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In this paper we describe the analysis, planning, design, development, implementation and evaluation of a new online Graduate Certificate in Genomic Counselling and Variant Interpretation (GCGCVI) at The University of British Columbia (UBC). Genetic counselling is now a prerequisite for diagnostic genomic testing in many countries, demanding that genetic counselling practitioners have up‐to‐the‐moment genomic counselling skills and knowledge. Current practitioners reported a desire for more training in this rapidly developing field: our international survey revealed substantial interest in online continuing education addressing themes such as testing and clinical bioinformatics, applied variant interpretation, evidence‐based genomic counselling, and other emerging genomic topics. However, our market analysis found no post‐graduate program globally that offered such training. To fill this gap, our oversight team of genetic counsellors and geneticists therefore guided development of curriculum and materials, and online learning specialists developed rigorous interactive asynchronous online graduate courses through collaboration with subject matter experts, following best practices in online learning design. Since launch in September 2020, we have gathered learner feedback using surveys and focus groups, and we have used learning analytics to understand how learners engaged with each other and with course materials. Together, these have helped us understand learner behaviour and guide the continuous process of design improvement to support the learning goals of this audience of professional learners. Our courses have been reviewed and approved by the UBC Faculty of Medicine, UBC Senate, and the Province of British Columbia Ministries of Advanced Education and Health, and assessed by the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC, USA) and the Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors (CAGC) to enable learners to receive North American continuing education credits. To date, 151 individuals from 18 countries have succeeded in one or more course and 43 have completed the entire certificate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide sequencing (exome and whole genome) has transformed our ability to diagnose patients with suspected genetic disorders. Cerebral palsy (CP), although historically thought to be due to birth injury (perinatal hypoxia), represents a clinical spectrum of disorders, many of which have been attributed to a genetic cause. GWS has elucidated the underlying single gene cause for many patients with CP and has important implications for the customization of treatment, management, and genetic counseling. International guidelines recommend genetic counseling for all families considering genome-wide sequencing. Genetic counselors educate and support families and help them to make testing decisions based on their values. They can help families adapt to, and understand the implications of a genomic diagnosis. Here, we review advances in sequencing for CP, clinical features suggestive of a genetic etiology of CP, practice guidelines for GWS, and a practical approach to the genetic counseling of these families. This includes: the content to be addressed in pre-test and post-test genetic counseling sessions, the benefits of a establishing a genetic cause and importantly, the need for ongoing support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is a strong maternal parent-of-origin effect in determining susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). One hypothesis is that an abnormal intrauterine milieu leading to impaired fetal development could plausibly also result in increased susceptibility to MS. A possible marker for this intrauterine insult is the presence of a non-fatal congenital anomaly. Methods We investigated whether or not congenital anomalies are associated with MS in a population-based cohort. We identified 7063 MS index cases and 2655 spousal controls with congenital anomaly information from the Canadian Collaborative Project on Genetic Susceptibility to MS (CCPGSMS). Results The frequency of congential anomalies were compared between index cases and controls. No significant differences were found. Conclusions Congenital anomalies thus do not appear to be associated with MS. However, we did not have complete data on types and severity of congenital anomalies or on maternal birth history and thus this study should be regarded as preliminary.

Objective: Outcomes from in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intrauterine insemination (ICSI) cycles for patients who underwent preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic/single gene (PGT-M) and structural chromosome rearrangements (PGT-SR) patients were reviewed. Patients pursuing PGT-M and PGT-SR often do not have pre-existing fertility issues and therefore may have uncertain expectations of successful outcomes. Before pursuing PGT-M and PGT-SR, patients require evidence-based counseling regarding the probability of having a healthy child.Method: Retrospective review from a single private IVF clinic of 73 PGT patients, from whom a total of 437 blastocysts were biopsied and screened. Embryo results and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed.Results: Of the 45 PGT-M patients, 64.4% had at least one euploid unaffected embryo. The cumulative pregnancy rate for patients who had embryo transfers in this group was 89.7%, with an ongoing pregnancy or delivery rate of 48.9%. For the 28 PGT-SR patients, 60.7% had at least one euploid unaffected embryo. The cumulative pregnancy rate for patients who had embryo transfers in this group was 87.5%, with an ongoing pregnancy or delivery rate of 42.9%.Conclusion: This information can supplement the existing data in the literature to counsel new patients in terms of realistic expectations of success following PGT-M and PGT-SR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which investigates the prevalence and genetic risk factors of multiple sclerosis (MS) among Iranian immigrants to British Columbia. Topics include the collection of blood samples for serological analyses and used questionnaire, the characteristics and causes of MS, and cases of MS patients with smoking history.

Background: Genetic and environmental factors have important roles in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility. A clear parent-of-origin effect has been shown in several populations. Advanced maternal age has been shown to be associated with adverse outcomes in offspring including chromosomal abnormalities. Advanced paternal age is associated with a number of adult onset disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In a population-based Canadian cohort, we investigated whether there is any difference in parental age at birth for MS index cases compared to spouse controls. Methods: Using the longitudinal Canadian database, we identified 5,681 MS index cases and 1,249 spouse controls with complete information on parental dates of birth, thereby allowing a calculation of the maternal and paternal ages at the birth of their children (MS index cases and spouse controls). Results: No significant difference in maternal or paternal age at birth was found (average MS index case maternal age at birth = 27.3 years, average spouse control maternal age at birth = 27.0 years, p = 0.13; average MS index case paternal age at birth = 30.7 years, average spouse control paternal age at birth = 30.2 years, p = 0.37). Conclusions: Parental age at birth is not associated with susceptibility to MS. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a strong maternal parent-of-origin effect in determining susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). One hypothesis is that an abnormal intrauterine milieu leading to impaired fetal development could plausibly also result in increased susceptibility to MS. A possible marker for this intrauterine insult is the presence of a nonfatal congenital anomaly. Methods: We investigated whether or not congenital anomalies are associated with MS in a population-based cohort. We identified 7063 MS index cases and 2655 spousal controls with congenital anomaly information from the Canadian Collaborative Project on Genetic Susceptibility to MS (CCPGSMS). Results: The frequency of congential anomalies were compared between index cases and controls. No significant differences were found. Conclusions: Congenital anomalies thus do not appear to be associated with MS. However, we did not have complete data on types and severity of congenital anomalies or on maternal birth history and thus this study should be regarded as preliminary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological trait. Allelic variation in the MHC class II region exerts the single strongest effect on MS genetic risk. The clinical onset of the disease is extremely variable, and can range from the first to the ninth decade of life. Epidemiological studies have suggested a modest genetic component to the age of onset (AO) of MS. Previous studies have shown that HLA-DRB1*1501 may be associated with a younger AO. Here, we sought to uncover any effect of HLA-DRB1*1501 on the AO of MS in a large Canadian cohort. A total of 1816 MS patients were genotyped for HLA-DRB1. Patients carrying HLA-DRB1*1501 were shown to have a small, but significantly lower, AO than patients without the allele (P=0.03). HLA-DRB1*1501 was also shown to reduce the mean AO in both progressive and relapsing forms of the disease. An investigation of parent-of-origin effects indicated that the lower AO for HLA-DRB1*1501 patients arises from maternally transmitted HLA-DRB1*1501 haplotypes (maternal HLA-DRB1*1501 mean AO=28.4 years, paternal=30.3 years; P=0.009). HLA-DRB1*1501 exerts a modest, but significant effect on the AO of all forms of MS. Parent-of-origin effects at the MHC are further implicated in MS disease pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the chromosome-specific frequencies of mosaicism detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS) compared with constitutional aneuploidy.Design: Retrospective cross-sectional review of NGS results from trophectoderm biopsies analyzed by per-chromosome prevalence of mosaicism and constitutional aneuploidy.Setting: Private fertility clinic.Patient(s): A total of 378 patients who underwent preimplantation genetic screening by NGS for routine clinical indications from February 2016 to April 2017.Intervention(s): None.Main Outcome Measure(s): Aneuploidies and mosaicisms were tabulated per chromosome, and whole-chromosome and segmental mosaicisms were also analyzed.Result(s): NGS results were analyzed from 1,547 blastocysts. Mosaicism was detected as the sole abnormality in 17.5% (n = 270) of samples but were also found in 196/634 aneuploid embryos, so the overall incidence of mosaicism per biopsy was 30.1%. Mosaicism did not statistically vary when stratified by maternal age. The mean rate of overall mosaicism per chromosome was 2.46%. When whole chromosome and segmental mosaicisms were compared, unequal frequencies were found in several chromosomes. Trisomy was more frequently detected as whole-chromosome mosaicism, although monosomy was more frequently seen in segmental mosaicism. Aneuploidy and mosaicism displayed different patterns of distribution in various chromosomes.Conclusion(s): Mosaicism is unequally detected in various chromosomes and appears distinct from the distribution pattern of constitutional aneuploidy. Whole chromosome and segmental mosaicisms are also differentially detected. These results contribute to the study of mosaicism, illuminating a differential pattern of detection across the genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]