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Background: Functional bowel and bladder disorders are prevalent among children. The impact of assisted infant toilet training on the prevalence of childhood bowel and bladder disorders has not previously been investigated. As self-reported bowel and bladder symptoms can be unreliable, robust tools are essential to evaluate interventions. The ROME Foundation offers diagnostic criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders, while the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) provides definitions for functional bladder disorders. Our research group has launched the BABITT study, a two-armed intervention study to investigate whether assisted infant toilet training reduces the prevalence of functional bowel and bladder disorders. Aim: To construct a questionnaire, assessing bowel and bladder function in children introduced to infant toilet training and to evaluate content validity as well as feasibility. Methods: In three consecutive steps, a web-based questionnaire was developed. In Step 1, the questionnaire was outlined based on literature review and consensus panel discussions. In Step 2, the questionnaire was validated regarding relevance and simplicity by the content validity index (CVI) method. In Step 3, a pilot phase allowed for assessment of feasibility in the clinical study setting. Results: In Step 1, the Rome criteria and ICCS frameworks were selected for primary outcomes. After the final assessment round in Step 2, the i-CVI ranged from 0.88-1.00 in most items, in all domains, for both relevance and simplicity. Generally lower scores on simplicity emphasized revisions of this aspect of the items. In the pilot phase Step 3, respondent burden was analysed and feasibility assessed. The response rate at the 2-months questionnaire was 95% and acceptability of the intervention was satisfactory. Conclusion: A web- based questionnaire for assessment of parent-reported bladder and bowel function in children who are introduced to infant toilet training w

Bakgrund: Flera organisationer runt om i Sverige använder sig idag av en prestationsbaserad lön för att motivera sina anställda att prestera bättre. I dagens samhälle har en rättvis lön blivit ett allt mer relevant område då priserna på livsmedel, drivmedel, el samt räntor har stigit markant. Inom Human Resources är det viktigt att veta hur de anställda motiveras för att de ska prestera i arbetet. Tidigare forskare har konstaterat att det finns en påverkan på individers motivation samt prestation när det kommer till prestationsbaserad lön. Det finns däremot en avsaknad av forskning som belyser hur motivationen och prestationen påverkas hos individer i en organisation som använder sig av ett löneupplägg med dels fast lön samt dels prestationsbaserad lön. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att förklara hur prestationsbaserad lön samt fast lön kan påverka motivationen hos individer i en organisation som använder sig av båda löneuppläggen samt huruvida detta kan bidra till klyftor inom en organisation i Sverige. Metod: Studien har ett konstruktionistiskt och objektivt förhållningssätt samt en deduktiv forskningsansats. Forskningen har sin grund i två centrala teorier som är SDT samt Agency theory. Studien har vidare en kvantitativ forskningsdesign som baseras på en fallstudie. Insamlingen av empirin har samlats in med hjälp av en kvantitativ enkät, där vi har samlat svar från 72 respondenter. Svaren från enkäten analyseras sedan med tre olika analysmetoder i statistikverktyget SPSS. Slutsats: Studiens resultat förklarar att i en organisation som använder sig av dels en prestationsbaserad lön och dels en fast lön kan detta bidra till att de anställda med fast lön upplever en orättvisa kring lön samt bonusar inom organisationen. Detta i sin tur leder till minskad inre motivation hos dessa anställda. Resultatet förklarar även att den yttre motivationen hos dem med prestationsbaserad lön är högre. Det finns dock ingen tydlig indikation på att detta bidrar till klyftor inom organi, Background: Several organizations around Sweden today use a performance-based salary to motivate their employees to perform better. In today's society, a fair wage has become an increasingly relevant area as the prices of food, fuel, electricity and interest rates have risen significantly. Within Human Resources, it is important to know how employees are motivated to perform at work. Previous researchers have established that there is an impact on individuals' motivation and performance when it comes to performance-based pay. There is, on the other hand, a lack of research that sheds light on how motivation and performance are affected in individuals in an organization that uses a pay structure with part fixed pay and part performance-based pay. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explain how performance-based salary and fixed salary can affect the motivation of individuals in an organization that uses both salary arrangements and whether this can contribute to gaps within an organization in Sweden. Method: The study has a constructionist and objective approach and a deductive research approach. The research has its basis in two central theories which are SDT and Agency theory. The study also has a quantitative research design based on a case study. The collection of empirical evidence has been collected using a quantitative survey, where we have collected answers from 72 respondents. The answers from the survey are then analyzed with three different analysis methods in the statistical tool SPSS. Results: The results of the study explain that in an organization that uses partly a performance-based salary and partly a fixed salary, this can contribute to the employees with a fixed salary experiencing an injustice regarding salary and bonuses within the organization. This in turn leads to reduced internal motivation among these employees. The result also explains that the extrinsic motivation of those with performance-based pay is higher. However, there is no clea

Detta är en småskalig studie inom speciallärarprogrammet, inriktning mot utvecklingsstörning. Studiens syfte var att belysa speciallärares beskrivningar av planering och utförande av undervisning inom grundsärskola och gymnasiesärskola. Särskild uppmärksamhet gavs erfarna framgångsfaktorer samt undervisning i sexualitet, samtycke och relationer. Studien baserades på intervjuer av elva informanter från olika delar av Sverige. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats med kvantitativa inslag. Data analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys och resultaten analyserades och diskuterades från en sociokulturell referensram och teori. Fyra huvudteman och åtta underteman analyserades fram i resultatet. De kan sammanfattas i att speciallärarna ser ett relationellt förhållningssätt och social färdighetsträning som framgångsfaktorer för den generella och specifika undervisningen. Speciallärarna beskriver också att eleven är utgångspunkten i såväl undervisning som i de anpassningar som görs inom ramen för undervisning. Resultatet visar också att det förekommer vissa skillnader mellan generell undervisning och undervisning specifikt inom kunskapsområdet sexualitet, samtycke och relationer, bland annat genom att den sist nämnda kan ske i könsindelade grupper och med externa undervisare. En slutsats utifrån resultatet är att undervisning om sexualitet, samtycke och relationer behöver diskuteras mer inom grundsärskola och gymnasiesärskola.

We propose a new method for the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from post-consumer cotton textiles through surface functionalization followed by mechanical treatment. Cotton-based textiles were esterified using an 85 wt% solution of citric acid at 100 °C, then further fibrillated in a microfluidizer. The final product, citrated cellulose nanocrystals (CitCNCs), was a dispersion of needle-like nanoparticles with high crystallinity. Up to 78 wt% of the cotton fabric was converted to CitCNCs that exhibited higher yields and a higher surface group content than CNCs extracted through H2SO4 hydrolysis, although CitCNCs showed a broader size distribution and decreased thermal stability. Experimental data supported by DFT calculations showed that the carboxyl groups on the CitCNC surface are bonded to cellulose by mono or diester linkages. An early-stage life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental impact of using discarded textiles as a source of cellulose and analyze the environmental performance of the production of CitCNCs. Our work showed a significant reduction in the environmental burden of CNC extraction using post-consumer cotton instead of wood pulp, making clothing a good feedstock. The environmental impact of CitCNC production was mainly dominated by citric acid. As a proof of concept, around 58 wt% of the citric acid was recovered through evaporation and subsequent crystallization, which could reduce climate impact by 40%. With this work, we introduce a catalyst-free route to valorize textiles with the extraction of CitCNCs and how conducting LCA in laboratory-scale processes might guide future development and optimization.

The use of Policy Lab processes has been growing in Sweden and other countries to accelerate the adaptation of regulations to emerging technologies. Policy Lab facilitates active collaboration between relevant authorities, companies, and stakeholders through interactive and iterative methods based on Design Thinking principles. This approach bridges the gap between the legislative domain responsible for developing regulatory frameworks and the innovative companies that create solutions for emerging markets using new technologies and opportunities. In our study, we applied Policy Lab processes to the EU Taxonomy Regulation to identify challenges and opportunities related to chemical safety and usage for manufacturers of complex products. The EU Taxonomy Regulation, along with its delegated acts, represent a serious effort to establish standardized sustainability reporting within EU. However, it is still in its early stages and lacks maturity. Moreover, certain ambiguities within the regulation currently prevent a comprehensive comparison of companies due to the development of other legislations. Addressing these gaps depends on the future development of, for example, REACH. Our conclusion is that the EU Taxonomy Regulation is part of a larger “movement” that reflects the policymakers’ intentions. This intention also includes increased data sharing at a significantly different level compared to current practices. In the long run, the shift will enable authorities to access the data and develop new legislations. Our specific focus was on the objective of pollution prevention and control regarding the use and presence of hazardous substances listed in Appendix C of the EU Taxonomy Regulation. According to Appendix C, activities must not lead to the manufacture, placing on the market or use of listed substances, whether on their own, in mixture or in articles. Regarding listed substances, reference is made to existing EU legislation that regulates hazardous substances wi