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Örgütler değişikliklere uyum sağlayabilmek için ayakta kalabilmenin formülünü aramaktadırlar. İşte bu örgütlerden kendilerini daha hızlı bir şekilde değiştirebilenler yarının örgütleri olarak yaşamlarını sürdürebileceklerdir. Öğrenen örgütler bu hızlı değişimi yakalayabilen ve ihtiyaç duyulan dönüşümleri gerektiği anda gerçekleştirerek kendini yenileyebilen örgütlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı öğrenen örgüt yapısında gerçekleşen örgütsel öğrenmenin öncülü olan örgütsel zekâ kavramının örgütsel öğrenme sürecine olan katkısını ve etkisini teori ve uygulamayla destekleyerek açıklamaktır. Bu çalışmanın birinci bölümünde örgütsel öğrenmeye ilişkin temel kavramlar olan öğrenme kavramı, öğrenme teorileri, öğrenme seviyeleri, örgütsel öğrenme süreci, öğrenen örgüt yapısı ve disiplinleri incelenmiş, ikinci bölümünde, örgütsel öğrenmenin öncülü olarak değerlendirdiğimiz örgütsel zekâ kavramına geçmeden evvel zekâ kavramı, zekâyı oluşturan etmenler, zekâ kuramları irdelenecek, ardından örgütsel zekâ kavramı, örgütsel zekâya ilişkin yetenekler ve örgütsel zekâyla ilişkili kavramlar ayrıntılı olarak incelendikten sonra örgütsel zekânın öğrenmedeki rolü ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde konu ile ilgili ampirik bir çalışma yapılarak teoride verilen bilgilerin uygulamadaki mevcut durumla uyumu tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the mitigating effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced ovarian and uterine toxicity in rats using laboratory tests, ultrasonographic (US) imaging, and histopathology analysis. Methods Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups (n = 8) as follows: Group A (control) (0.5 mL saline administered intraperitoneally [IP]), Group B (a single 10 mg/kg dose of DOX administered IP on day 1), Group C (a single 10 mg/kg dose of DOX administered IP 24 h before sacrifice), Group D (100 mg/kg of NAC administered IP for 21 days), Group E ( a single 10 mg/kg dose of DOX administered IP on day 1 and 100 mg/kg of NAC administered IP for 21 days), and Group F (100 mg/kg of NAC administered IP for 21 days and a single 10 mg/kg dose of DOX administered IP 24 h before sacrifice). The ovaries were examined using B-mode US on days 1, 14, and 21, and the histopathological examinations of the ovaries and the uterus were undertaken after sacrifice on day 22. Results Histomorphological analyses showed that ovarian weight decreased after DOX administration in Group B but not in Group E. US revealed a transient increase in ovarian size in Group B and E, reverting to baseline levels over time, as well as a progressive increase in peritoneal fluid in Groups B and E. Group B exhibited a significant decrease in the thickness of the endometrium and myometrium and uterine cornual length, which was not observed in Group E. Histopathological examination showed that DOX caused a decline in follicular count, especially in primordial, secondary, and Graafian follicles, and resulted in follicular atresia, predominantly in Group B. Destructive degeneration/necrosis and vascular changes were most prominently seen in the corpus luteum of Groups C and B. In NAC-treated rats (Groups E and F), although germ cell damage was present, atretic follicles and vascular changes, such as hyperemia and congestion, were reduced. The anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) level was the highest in Group F. Conclusions NAC, an antioxidant, attenuated DOX-induced gonadotoxicity in rats.

IntroductionInhibitory control develops gradually from infancy to childhood and improves further during adolescence as the brain matures. Related previous studies showed the indispensable role of task-related alpha power during inhibition both in children and young adults. Nonetheless, none of the studies have been able to investigate the direct differences in brain responses between children and young adults when confronted with a stimulus that should be inhibited. Because, unlike event-related designs, task-related designs involve continuous tasks over a certain period, which precludes the possibility of making such a comparison. Accordingly, by employing event-related design, the present study first time in the literature, aimed to analyze the event-related alpha phase locking and event-related alpha synchronization/ desynchronization to differentiate the inhibitory processes in children compared to young adults.MethodsTwenty children between the ages of 6 to 7 years and 20 healthy young adult subjects between the ages of 18 to 30 years were included in the study. Day-night Stroop task was applied to all subjects during 18-channel EEG recordings. Event-related time-frequency analysis was performed with the complex Morlet Wavelet Transform for the alpha frequency band (8–13 Hz). Event related spectral perturbation (ERSP) in three different time windows (0–200 ms, 200–400 ms, 400–600 ms) and Event-related phase locking in the early time window (0–400 ms) was calculated.ResultsThe children had increased alpha power in early and late time windows but decreased alpha phase locking in the early time windows compared to young adults. There were also topological differences between groups; while young adults had increased alpha phase-locking in frontal and parietal electrode sites, children had increased occipital alpha power and phase locking.DiscussionThe shift in event-related alpha power observed from posterior to anterior regions with age may suggest a progressive maturation of the frontal areas involved in inhibitory processes from childhood to adulthood. The results of the present study showed that children and young adults had different EEG oscillatory dynamics during inhibitory processes at alpha frequency range.

Abstract Over the past few years, it has become standard to describe brain anatomical and functional organisation in terms of complex networks, wherein single brain regions or modules and their connections are respectively identified with network nodes and the links connecting them. Often, the goal of a given study is not that of modelling brain activity but, more basically, to discriminate between experimental conditions or populations, thus to find a way to compute differences between them. This in turn involves two important aspects: defining discriminative features and quantifying differences between them. Here we show that the ranked dynamical stability of network features, from links or nodes to higher-level network properties, discriminates well between healthy brain activity and various pathological conditions. These easily computable properties, which constitute local but topographically aspecific aspects of brain activity, greatly simplify inter-network comparisons and spare the need for network pruning. Our results are discussed in terms of microstate stability. Some implications for functional brain activity are discussed.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, broylerlerde duodenum, jejunum, ileumun kasılmaları ve histopatolojik değişiklikleri üzerine flor toksisitesinin etkisini araştırmaktır. Araştırmada kontrol ve deney grubu olmak üzere 1 günlük, 80 adet erkek Ross 308 erkek civciv kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grupları, canlı ağırlıkları eşit ve her birinde 10 adet hayvan olacak şekilde 4 tekrarlı 2 gruba ayrılmıştır. İlk grup kontrol grubu, ikinci grup ise rasyonlarına 800 mg/kg dozda flor katılarak toksikasyon oluşturulan fluoride verilen gruptur. Çalışmanın 42 ile 49. günleri arası her bir tekrar grubundan rastgele 3 adet tavuk seçilmiştir. Sonuç olarak deneyde toplam 24 adet broyler, bağırsak kasılma aktivitesini ve histopatolojik değişiklikleri belirlemek için dekapite edilmiştir. Ardından duodenum, jejunum, ileum dokuları izole edilip, izole organ banyosunda 1 g ön gerim ile asılarak, asetilkolin (Ach) kasılmaları incelenmiştir. Jejunum ve ileum preparasyonlarının kasılmasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Ancak kontrol grubuna göre duodenum kontraksiyonları flor verilen grupta anlamlı olarak azalmıştır ve flor verilen grupta 13 duodenal örneğinden 7'si ACh'ye yanıt göstermemiştir. Mikroskobik incelemede; duodenal villus yüksekliği / villus genişlik oranı flor grubunda 3.88 iken kontrol grubunda bu oran 6.84 dir. Bu anlamlı oran farkı, florid toksik etkisinin, ciddi mononükleer hücre infiltrasyonu ile villi kalınlaşmasına, lenfoid foliküllerin hiperplazisi ve lamina propriada hafif hemorajiye neden olabileceğini göstermiştir. Ancak, flor ve kontrol grupları arasında jejunum ve ileumda histopatolojik değişiklik olmamıştır. Bu histopatolojik sonuçlar farmakolojik bulguları desteklemektedir. Florür toksisitesinin broylerlerde duodenal kasılmaları etkilediği ve duodenumun normal villus yapısında histopatolojik değişikliklere neden olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is used not only in the treatment of pain but also in the examination of sensory functions. With aging, there is decreased sensitivity to somatosensory stimuli. It is essential to examine the effect of TENS application on the sensory functions in the brain by recording the spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and the effect of aging on the sensory functions of the brain during the application. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the application of TENS on the brain’s electrical activity and the effect of aging on the sensory functions of the brain during application of TENS. A total of 15 young (24.2 ± 3.59) and 14 elderly (65.64 ± 4.92) subjects were included in the study. Spontaneous EEG was recorded from 32 channels during TENS application. Power spectrum analysis was performed by Fast Fourier Transform in the alpha frequency band (8–13 Hz) for all subjects. Repeated measures of analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Young subjects had increased alpha power during the TENS application and had gradually increased alpha power by increasing the current intensity of TENS (p = 0.035). Young subjects had higher alpha power than elderly subjects in the occipital and parietal locations (p = 0.073). We can, therefore, conclude that TENS indicated increased alpha activity in young subjects. Young subjects had higher alpha activity than elderly subjects in the occipital and somatosensory areas. To our knowledge, the present study is one of the first studies examining the effect of TENS on spontaneous EEG in healthy subjects. Based on the results of the present study, TENS may be used as an objective method for the examination of sensory impairments, and in the evaluative efficiency of the treatment of pain conditions.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of prebiotic and organic zinc alone and in combination in broiler diets on the live weight gain (LWG), feed consumption (FC), feed consumption ratio (FCR), carcass yield, some relative organ weights and blood parameters. A total of 160 Ross 308 one-day old male chicks were assigned to 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates of 10 birds each. Treatment for each group consisted of: first group (control group) received basal diet without supplementation; second group received 1 g/kg Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS); third group received 80 mg/kg organic zinc (OZn); and fourth group received 80 mg/kg organic zinc + 1 g/kg Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS+OZn). The study lasted 42 days. The supplementation of MOS and OZn had no effect on the LWG, FC, FCR, carcass yield, serum, aspartate aminotranferase, (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and triglyceride levels during the experiment (P>0.05). Relative organ weights (liver, spleen, pancreas) were significantly higher in OZn group than those in the other groups (P