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Purpose: The objective of this systematic review was to describe the prevalence and magnitude of response shift effects, for different response shift methods, populations, study designs, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROM)s. Methods: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, Social Science Citation Index, and Dissertations & Theses Global to identify longitudinal quantitative studies that examined response shift using PROMs, published before 2021. The magnitude of each response shift effect (effect sizes, R-squared or percentage of respondents with response shift) was ascertained based on reported statistical information or as stated in the manuscript. Prevalence and magnitudes of response shift effects were summarized at two levels of analysis (study and effect levels), for recalibration and reprioritization/reconceptualization separately, and for different response shift methods, and population, study design, and PROM characteristics. Analyses were conducted twice: (a) including all studies and samples, and (b) including only unrelated studies and independent samples. Results: Of the 150 included studies, 130 (86.7%) detected response shift effects. Of the 4868 effects investigated, 793 (16.3%) revealed response shift. Effect sizes could be determined for 105 (70.0%) of the studies for a total of 1130 effects, of which 537 (47.5%) resulted in detection of response shift. Whereas effect sizes varied widely, most median recalibration effect sizes (Cohen's d) were between 0.20 and 0.30 and median reprioritization/reconceptualization effect sizes rarely exceeded 0.15, across the characteristics. Similar results were obtained from unrelated studies. Conclusion: The results draw attention to the need to focus on understanding variability in response shift results: Who experience response shifts, to what extent, and under which circumstances? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to assess the reliability and validity of single‐item global ratings (GR) of satisfaction with epilepsy surgery. Methods: We recruited 240 patients from four centers in Canada and Sweden who underwent epilepsy surgery ≥1 year earlier. Participants completed a validated questionnaire on satisfaction with epilepsy surgery (the ESSQ‐19), plus a single‐item GR of satisfaction with epilepsy surgery twice, 4–6 weeks apart. They also completed validated questionnaires on quality of life, depression, health state utilities, epilepsy severity and disability, medical treatment satisfaction and social desirability. Test‐retest reliability of the GR was assessed with the intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct and criterion validity were examined with polyserial correlations between the GR measure of satisfaction and validated questionnaires and with the ESSQ‐19 summary score. Non‐parametric rank tests evaluated levels of satisfaction, and ROC analysis assessed the ability of GRs to distinguish among clinically different patient groups. Results: Median age and time since surgery were 42 years (IQR 32–54) and 5 years (IQR 2–8), respectively. The GR demonstrated good to excellent test‐retest reliability (ICC = 0.76; 95% CI 0.67–0.84) and criterion validity (0.85; 95% CI 0.81–0.89), and moderate correlations in the expected direction with instruments assessing quality of life (0.59; 95% CI 0.51–0.63), health utilities (0.55; 95% CI 0.45–0.65), disability (−0.51; 95% CI −0.41, −0.61), depression (−0.48; 95% CI −0.38, −0.58), and epilepsy severity (−0.48; 95% CI −0.38, −0.58). As expected, correlations were lower for social desirability (0.40; 95% CI 0.28–0.52) and medical treatment satisfaction (0.33; 95% CI 0.21–0.45). The GR distinguished participants who were seizure‐free (AUC 0.75; 95% CI 0.67–0.82), depressed (AUC 0.75; 95% CI 0.67–0.83), and self‐rated as having more severe epilepsy (AUC 0.78; 95% CI 0.71–0.85) and being more disabled (AUC 0.82; 95% CI 0.74–0.90). Significance: The GR of epilepsy surgery satisfaction showed good measurement properties, distinguished among clinically different patient groups, and appears well‐suited for use in clinical practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The relationship between antiseizure medications (ASMs), which improve health outcomes by controlling seizures, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) is poorly understood and may involve intermediate variables. We evaluated the potential mediators of the association between ASMs and HRQOL. Methods: Data are from an outpatient registry of adult patients with epilepsy seen at the Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Quality of life was measured using the 10‐item Quality of Life in Epilepsy, and depression was measured using the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy. Propensity score matching was used to adjust for covariate imbalance between patients who received a single ASM (monotherapy) and those who received two or more ASMs (polytherapy) due to confounding. Mediation analysis was used to estimate the mediating effects of depression and ASM side effects on the association between patients' ASM polytherapy and HRQOL. Results: Of 778 patients included in this analysis, 274 (35.2%) were on two or more ASMs. Patient‐reported depression and ASM side effects jointly mediated the association between ASMs and HRQOL; these mediators accounted for 42% of the total average effect of ASM polytherapy (β = −13.6, 95% confidence interval = −18.2 to −8.6) on HRQOL. Significance: These findings highlight the importance of managing depression and ASM side effects for improving health outcomes of patients requiring treatment with ASMs. Intervention programs aimed at improving HRQOL of patients with epilepsy need to target these potential mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used widely to elicit patient's self‐appraisal of their health status and quality of life. One fundamental assumption when measuring PROMs is that all individuals interpret questions about their health status in a consistent manner. However, subgroups of patients with a similar health condition may respond differently to PROM questions (ie, differential item functioning [DIF]), leading to biased estimates of group differences on PROM scores. Understanding these differences can help inform the clinical interpretation of PROMs. This study examined whether DIF affects 10‐item Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE10) scores reported by patients with epilepsy in outpatient clinics. Methods: Data were from the Calgary Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, a prospective registry of patients with epilepsy in Calgary, Alberta. Latent variable mixture models (LVMMs) based on standard two‐parameter graded response models with increasing numbers of latent classes were applied to QOLIE10 item data. Model fit was assessed using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and latent class model entropy. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify QOLIE10 items that exhibited DIF. Results: In this cohort of 1143 patients, 567 (49.6%) were female and the median age was 37.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 27.0) years. A two‐class LVMM, which provided the best fit to the data, identified two subgroups of patients with different response patterns to QOLIE10 items, with class proportions of 0.62 and 0.38. The two subgroups differed with respect to antiseizure polytherapy, reported medication side effects, frequency of seizures, and psychiatric comorbidities. QOLIE10 items on the physical and psychological side effects of medication exhibited large DIF effects. Significance: Our study revealed two different response patterns to quality‐of‐life instruments, suggesting heterogeneity in how patients interpret some of the questions. Researchers and users of PROMs in epilepsy need to consider the differential interpretation of items for various instruments to ensure valid understanding and comparisons of PROM scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The 19‐item Epilepsy Surgery Satisfaction Questionnaire (ESSQ‐19) is a validated and reliable post hoc means of assessing patient satisfaction with epilepsy surgery. Prediction models building on these data can be used to counsel patients. Methods: The ESSQ‐19 was derived and validated on 229 patients recruited from Canada and Sweden. We isolated 201 (88%) patients with complete clinical data for this analysis. These patients were adults (≥18 years old) who underwent epilepsy surgery 1 year or more prior to answering the questionnaire. We extracted each patient's ESSQ‐19 score (scale is 0–100; 100 represents complete satisfaction) and relevant clinical variables that were standardized prior to the analysis. We used machine learning (linear kernel support vector regression [SVR]) to predict satisfaction and assessed performance using the R2 calculated following threefold cross‐validation. Model parameters were ranked to infer the importance of each clinical variable to overall satisfaction with epilepsy surgery. Results: Median age was 41 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 32–53), and 116 (57%) were female. Median ESSQ‐19 global score was 68 (IQR = 59–75), and median time from surgery was 5.4 years (IQR = 2.0–8.9). Linear kernel SVR performed well following threefold cross‐validation, with an R2 of.44 (95% confidence interval =.36–.52). Increasing satisfaction was associated with postoperative self‐perceived quality of life, seizure freedom, and reductions in antiseizure medications. Self‐perceived epilepsy disability, age, and increasing frequency of seizures that impair awareness were associated with reduced satisfaction. Significance: Machine learning applied postoperatively to the ESSQ‐19 can be used to predict surgical satisfaction. This algorithm, once externally validated, can be used in clinical settings by fixing immutable clinical characteristics and adjusting hypothesized postoperative variables, to counsel patients at an individual level on how satisfied they will be with differing surgical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: No validated tools exist to assess satisfaction with epilepsy surgery. We aimed to develop and validate a new measure of patient satisfaction with epilepsy surgery, the 19‐item Epilepsy Surgery Satisfaction Questionnaire (ESSQ‐19). Methods: An initial 31‐item measure was developed based on literature review, patient focus groups, thematic analysis, and Delphi panels. The questionnaire was administered twice, 4‐6 weeks apart, to 229 adults (≥18 years old) who underwent epilepsy surgery ≥1 year earlier, at three centers in Canada and one in Sweden. Participants also completed seven validated questionnaires to assess construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed the factorial structure of the questionnaire. Cronbach alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) assessed the internal consistency and test‐retest reliability of the ESSQ‐19. Spearman and polyserial correlations assessed construct validity. Results: Median age of participants and time since surgery were 42 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 32‐54) and 5 years (IQR = 2‐8.75), respectively. EFA and CFA yielded 18 items that segregated into four domains (mean score [SD]), namely, seizure control (76.4 [25]), psychosocial functioning (67.3 [26]), surgical complications (84 [22]), and recovery from surgery (73 [24]), one global satisfaction item, and a summary global score (74 [21]). The domain and summary scores demonstrated good to excellent internal reliability (Cronbach ⍺ range =.84‐.95) and test‐retest reliability (ICC range = 0.71‐0.85). Construct validity was supported by predicted correlations with other instruments. Significance: The ESSQ‐19 is a new, valid, and reliable measure of patient satisfaction with epilepsy surgery that can be used in clinical and research settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) is a widely-used patient-reported outcomes measure in patients with heart disease. This study assesses the validity and reliability of the SAQ in a Canadian cohort of individuals with stable angina.Methods and Results: Data are from the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) registry, a population-based registry of patients who received cardiac catheterization in Alberta, Canada. The cohort consists of 4052 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for stable angina and completed the SAQ within 2 weeks. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the factorial structure of the SAQ. Internal and test-retest reliabilities of a new measure (i.e., SAQ-CAN) was measured using Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. CFA model fit was assessed using the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and comparative fit index (CFI). Construct validity of the SAQ-CAN was assessed in relation to Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS), Euro Quality of life 5 dimension (EQ5D), and original SAQ. Of the 4052 patients included in this analysis, 3281 (80.97%) were younger than 75 years old, while 3239 (79.94%) were male. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a four-factorial structure consisting of 16 items that provided a better fit to the data (RMSEA = 0.049 [90% CI = (0.047, 0.052)]; CFI = 0.975). The 16-item SAQ demonstrated good to excellent internal reliability (Cronbach's α range from 0.77 to 0.90), moderate to strong correlation with the Original SAQ and EQ5D but negligible correlations with HADS.Conclusion: The SAQ-CAN has acceptable psychometric properties that are comparable to the original SAQ. We recommend its use for assessing coronary health outcomes in Canadian patients with Coronary Artery Disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]