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The unified right confirmation and registration of natural resources in sea areas (URCRNRSA) has been considered a key approach to the effective management and sustainable utilization of marine resources. In China, the system of URCRNRSA is insufficient due to the lack of central auditing supervision and public participation. In this study, the mechanism of stakeholder interaction is clarified based on the game relationship among the tripartite of the central government, local governments, and the public. The evolutionary process of tripartite decision-making is simulated with an evolutionary game model. On this basis, the strategic choices of the tripartite were analyzed in the four evolutionary scenarios of high-quality URCRNRSA. It was demonstrated that the tripartite could jointly affect the URCRNRSA through cooperation-constraint, principal-agent, and incentive-compatibility relationships. The most effective, realistic, and feasible URCRNRSA strategy was the trinity system with local government high-quality rights confirming, the central government auditing as a hard constraint and the public participating as a soft constraint. The main influencing factors for the tripartite to make different strategy selections were clarified through parameter sensitivity analysis, including cost, benefit, reward, and punishment. Accordingly, the policy recommendations were put forward to ensure the stable and efficient implementation of the URCRNRSA in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green port research integrates numerous theoretical and empirical studies of topics of important concern over the years, involving comprehensive scientific analyses. Learning about the global evolution of research on green ports can improve the understanding and evaluation of green ports by scholars and practitioners. In this paper, a total of 1051 papers from the Web of Science core collection for the period during 1992–2021 are collected as sample data. Based on the database, an analysis is conducted with CiteSpace software to map the knowledge regarding the field of green ports and explore the current research trends; the cooperation networks among countries (regions), institutions, and authors; and the evolution and mutation of keywords. The results indicate that the overall number of green port papers has increased over time. The countries with the highest numbers of papers published and the greatest influence are China and the United States, respectively. Additionally, the cooperative networks among authors, institutions, and countries are not mature enough and need to be strengthened further. Existing studies focus on the environmental impacts, evaluation, and construction of green ports. Recent trends indicate that researchers have become increasingly focused on reducing emissions, optimizing operations, evaluating policies, and identifying post-pandemic health issues associated with green ports. This study contributes to knowledge by assessing the state of the most significant studies published in the field of green port research, and the results contribute to a better understanding of green port research, which can further provide directions for the sustainable development of green ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new 2,5-diketopiperazines, speramide C (1), 3,21- epi -taichunamide F (2), and 2- epi -amoenamide C (3), along with four known analogs (4 – 7), were obtained from the sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum GDST-2013-0501 collected from the South China Sea. The chemical structures of new compounds were elucidated by analyzing NMR and MS spectroscopy data, and their absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound 1 represents the first prenylated indole alkaloid with an ethylene oxide ring at the isopentenyl side chain. Compound 4 displayed DNA topoisomerase I inhibitory activity and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The low cytotoxic or non-cytotoxic compound 4 displayed DNA topoisomerase I inhibitory activity, which could provide a starting point for the development of antitumor agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soft coral-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum (XS-20090075) was found to be a potential strain to produce substantial new compounds in our previous study. In order to explore its potential to produce more metabolites, chemical epigenetic manipulation was used on this fungus to wake its sleeping genes, leading to the significant changes of its secondary metabolites by using a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. The most obvious difference was the original main products harziane diterpenoids were changed into cyclonerane sesquiterpenoids. Three new terpenoids were isolated from the fungal culture treated with 10 μM sodium butyrate, including cleistanthane diterpenoid, harzianolic acid A (1), harziane diterpenoid, harzianone E (2), and cyclonerane sesquiterpenoid, 3,7,11-trihydroxy-cycloneran (3), together with 11 known sesquiterpenoids (4 – 14). The absolute configurations of 1 – 3 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, ECD and OR calculations, and biogenetic considerations. This was the first time to obtain cleistanthane diterpenoid and africane sesquiterpenoid from genus Trichoderma , and this was the first chlorinated cleistanthane diterpenoid. These results demonstrated that the chemical epigenetic manipulation should be an efficient technique for the discovery of new secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi. Terpenoids from T. harzianum induced by chemical epigenetic manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epigenetic agents, histone deacetylase inhibitor (SAHA) and DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza), were added to Czapek-Dox medium to trigger the chemical diversity of marine - derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor XS-20090066. By HPLC and 1H NMR analysis, the diversity of fungal secondary metabolites was significantly increased compared with the control. With the aid of MS/MS-based molecular networking, two new nucleoside derivatives, kipukasins K (1) and L (2) were obtained. Meanwhile, the yields of four known nucleoside derivatives were significantly enhanced. In addition, one new bisabolane sesquiterpene, aspergillusene E (7), along with ten known derivatives were also isolated. The structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic methods of NMR and HRESIMS analysis. Compounds 1 and 7 displayed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC values of 8–16 μg/mL. Our study revealed that the fungus A. versicolor XS-20090066 has been effectively induced by chemical epigenetic manipulation with a combination of SAHA and 5-Aza to produce new metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ADSCs could successfully differentiated into Schwann-like cells with various cytokines in vitro. • Schwan-like cells combined with ANA enhanced the functional recovery of the injured nerve. • Schwan-like cells combined with ANA promoted the expression of BDNF, CNTF and NGF in the spinal cord. • Schwan-like cells combined with ANA-induced high expression of NFs repressed the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Schwann cells (SCs) combined with acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) effectively promote the regeneration and repair of peripheral nerves, but the exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated. However, the disadvantages of SCs include their limited source and slow rate of expansion in vitro. Previous studies have found that adipose-derived stem cells have the ability to differentiate into Schwann-like cells. Therefore, we speculated that Schwann-like cells combined with ANAs could profoundly facilitate nerve regeneration and repair. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of regeneration and repair. In this study, tissue-engineered nerves were first constructed by adipose-derived Schwann-like cells and ANAs to bridge missing sciatic nerves. Then, the rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12 per group): a Control group; a Model group; an ADSC group; an SC-L group; and a DMEM group. Twelve weeks postsurgery, behavioral function tests and molecular biological techniques were used to evaluate the function of regenerated nerves and the relevant molecular mechanisms after sciatic nerve injury (SNI). The results showed that adipose-derived Schwann-like cells combined with ANAs markedly promoted sciatic nerve regeneration and repair. These findings also demonstrated that the expression of neurotrophic factors (NFs) was increased, and the expression of Janus activated kinase2 (JAK2)/P-JAK2, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3)/P-STAT3 was decreased in the spinal cord after SNI. Therefore, these results suggested that highly expressed NFs in the spinal cord could promote nerve regeneration and repair by inhibiting activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In recent years, the marine economy of China has experienced rapid growth, and the strategy of marine power also drove the development of the marine economy. The sea is a natural treasure that can provide rich resources. However, excessive consumption of natural resources and pollution problems of the ecological environment continue to become worse due to resource utilization inefficiency and disorderliness. Determining how to protect the environment on the basis of economic development is becoming a focus of attention. Research on the value of marine bioresources has great effects on preparing the balance sheet of resources. Accordingly, the present paper evaluates the value of marine bioresources in Shandong province offshore in 2014 by using the market valuation method, coefficients method, productivity change method, results reference method and contingent valuation method. In 2014, the total economic value of marine bioresources in Shandong province was $47.0533 billion, the direct use value was $9.3872 billion (in which the cultural research value was $0.7587 billion and recreational function value was $2.9413 billion), the indirect use value was $30.3469 billion, and the social value was $7.3192 billion. The indirect use value accounts for the largest proportion (64.49%), the direct use value accounts for 19.95%, far less than the indirect use value, and the social value accounts for a much smaller proportion, only 15.56%. And then the valuation results in the present study were used to analyze the reason for changes of ending value in the marine bioresources balance sheet. Suggestions were also put forward in the end. First, the public's understanding of the economic value of marine bioresources should be strengthened and the protection of marine bioresources should be increased, in order to promote the reasonable utilization of resources. Second, the potential value of cultural research for marine bioresources should be increased. Third, the stock quantity and value of marine bioresources in Shandong province should be evaluated, and a balance sheet of marine bioresources should be set up, in order to scientifically manage and constantly use marine bioresources in Shandong province, and promote the construction of an ecological civilization in China. Highlights • The economic value of marine bio-resources in Shandong offshore area in 2014 was estimated. • How evaluation results can be applied into the preparation of marine bioresources balance sheet was analyzed. • The strategy and measures to utilize and develop the bioresources rationally was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the backdrop of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative, the study on the international development of China’s marine biopharmaceutical industry based on factor allocation is of great practical significance for industrial sustainability and building the industry into a leading international player in the global market. In this paper, we first identify the leading factors that influence the development of the marine biopharmaceutical industry, namely, resources, technologies, talents, investments and policies. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure model of these factors was established and analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The importance ranking of these constraints was identified, as follows: technologies > talents > resources > policies > investments. Then, based on the theory of comparative advantage and game theory, we analyzed the necessity of China’s marine biopharmaceutical industry going global, that is, international cooperation may lay a solid foundation for the win-win outcome of this industry in countries along the Maritime Silk Road. According to the status quo of China’s marine biopharmaceutical industry, based on these findings, an international factor–allocation cooperation path was designed, and the path chart of the international development of the marine biopharmaceutical industry was drawn. Finally, methods for the development of China’s marine biopharmaceutical industry were proposed, which covers efforts to protect marine resources, promote R&D for core technologies, establish a strong talent pool, encourage more investments, provide policy support and promote worldwide cooperation. It is the first report to investigate the path of the sustainable exploitation of the marine biopharmaceutical industry from the perspective of factor allocation amidst the backdrop of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine fishery innovation ability (MFIA) is a powerful engine for China's marine fishery transformation and development under the background of the "new normal" of economy. It is of great significance to scientifically understand the spatial-temporal differentiation and evolution mechanism of MFIA. In this paper, an evaluation indicator system for the MFIA was constructed from four aspects of input, output, environment and potential of innovation. On this basis, the levels and spatial-temporal differentiation of MFIA were examined with panel data from 11 coastal provinces and cities in China during 2009–2019 with entropy method and Dagum Gini coefficient. Furthermore, the characteristics of convergence in three regions of Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pan-Pearl River Delta in China were analyzed with a spatial econometric model. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) The overall level of China's MFIA was low with large spatial differences among 11 coastal provinces and cities. (2) The main source of overall regional difference was intensity of transvariation even though the overall regional difference was in a state of fluctuation. The sources of overall regional difference from large to small were intensity of transvariation, intra-regional differences and inter-regional differences. (3) There were characteristics of absolute and conditional β convergences in 11 provinces and cities and in the three regions of China. From the national perspective, the important factors promoting the convergence of MFIA were the economic development level, education funds, foreign trade competitiveness and the financial development level. The influence of basic conditions of marine fisheries and the marketization level on the convergence of MFIA was not obvious. The number of aquatic technology promotion institutions exhibited a negative influence on convergence of MFIA. From the regional perspective, the factors that affected the convergence of MFIA differed among the three regions. The research framework and results could provide reference for examining the status quo of differences in MFIA and improving the overall level of MFIA in China. • Marine fishery innovation ability (MFIA) of China was evaluated with the entropy method. • The evaluation indicator system of the MFIA was constructed which including ecological indicators. • Obvious spatial-temporal differences existed in the MFIA of China based on Dagum Gini coefficient. • Spatial econometric model was constructed to analyze the β convergence of the MFIA in China. • There were obvious convergence characteristics in 11 provinces and three regions of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new eunicellin-based diterpenoids, sibogins A (1) and B (2), along with one known analogue (3), and four known 9,10-secosteroids (4–7), were isolated from the gorgonian Muricella sibogae Nutting collected from the South China Sea. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, especially by using 2D NMR spectra. The antifouling activity on barnacle Balanus amphitrite and lethality towards brine shrimp Artemia salina of all the isolated compounds were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four nucleoside derivatives (1–4) were isolated from the fungus Aspergillus versicolor derived from the gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea collected in the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic method of NMR and MS analysis. All isolated metabolites were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity and lethality towards brine shrimp Artemia salina. Compounds 1/2 exhibited selective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis with an MIC value of 12.5 μM. It should be noted that 1 and 2, whose structures were listed in SciFinder Scholar, had no associated reference. This is the first report about their isolation, structure elucidation and biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new 18-oxygenated polyhydroxy steroid, (24S)-ergostan-3β,5α,6β,18,25-pentaol 18,25-diacetate (1), along with five known analogues (2–6), was isolated from a soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from the South China Sea. The structure of the new compound (1) was elucidated by 1D NMR, 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by the application of the modified Mosher's method. The isolated compounds were assayed for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive evaluation of marine functional zoning (MFZ) implementation has aided in further strengthening marine comprehensive management. This evaluation is significant for summarizing the implementation experience, zoning establishment improvement and perfecting the zoning system. In this study, the MFZ evaluation index system, which includes three first-level indicators, 7 s-level indexes, and 23 third-level indexes, was arranged based on the systematic nature and hierarchy of the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) analysis framework involving pressure (P), state (S) and response (R). The Delphi and AHP (analytic hierarchy process) methods were used to determine the weight of each evaluation index. The results revealed that the status index has the greatest weight, indicating that zoning implementation benefits and sea use efficiency are important in the MFZ implementation evaluation standard. Then, the PSR-AHP model was constructed and applied first to MFZ evaluation in China. The MFZ comprehensive evaluation value, calculated using the geometric average method, was 0.79 (medium), which revealed that the zoning implementation achieves the desired objectives. However, MFZ implementation evaluation requires further strengthening. Subsequently, suggestions were made to strengthen the evaluation theories and research methods. Simultaneously, the MFZ evaluation system was established in this paper to provide new ideas for MFZ implementation evaluation and management. Image 1 • The PSR-AHP model was constructed and applied first to MFZ evaluation in China. • The MFZ evaluation system established could provide new ideas for MFZ implementation evaluation and management in future. • The evaluation results objectively reflect the current situation of MFZ implementing in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical epigenetic modification on a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus RA2905 using a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), resulted in a significantly changed metabolic profile. A chemical investigation of its ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract led to the isolation of a racemate of benzyl furanone racemate (±)-1, which further separated chirally as a pair of new enantiomers, (+)- and (−)-asperfuranone (1), together with two new benzyl pyrones, asperpyranones A (2) and B (3). Their structures were elucidated by analysis of the comprehensive spectroscopic data, including one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, and HRESIMS. The absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation and single-crystal X-ray crystallographic experiment. The structures with benzyl furanone or benzyl pyrone skeletons were discovered from natural products for the first time. Compounds (±)-1, (+)-1, (−)-1, and 2 displayed the antifungal activities against Candida albicans with MIC values of 32, 16, 64, and 64 μg/mL and PTP1B inhibitory activities with the IC50 values of 45.79, 17.32, 35.50, and 42.32 μM, respectively. Compound 2 exhibited antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the MIC value of 32 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus terreus has been reported to produce many secondary metabolites that exhibit potential bioactivities, such as antibiotic, hypoglycemic, and lipid-lowering activities. In the present study, two new thiodiketopiperazines, emestrins L (1) and M (2), together with five known analogues (3–7), and five known dihydroisocoumarins (8–12), were obtained from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus RA2905. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of the comprehensive spectroscopic data, including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. This is the first time that the spectroscopic data of compounds 3, 8, and 9 have been reported. Compound 3 displayed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 32 μg/mL) and antifungal activity against Candida albicans (MIC = 32 μg/mL). In addition, compound 3 exhibited an inhibitory effect on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), an important hypoglycemic target, with an inhibitory concentration (IC)50 value of 12.25 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three novel monomeric naphtho-γ-pyrones, peninaphones A–C (compounds 1–3), along with two known bis-naphtho-γ-pyrones (compounds 4 and 5) were isolated from mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived fungus Penicillium sp. HK1-22. The absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 2 were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra, and the structure of compound 3 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 4 and 5 are a pair of hindered rotation isomers. A hypothetical biosynthetic pathway for the isolated monomeric and dimeric naphtho-γ-pyrones is also discussed in this study. Compounds 1–3 showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300, 33591, 29213, and 25923) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 12.5–50 μg/mL. Compound 3 exhibited significant activity against the rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the cooperation network formation theory, a Belt and Road trade cooperation network was constructed from the multi-distances perspective under the backdrop of the Belt and Road initiative. The geographic, factor endowment, cultural, and institutional distances were selected as variables from the aspects of geography, economy, culture, and politics to expand the gravity model. With this model, an empirical test was conducted using the data from China’s export trade flows to Belt and Road countries from 2007 to 2016. The results showed that a Belt and Road country had greater trade flows from China when it had smaller geographic, factor endowment, and cultural distance and greater institutional distance from China. Based on the empirical results, we improved the comprehensive index method to measure the comprehensive distance indices between China and the Belt and Road countries. According to the comprehensive distance indices, these countries could be divided into four cooperation circles, in which the prioritized countries in the different phases were identified. Subsequently, the cooperation network construction was designed in four stages to gradually build an all-round, multi-level, and all-encompassing trade cooperation network between China and the Belt and Road countries. Eventually, based on the above consideration, policy suggestions are provided for the construction of such a network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formula Le-Cao-Shi (LCS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used as folk remedy for treating hepatitis B for a long time. In our previous study, the anti-hepatitis B effects of LCS have been verified. In the present study, the anti-hepatitis B activities of LCS and its three single herbs were investigated in vitro by HepG2.2.15 cellular model, and the mechanisms against hepatitis B were deciphered via network pharmacology and gut microbiota analysis. By network pharmacology method, twelve key compounds that played a vital role in LCS were filtered from 213 ingredients. The targets RORA, CDK2, RELA, AKT1, IKBKG, PRKCβ and CASP3 were directly related to hepatitis B pathway, which indicated that LCS could exert anti-hepatitis B effect by co-regulating cell cycle and inflammatory pathways. The interactions between candidate compounds and target proteins that were directly involved in hepatitis B pathway were validated by molecular docking simulation and RT-PCR. By gut microbiota analysis, it was revealed that LCS could alter the disordered microbial composition in the infected ducks towards normal, especially the restoration of three key strains, namely Streptococcus alactolyticus, Enterococcus cecorum and Bacteroides fragilis. The above findings could provide a scientific basis for further development and utilization of LCS against hepatitis B. [Display omitted] ● LCS-A possessed significant inhibitory effects on HBsAg and HBeAg. ● By network pharmacology, seven potential targets were related to hepatitis B pathway. ● By gut microbiota analysis, LCS could restore three key strains towards normal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three new phenolic bisabolane sesquiterpenoid dimers, disydonols A–C (1–3), and one known compound (S)-(+)-sydonol (4) were isolated from the fermentation broth of a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp., which was isolated from the sponge Xestospongia testudinaria collected from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis including 1D and 2D NMR spectra and HR-ESI-MS. These compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 and Caski human tumour cell lines. Among them, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited cytotoxicity against the two cell lines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Cryptotanshinone was transformed by two marine fungi to provide seven new products. • The products exhibited anti-neuroinflammatory and antibacterial activities. • These results revealed the potential of marine fungi to transform natural products. Structural modification of natural products by biotransformation with fungi is an attractive tool to obtain novel bioactive derivatives. In the present study, cryptotanshinone (1), a quinoid abietane diterpene from traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), was transformed by two marine-derived fungi. By using Cochliobolus lunatus TA26-46, one new oxygenated and rearranged product (2), containing a 5,6-dihydropyrano[4,3- b chromene moiety, together with one known metabolite (10), were obtained from the converted broth of cryptotanshinone (1) with the isolated yields of 1.0% and 2.1%, respectively. While, under the action of Aspergillus terreus RA2905, seven new transformation products (3 – 9) as well as 10 with the fragments of 2-methylpropan-1-ol and oxygenated p -benzoquinone were produced and obtained with the isolated yields of 0.1%–1.3%. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis including High Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (HRESIMS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD). The metabolic pathways of cryptotanshinone by these two fungi were presumed to be the opening and rearrangement of furan ring, and/or oxygenation of cyclohexane ring. Cryptotanshinone (1) and its metabolites displayed anti-inflammatory activities against NO production in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells and antibacterial activities towards methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These findings revealed the potential of marine fungi to transform the structures of natural products by biotransformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two new unsaturated fatty acids (1 – 2) were isolated from the fungus P. javanicum HK1-22. • The relative configuration of 1 was assigned by NOE spectra of the acetonide derivative (1a). • Compound 5 showed significant antifungal activities against four strains of crop pathogens. Two new unsaturated fatty acids, 6 R ,8 R -dihydroxy-9 Z ,12 Z -octadecadienoic acid (1) and methyl-6 R ,8 R -dihydroxy-9 Z ,12 Z -octadecadienoate (2), and two known 9 Z ,12 Z -octadecadienoic acid analogues (3 , 4) together with a known sesquiterpenoid (5) were isolated from the mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived fungus Penicillium javanicum HK1-22. An acetonide derivative (1a) from 1 was also prepared. The relative configuration of 1 was determined by analysis of the 1D and 2D NOE spectra of 1a. The absolute configuration of 1 was assigned on the basis of biogenetic considerations. The antifungal activity of the high yield compound 5 was evaluated against four strains of crop pathogens and it showed significant antifungal activities against all the tested strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]