sorely needed given the burden of disease and lack of effective therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Promoting physical activity (PA) at work effectively decreases the risk of chronic disease and increases productivity. Despite the well-established benefits of PA, only 24% of adults meet the PA Guidelines for Americans. Advancing a culture of health (COH) may improve employees' physical activity levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of workplace culture of health, gender, and depression on employee physical activity. Methods: Employees (n = 12,907) across 14 companies voluntarily completed the Workplace Culture of Health (COH) Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), and questions on PA engagement. A logistic regression was performed to determine the effects of workplace COH, gender, and depression risk on the likelihood of engaging in 150 min of moderate to vigorous PA and in strength training 2 × per week. Results: Workplace COH scores were associated with increased odds of PA engagement (OR = 1.058, p < 0.001). Further, gender and depression risk moderated the relationship between workplace COH and PA engagement (OR = 0.80, p = 0.026). For employees at risk for depression, an increase in COH scores was associated with higher PA for men, but not women. For employees not at risk for depression, an increase in COH scores was associated with higher PA for males and females. Conclusion: Establishing a health-supportive workplace culture may increase PA, which is essential to improving population health. The differential findings by gender and depression risk illustrate the complexity of PA engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Facebook has become a part of daily life for its users and therefore become a very significant factor of mental health. As the number of Facebook users increases exponentially, the problems related to immense use have become more evident and more frequent. Therefore, the study aimed to explore the impact of Facebook addiction on depression among its users. Methods: An online-based questionnaire was used to collect data from 269 Facebook users of Bangladesh using convenient sampling technique. Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale was used to assess Facebook addiction and its impact on depression.Ordinal logistic was used to extract the significant variables associated with Facebook addiction and depression. Results: The result categorized the Facebook users into three categories as : normal (17%), problematic user (52%) and addicted (30.5%). Facebook users were suffering from mild (13.4%), minimal (15.6%), moderate (59.5%), and severe (11.5%) level of depression. Both Facebook addiction and depression were moderately correlated (0.701). Ordinal regression showed, gender (95% CI) = 0.859 (0.223,1.495)), age ( (95% CI) = -2.051(-3.789, -0.313)), residential area ( (95% CI) = -0.858(-1.626, -0.09)), occupation (), time length of Facebook use ( are the significant predictors of Facebook addiction. Wheras, relationship types and occupation are also responsible for depression. Conclusion: The study showed large portion of facebook users of Bangladesh are suffering from depression. Authors suggest to arrange mental health campaign to promote bounded and legitimate use of facebook and therefore will accelerate the attaining rate of sustainable development goal related to the Bangladesh's health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the association between recent experiences of discrimination and depressive symptom presentation and severity among a U.S. sample of older Black and African American adults. A cross-sectional survey of 124 Black and African American adults aged 50 and older in the United States was conducted assessing interpersonal discrimination and depressive symptoms. The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire assessed four forms of interpersonal discrimination. A measure of heightened vigilance to bias assessed anticipatory coping with discrimination experiences. Past-month affective and somatic symptoms of depression were assessed using the Depressive and Somatic Symptoms Scale. All forms of interpersonal racial discrimination were positively associated with greater affective symptom severity. Being avoided, devalued, and threatened or actively physically harmed were associated with greater somatic symptom severity. Vigilant coping was positively associated with affective symptom severity but not somatic symptom severity. Racial discrimination is linked to depression severity among older Black and African American and varies by symptom. This study helps inform work on processes linking discrimination with poorer psychological outcomes and will allow for more effective interventions and prevention efforts that are tailored to older minority populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aim to evaluate the association of depressive symptoms, depressive symptoms severity and symptom cluster scores (i.e., cognitive-affective and somatic) with food security (FS). We will also evaluate the interaction effect of sex, income and ethnicity on these associations. Methods: Data from the 2005–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles were used in this study. Participants included survey respondents 20+ years who had completed Depression and Food Security questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between depressive symptoms and FS. Results: A total of 34,128 participants, including 3,021 (7.73%) with depressive symptoms, were included in this study. In both unadjusted and adjusted models, participants with depressive symptoms had lower odds of FS (aOR = 0.347, 95% CI: 0.307,0.391, p<0.001). Moreover, in both unadjusted and adjusted models, for each 1-point increase in cognitive-affective (aOR = 0.850, 95% CI = 0.836,0.864, p <0.001) and somatic symptoms (aOR = 0.847, 95% CI = 0.831,0.863, p <0.001), odds of high FS decreased correspondingly. Our study found no significant interaction effects of sex on depressive symptoms-FS association. Statistically significant interactions of ethnicity and poverty-to-income ratio on depressive symptoms-FS association were observed, revealing higher odds of FS among Non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American groups, and lower odds of FS in Non-Hispanic White and high-income subgroups. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated an association between depressive symptoms and decreased FS. Further research is required to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and to develop focused interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the relationship among nap time, night sleep time, and depression among the elderly and to determine the recommended sleep time to provide a scientific and reasonable basis for the prevention and control of depression in residents. Methods: Based on the 2020 China Health and Elderly Care Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) database, the demographic data and the health and lifestyle information of the study subjects were obtained. A total of 2,959 valid samples were included, and the relationship between sleep and depression was explored by logistic regression, restricted cubic spline, and isotemporal substitution model. Results: In the cross-sectional analysis, no statistical relationship was observed between napping time and depression in the elderly. The optimal sleep interval for the elderly at night is 6–7.5 hours, and the health benefits are the largest. A sleep duration of < 6 hours at night (OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.90 to 2.65) was associated with a high likelihood of depression. The probability of depression in the elderly continues to decrease with the increase of time after the nighttime sleep duration reaches 6 hours and is at the lowest level of about 7.5 hours. Moreover, the probability of depression will increase after the sleep duration exceeds 9.5 hours. In the range of 6–7.5 hours of recommended sleep duration, the likelihood of depression in the elderly will be reduced by 0.311 for every 30-minute increase in nighttime sleep time instead of noon sleep time. Conclusion: The duration of nighttime sleep and the probability of depression have a U-shaped relationship. The likelihood of depression was lowest in the elderly who slept for 6–8 hours at night, and the likelihood of depression could be reduced by increasing the nighttime sleep time instead of napping time within the optimal nighttime sleep range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Access to data concerning mental health, particularly alcohol use disorders (AUD), in sub-Saharan Africa is very limited. This study aimed to estimate AUD prevalence and identify the associated factors in Togo and Benin. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and May 2022, targeting individuals aged 18 years and above in the Yoto commune of Togo and the Lalo commune of Benin. Subjects were recruited using a multi-stage random sampling technique. AUD diagnoses were made using the MINI adapted to DSM-5 criteria. Our study collected sociodemographic information, data on psychiatric comorbidities, stigmatization, and assessed cravings, using a series of scales. The association between AUD and various factors was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: In Togo, 55 of the 445 people investigated had AUD (12.4%; [95% CI: 9.5-15.7%]). Among them, 39 (70.9%) had severe AUD and the main associated comorbidities were suicidal risk (36.4%), and major depressive disorder (16.4%). Associated factors with AUD were male gender (aOR: 11.3; [95% CI: 4.8–26.7]), a higher Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score (aOR: 1.2; [95% CI: 1.1–1.3]) and a lower Stigma score measured by the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) (aOR: 0.9; [95% CI: 0.8–0.9). The stigma scores reflect perceived societal stigma towards individuals with AUD. In Benin, 38 of the 435 people investigated had AUD (8.7%; [95% CI: 6.4–11.7]), and the main associated comorbidities were suicidal risk (18.4%), tobacco use disorder (13.2%) and major depressive episode (16.4%). Associated factors with AUD were male gender (aOR: 6.4; [95% CI: 2.4–17.0]), major depressive disorder (aOR: 21.0; [95% CI: 1.5-289.8]), suicidal risk (aOR: 3.7; [95% CI: 1.2–11.3]), a lower Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) score (aOR:0.8; [95% CI: 0.8–0.9]) and a lower perceived stigma score (by EMIC)(aOR: 0.9; [95% CI: 0.8–0.9]). Conclusion: In these communes of Togo and Benin, AUD prevalence is notably high. A deeper understanding of the disease and its local determinants, paired with effective prevention campaigns, could mitigate its impact on both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a significant impediment to successful rehabilitation and recovery after a stroke. Current therapeutic options are limited, leaving an unmet demand for specific and effective therapeutic options. Our objective was to investigate the safety of Maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, as a possible mechanism-based add-on therapeutic option for PSD in an open-label proof-of-concept clinical trial. Methods: We conducted a 10-week clinical trial in which ten patients with subcortical and cortical stroke, suffering from PSD. were administered a daily oral dose of 300 mg Maraviroc. Participants were then monitored for an additional eight weeks. The primary outcome measure was serious treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and TEAEs leading to discontinuation. The secondary outcome measure was a change in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Results: Maraviroc was well tolerated, with no reports of serious adverse events or discontinuations due to intolerance. The MADRS scores substantially reduced from baseline to week 10 (mean change: -16.4 ± 9.3; p < 0.001). By the conclusion of the treatment phase, a favorable response was observed in five patients, with four achieving remission. The time to response was relatively short, approximately three weeks. After the cessation of treatment, MADRS scores increased at week 18 by 6.1 ± 9.6 points (p = 0.014). Conclusions: Our proof-of-concept study suggests that a daily dosage of 300 mg of Maraviroc may represent a well-tolerated and potentially effective pharmacological approach to treating PSD. Further comprehensive placebo-controlled studies are needed to assess the impact of Maraviroc augmentation on PSD. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05932550, Retrospectively registered: 28/06/2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing work-related stress in academia can have an impact on physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to analyse the coping strategies of staff employed at the University of Udine and to verify whether sociodemographic data, professional position, and the presence of anxiety or depression symptoms are related to the use of different coping strategies. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study between June and December 2020 using the Brief COPE questionnaire. We correlated coping strategies with professional position, sociodemographic data, and the presence of anxiety or depressive symptoms measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 and the General Anxiety Disorder–7. Results: A total of 366 people participated in the study, including 109 junior academics, 146 senior academics, and 111 administrative staff (response rate 23.6%). The three most frequently used coping strategies in terms of approach coping style were planning (6.77 ± 1.41), active coping (6.58 ± 1.45) and acceptance (6.23 ± 1.44). Women were more likely than men to report using approach and avoidant coping strategies (p < 0.001). Positive reframing and religion were most commonly used by administrative staff (p < 0.05), in contrast to junior academics, who were more likely to use substances and self-blame (p < 0.05). Anxiety was found to correlate with self-blame (OR 1.94) as a coping strategy, while depression was associated with venting (OR 2.83), self-blame (OR 3.27), and humor (OR 3.02). Conclusion: Identifying profiles of coping strategies can help higher education institutions to implement support strategies for the academic community, ultimately promoting healthier lives and more effective teaching and research. Our study has shown that women and junior academics among staff at the Udine University would benefit from a tailored health promotion intervention that encourages the use of approach coping styles to reduce their risk of developing anxiety and depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mind wandering is a common phenomenon in daily life. However, the manifestations and cognitive correlates of mind wandering in different subclinical populations remain unclear. In this study, these aspects were examined in individuals with schizotypal traits and individuals with depressive symptoms, i.e., subclinical populations of patients with schizophrenia and depression. Methods: Forty-two individuals with schizotypal traits, 42 individuals with subclinical depression, and 42 controls were recruited to complete a mind wandering thought sampling task (state level) and a mind wandering questionnaire (trait level). Measures of rumination and cognitive functions (attention, inhibition, and working memory) were also completed by participants. Results: Both subclinical groups exhibited more state and trait mind wandering than did the control group. Furthermore, individuals with schizotypal traits demonstrated more trait mind wandering than individuals with subclinical depression. Rumination, sustained attention, and working memory were associated with mind wandering. In addition, mind wandering in individuals with subclinical depression can be accounted for by rumination or attention, while mind wandering in individuals with high schizotypal traits cannot be accounted for by rumination, attention, or working memory. Conclusions: The results suggest that individuals with high schizotypal traits and subclinical depression have different patterns of mind wandering and mechanisms. These findings have implications for understanding the unique profile of mind wandering in subclinical individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary society, depression has emerged as a prominent mental disorder that exhibits exponential growth and exerts a substantial influence on premature mortality. Although numerous research applied machine learning methods to forecast signs of depression. Nevertheless, only a limited number of research have taken into account the severity level as a multiclass variable. Besides, maintaining the equality of data distribution among all the classes rarely happens in practical communities. So, the inevitable class imbalance for multiple variables is considered a substantial challenge in this domain. Furthermore, this research emphasizes the significance of addressing class imbalance issues in the context of multiple classes. We introduced a new approach Feature group partitioning (FGP) in the data preprocessing phase which effectively reduces the dimensionality of features to a minimum. This study utilized synthetic oversampling techniques, specifically Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) and Adaptive Synthetic (ADASYN), for class balancing. The dataset used in this research was collected from university students by administering the Burn Depression Checklist (BDC). For methodological modifications, we implemented heterogeneous ensemble learning stacking, homogeneous ensemble bagging, and five distinct supervised machine learning algorithms. The issue of overfitting was mitigated by evaluating the accuracy of the training, validation, and testing datasets. To justify the effectiveness of the prediction models, balanced accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and f1-score indices are used. Overall, comprehensive analysis demonstrates the discrimination between the Conventional Depression Screening (CDS) and FGP approach. In summary, the results show that the stacking classifier for FGP with SMOTE approach yields the highest balanced accuracy, with a rate of 92.81%. The empirical evidence has demonstrated that the FGP approach, when combined with the SMOTE, able to produce better performance in predicting the severity of depression. Most importantly the optimization of the training time of the FGP approach for all of the classifiers is a significant achievement of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting approximately 60% of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Low and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Ethiopia, bear a disproportionate burden of depression among HIV/AIDS patients. Several factors, including perceived stigma, have been linked to increased depression among HIV/AIDS patients. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the pooled effect of perceived stigma on depression among HIV/AIDS patients in Ethiopia. Methods: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we systematically retrieved all relevant studies starting from January 1, 2000 to June 1, 2022 from PubMed, HINARI, and Google Scholar. This review included observational studies that reported the effect of perceived stigma on the prevalence of depression among HIV-positive adults in Ethiopia. The effect estimate of the pooled effect of perceived stigma on depression was conducted using DerSimonian-Laird's random effect model using STATA/MP version 16. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR), along with a 95% confidence interval (CI), was conducted to estimate the strength of the association between perceived stigma and depression. Results: Eleven studies with a total of 4,153 HIV-positive adults were included for meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that the odds of depression were higher among patients with perceived stigma (AOR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.73, 5.24). The pooled prevalence of depression among HIV/AIDS patients in Ethiopia was 39% (95% CI: 32%, 46%) (I2 = 98%, p ≤ 0.0001). The subgroup analysis revealed that the primary studies conducted in the Oromia region had the highest pooled prevalence of depression at 48% (95% CI: 32%, 63%). Conclusion: The pooled estimates of the meta-analysis revealed that perceived stigma and depression were strongly associated. Stigma and depression screenings should be carried out for additional treatments and prevention, and programs supporting Ethiopia's PLWHA population should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]