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Photocatalytic selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols to aldehydes under mild conditions is of great significance for green and sustainable development, and design of photocatalysts with high efficiency is an interesting topic. Herein, we present a new conjugated microporous polymer photocatalyst named NiFe-CMP, composed of Ni-porphyrin and Fe-bipyridyl units, for efficient photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcohols. The porous structure of NiFe-CMP provides numerous absorption sites and exposes catalytically active centres, enhancing the reaction kinetics. Experimental and theoretical analyses indicate that the incorporation of Fe and Ni dual-metal sites not only enhances the dissociation of excitons into free charge carriers by regulating the electronic structures, but also reduces the reaction energy barrier for the formation of *O2 intermediates, thus promoting the massive production of ˙O2− active species. Impressively, NiFe-CMP manifests excellent catalytic performance, achieving a 96.2% conversion rate for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde under 4 hours of visible light radiation, over approximately 17 times higher than that of the pristine CMP. Besides, NiFe-CMP exhibits high recyclability and displays an excellent adaptability towards various aromatic alcohols. This work further advances the rational design of efficient photocatalysts for selective aromatic alcohol oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between sarcopenia and the long‐term risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unclear. This study recruited a large prospective Caucasian cohort from the UK Biobank. Participants were assessed at baseline with handgrip strength and muscle mass and were categorized into groups of non‐sarcopenia, probable sarcopenia, and confirmed sarcopenia. Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to explore the association between sarcopenia and the incidence of AF. The genetic predisposition of AF was assessed by polygenic risk score. Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the results. A total of 384,433 participants with a median age of 58 years and 54.3% women were enrolled in this study. There were 24,007 cases of new‐onset AF over a median follow‐up of 12.56 years. The groups of non‐sarcopenia, probable sarcopenia, and confirmed sarcopenia accounted for 22,290 (6.1%), 1665 (9.2%), and 52 (11.9%) cases, respectively. Compared with the non‐sarcopenia group, participants with probable sarcopenia or confirmed sarcopenia had an 8% (95% CI, 1.03–1.14) or 61% (95% CI, 1.23–2.12) higher risk of AF incidence. The findings remained robust in multiple sensitivity analyses, such as subgroup analysis and further adjustment of genetic predisposition. Notably, the association between sarcopenia and a high AF risk was more pronounced in younger participants, women, and those with valvular heart disease. In conclusion, sarcopenia was associated with a high long‐term risk of AF in Caucasians, supporting sarcopenia as a new independent risk factor of AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limits of chip technology are constantly being pushed with the continuous development of integrated circuit manufacturing processes and equipment. Currently, chips contain several billion, and even tens of billions, of transistors, making chip testing increasingly challenging. The verification of very large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI) requires testing on specialized automatic test equipment (ATE), but their cost and size significantly limit their applicability. The current FPGA-based ATE is limited in its scalability and support for few test channels and short test vector lengths. As a result, it is only suitable for testing specific chips in small-scale circuits and cannot be used to test VLSI. This paper proposes a low-cost hardware and software solution for testing digital integrated circuits based on design for testability (DFT) on chips, which enables the functional and performance test of the chip. The solution proposed can effectively use the resources within the FPGA to provide additional test channels. Furthermore, the round-robin data transmission mode can also support test vectors of any length and it can satisfy different types of chip test projects through the dynamic configuration of each test channel. The experiment successfully tested a digital signal processor (DSP) chip with 72 scan test pins (theoretically supporting 160 test pins). Compared to our previous work, the work in this paper increases the number of test channels by four times while reducing resource utilization per channel by 37.5%, demonstrating good scalability and versatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adaptability of living organisms to dynamically adjust their biological behavior in response to fluctuating surroundings is a prerequisite for their evolutionary success. However, artificially‐synthesized materials, especially semiconductors, have not been able to replicate such adaptability due to their inherent physical rigidity and lack of intrinsic structural responsiveness to external stimuli. Herein, an adaptive structural evolution in group‐III‐nitride semiconductors is demonstrated by constructing an AlGaN‐nanowire/Ni(OH)2 symbiotic‐system, resulting in self‐improved optoelectronic characteristics. The mutualistic interplay between AlGaN and Ni(OH)2 nanostructure leads to the adaptive evolution of crystalline‐facets of AlGaN‐nanowires, along with self‐optimization of Ni(OH)2 nanocrystals upon photon‐irradiation during its operation. Specifically, the nanowire‐surfaces dynamically evolve during Ni(OH)2 photo‐deposition, removing the (0001¯$\bar{1}$) plane while exposing the (101¯1¯$\bar{1}\bar{1}$), which facilitates carrier transport at AlGaN/Ni(OH)2 interface. Moreover, light‐induced electrons generated from AlGaN‐nanowires then partially reduce Ni2+ ions in the Ni(OH)2 nanostructure into Ni0 nanometals, which further boosts the proton reduction thermodynamics, generating an unusual self‐improving photocurrent from −59.6 to −101.6 µA cm−2. Such a "symbiotic system," which is barely observed in conventional semiconductors, provides a promising avenue toward realizing smart adaptive semiconductors that are capable of dynamic structural evolution to fully unleash their potential for emerging optoelectronic and artificial‐photocatalysis applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the security and privacy of audio data stored in third party servers, a novel watermarking scheme is proposed. Firstly, the authors split the host signal into frames and scramble each frame to get the encrypted signal. Secondly, they generate watermark bits by using the frame number and embed them into each frame of the encrypted signal, which is the data that will be uploaded to the third party servers. For the users, they can download the encrypted data and verify the data is intact or not. If the data is intact, the users decrypt the data to get the audio signal. If the audio signal is attacked in the process of transmission, they can also locate the location of the attacked frame. The experimental results show that the method proposed is effective not only for encrypted signals, but also for the encrypted signals after decryption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrier diffusion properties, including the diffusion length, diffusion coefficient, and carrier lifetime are important for photonic devices. In nitride semiconductors, there are many microscopic structures, which have a strong influence on carrier diffusion. In this paper, a method based on the photo-assisted Kelvin-probe force microscope and the confocal time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum at the same position is developed to map simultaneously the topography and the nanoscale vertical carrier diffusion on the semiconductor surface. On the surface without any dislocations, the hole diffusion length and diffusion coefficient are 161 ± 8 nm and 1.6 ± 0.2 cm2/s, respectively. Near the termination of the dislocation loops on the surface, it can be clearly seen that the diffusion length and diffusion coefficient gradually drop to about 13 ± 5 nm and 0.02 ± 0.01 cm2/s with a spatial resolution of about 100 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide catalysts' performance depends on their crystal structure, including the surface arrangement and coordination of metal cations and oxygen anions on the exposed facets. Here, we fabricated Co3O4 nanocrystals (NCs) with predominantly exposed (110), (111), (112), and (114) facets in the shapes of nanorod (Co-R), hexagonal nanoplate (Co-H), nanolaminar (Co-L), and nanoparticle (Co-P), respectively. The Co3O4 NC with exposed (114) high-index facet exhibits the highest 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) electrocatalytic activity, while the Co3O4 NC with exposed (112) shows the lowest activity. Both density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments reveal that the primary factor impacting the catalytic performance of Co3O4 NCs is the difference in HMF adsorption energy on various crystal facets. By doping Cr into Co3O4 (114), we tuned the adsorption energy of HMF to an optimal level, thereby achieving the best catalytic performance. Based on this, the adsorption behavior of other aldehyde–alcohol organic small molecules was also evaluated, and the linear relationship between adsorption strength and catalytic activity was confirmed. This work demonstrates that adjusting the exposed crystal facets of Co3O4 can alter the adsorption and catalytic capabilities of aldehyde–alcohol organic small molecules. It also provides explicit knowledge that could improve our understanding of facet-dependent reactions for other metal oxide catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the mouse testis, Sertoli cells rapidly divide during a narrow window of time pre‐pubertally and differentiate thereafter. The number of Sertoli cells determines the testis size and germ cell‐carrying capacity. Follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) binds its cognate FSH‐receptors expressed on Sertoli cells and acts as a mitogen to regulate their proliferation. Fshb−/− mutant adult male mice have reduced Sertoli cell number and testis size and reduced sperm number and motility. However, FSH‐responsive genes in early postnatal mouse Sertoli cells are unknown. Objectives: To identify FSH‐responsive genes in early postnatal mouse Sertoli cells. Materials and methods: A fluorescence‐activated cell sorting method was developed to rapidly purify Sertoli cells from control and Fshb−/− mice carrying a Sox9 GfpKI allele. These pure Sertoli cells were used for large‐scale gene expression analyses. Results: We show that mouse Sertoli cells rarely divide beyond postnatal day 7. Our in vivo BrdU labeling studies indicate loss of FSH results in a 30% reduction in Sertoli cell proliferation in mice at 5 days of age. Flowsorted GFP+ Sertoli cells with maximal Fshr expression were 97%‐98% pure and mostly devoid of Leydig and germ cells as assessed by Taqman qPCR quantification of gene expression and immunolabeling of the corresponding cell‐specific markers. Large‐scale gene expression analysis identified several differentially regulated genes in flow‐sorted GFP+ Sertoli cells obtained from testis of control and Fshb−/− mice at 5 days of age. The top 25 networks identified by pathway analysis include those related to the cell cycle, cell survival and most importantly, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and molecular transport. Discussion: Several of the FSH‐responsive genes identified in this study could serve as useful markers for Sertoli cell proliferation in normal physiology, toxicant‐induced Sertoli cell/testis injury, and other pathological conditions. Conclusion: Our studies reveal that FSH‐regulates macromolecular metabolism and molecular transport networks of genes in early postnatal Sertoli cells most likely in preparation for establishment of functional associations with germ cells to successfully coordinate spermatogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]