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Over the years, there has been notable progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment modalities of diabetes and its complications, including the application of metabolomics in the study of diabetes, capturing attention from researchers worldwide. Advanced mass spectrometry, including gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS), etc., has significantly broadened the spectrum of detectable metabolites, even at lower concentrations. Advanced mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool in diabetes research, particularly in the context of metabolomics. By leveraging the precision and sensitivity of advanced mass spectrometry techniques, researchers have unlocked a wealth of information within the metabolome. This technology has enabled the identification and quantification of potential biomarkers associated with diabetes and its complications, providing new ideas and methods for clinical diagnostics and metabolic studies. Moreover, it offers a less invasive, or even non-invasive, means of tracking disease progression, evaluating treatment efficacy, and understanding the underlying metabolic alterations in diabetes. This paper summarizes advanced mass spectrometry for the application of metabolomics in diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic encephalopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic foot ulcers and organizes some of the potential biomarkers of the different complications with the aim of providing ideas and methods for subsequent in-depth metabolic research and searching for new ways of treating the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoS 2 /montmorillonite (MoS 2 /Mt) composite was successfully synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method, and its adsorption performance for two emerging contaminants-atenolol (ATE) and acebutolol (ACE) was researched. The batch experiments revealed that the adsorption process can be described by the Pseudo-second order model and Langmuir model, and the adsorption capacity of MoS 2 /Mt, MoS 2 and Mt for ATE were 132.08 mg/g, 60.68 mg/g and 74.23 mg/g, for ACE were 113.82 mg/g, 33.01 mg/g and 36.05 mg/g, respectively. Besides, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET specific surface area measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were also employed to analyze the adsorption mechanism. Moreover, quantitative molecular surface analysis and weak intermolecular interaction analysis with independent gradient model were combined to probe the microscopic interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. The results indicated the interactions included hydrogen bonding and vdW interaction. Mt and MoS 2 interacted more strongly with ATE than ACE, which revealed the reason MoS 2 /Mt, Mt and MoS 2 possessed higher adsorption capacity for ATE. [Display omitted] • MoS 2 /Mt composite was successfully synthesized. • Compared with MoS 2 and MT, MoS 2 /Mt has better adsorption capacity for ATE and ACE. • Adsorption capacity of MoS 2 /Mt composite for ATE is larger than that for ACE. • The adsorption of ATE and ACE on MoS 2 /Mt was fitted to the Langmuir model. • Interactions of MoS 2 /Mt with ATE or ACE include hydrogen bonding and vdW interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eco-friendly corncob biochar based montmorillonite composite (Cc-Mt) was synthesized for the single adsorption and co-adsorption of lead (Pb(II)) and a pharmaceutical emerging organic contaminant Atenolol (ATE). In single adsorption system, the maximum equilibrium capacity of Cc-Mt for Pb (II) and ATE were 139.78 mg g−1 and 86.86 mg g−1, respectively, but for montmorillonite just 98.69 mg g−1 and 69.68 mg g−1, for corncob biochar just 117.54 mg g−1 and 47.29 mg g−1. Meanwhile,co-adsorption properties of ATE and Pb(II) on Cc-Mt composite were performed and found that the influence of ATE on the adsorption of Pb(II) was greater than the effect of Pb(II) on that of ATE. Moreover, Multiwfn program based on quantum chemical calculation was used to quantitatively analyze electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution, average local ionization energy (ALIE) distribution and their minimum points on neutral ATE and protonated ATE (PATE) molecules to reveal the microscopic adsorption mechanism of Cc-Mt composite to ATE, the results showed that the amino N and amide oxygen atom were easier to provide lone pair of electrons, generating hydrogen bonds or strong electrostatic interactions with functional groups on the surface of Cc-Mt, meanwhile hydroxyl O atom was also a possible reaction site. For PATE molecules, only the oxygen atom of the amide group was the most likely reactive site. Image 1 • Synthesized biochar-montmorillonite composite showed high absorption efficiency of Pb(II) and β-blocker (atenolol). • Coadsorption characteristic of Pb(II) and atenolol onto biochar-montmorillonite composite was studied. • Multiwfn program based on quantum chemical calculation was used to reveal the microscopic adsorption mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel environment-friendly hexadecanoamide propyltrimethy lammonium chloride (NQAS16-3) surfactant with different amounts (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 CEC) was firstly used to modify montmorillonite, and the obtained organomontmorillonite (N-Mt) with the amount of surfactant equal to 1.0 CEC was utilized to adsorb two β-blocker pollutants- Atenolol (ATE) and acebutolol (ACE). The experimental results indicated that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of N-Mt(the organo-montmorillonite that the amount of modifier was 1.0 CEC) for ATE and ACE was 93.47 mg/g and 84.55 mg/g, respectively, which was more than twice that of raw montmorillonite for two pollutants, the adsorption was better fitted with the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherms model, and the adsorption was the spontaneous and exothermic process. Moreover, combining with the Zeta potential values of N-Mt, and with the help of Multiwfn wave function program based on density functional theory (DFT), the electrostatic interaction and the hydrophobic partitioning between N-Mt and two pollutant molecules were verified, p-π/π interaction between NQAS16-3 and ATE (or ACE) may be contributed to the increasing adsorption capacity of N-Mt for two β-blocker pollutants. The work provided novel organomontmorillonite for the removal of non-degradable β-blocker pollutants and the insight of the adsorption mechanism from the atomic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]