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Being familiar with the clinical evaluation of the breast, as well as being able to understand breast conditions, is important to many medical specialties. The most effective way to handle management is by employing a multidisciplinary team approach. Precisely timed surgical interventions play a crucial role in maximizing psychological, aesthetic, and functional results. Familiarity with the embryology and anatomy of the female breast is essential for a thorough clinical examination and the application of suitable surgical treatments. This article aims to explore the typical embryology and anatomy of the adolescent female breast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic has entailed major changes for education programs affecting university learning nowadays, and for sure more in the future. The universities were forced to abandon face-to-face teaching and to adopt e-teaching overnight. Students’ lives have changed radically in regard to learning, passing the exams, performing specialized practice, and social life. The main objective of this study is to explore various barriers that the students of the social work study program at the University of Pitești had during pandemic. The problem addressed was structured on several topics including: students’ perception of e-learning, students’ fear of getting low grades and losing subsidized seats, teachers’/students’ skills in using technology, the stress during the exams, student health in the pandemic and the impact on employment. This study used a qualitative research method that involved analyzing qualitative narrative data collected through in-depth interviews with students. The results show that the transition to e-learning and e-teaching had advantages such as flexibility and accessibility, but there are limitations too, such as social isolation, lack of student-teacher interaction, connectivity issues (technical problems), and, more importantly – specialized practice limitations. The results of the study highlight the fear faced by students regarding their professional future due to the fact that they have not acquired enough practical skills (knowing that education in social work involves a lot of practical activities and direct interaction with vulnerable groups), that will affect their success in employment. The findings of this study will be helpful for policy makers, including educational community, to conduct and deliver smooth online education and practice in good conditions in such crisis situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive forms of aspergillosis of the nervous system are relatively rare and are usually diagnosed in immunocompromised patients. We present the case of a young female patient, treated in the last two months with corticosteroids and antifungal drug for pulmonary aspergillosis, who developed progressive paraparesis. An intramedullary abscess at the C7–D1 level was identified and the lesion was treated with a combination of surgery and antifungal therapy. Histopathologic findings of surgical specimens showed myelomalacia with Aspergillus hyphae and a peripheral rim of neutrophils. We consider that the use of multiple drugs and corticosteroids for our patient's initial community pneumonia could be the factor that transformed her into a mildly immunocompromised individual and permitted the Aspergillus spp. to disseminate through the blood and into the spinal cord. Moreover, we highlight the fact that more attention should be paid to living and working conditions of the patients, as a simple colonization of the lung with Aspergillus spp. could develop, in a short time, into an invasive disease with a high risk of mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most therapeutic agents primarily target cells and tissues in an area of specific pathology. The key to therapeutic success is the targeted release of different drug species at the cellular and subcellular level. The most important obstacle to achieving drug efficacy is the nonspecific distribution of the biologically active substance after administration. By understanding the various factors that can affect oral absorption, there is an opportunity to develop safe and effective nanosystems to improve the oral delivery of therapeutics, alleviating many of the challenges of oral therapy and ultimately benefiting patients. Achieving comprehensive knowledge about the penetration mechanism and biological fate of ingested nanoparticles is very challenging due to intra- and inter-individual variations in gastric emptying time, pH, gastrointestinal flora GI tract composition and mucus layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circle of Willis (CoW) is located at the base of the brain, around the optic chiasm and other structures of the interpeduncular fossa. There are other studies in which the „circle of Willis" is not considered a circle, but an arterial polygon with a variable number of sides (from six to ten) depending on the author. Circle of Willis is composed of an anterior arch, which derived from the internal carotid artery and is made of the two paired anterior cerebral arteries and anterior communicating artery, and a posterior arch, made of posterior cerebral artery originating in the vertebrobasilar system, and the two paired posterior communicating arteries, having their origin in the internal carotid system. In this paper we present a comprehensive review of the data regarding the anatomical course and morphological aspects of each of the arteries constituting the circle of Willis, along with their anatomical variants and the pathology that emerged from these anomalies, pointing out their significance for the clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Odontogenic sinusitis is a frequently underestimated pathology with fewer symptoms in patients with periapical lesions, periodontal disease, or iatrogenic foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus. The aim of our study was to determine the correlation between maxillary sinusitis and periapical lesions using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging and histological and immunohistochemical investigations. Materials and Methods: A total of 1450 initial patients diagnosed with maxillary sinusitis in the Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa" Iasi, Romania, were treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. Of these, 629 still had unresolved symptomatology and were later referred to the Dental Medicine departments for further investigations. Only 50 subjects with periapical lesions in the premolar/molar maxillary area were included in the present study. All the periapical lesions were observed on CBCT and classified using the Periapical Status Index (PSI) and the mean maxillary sinus mucosa thicknesses (MSMT). The enrolled patients underwent surgical procedures with the excision of periapical lesions. The excised samples were submitted to the histological and immunohistochemical investigations. Results: The 50 patients presented periapical lesions of their maxillary teeth in 328 dental units. There was a higher prevalence of periapical lesions in men than in women (chi-square test). We observed a significant difference between the mean MSMT of individuals with periapical lesions compared to those without (p < 0.01). Mean MSMT was 1.23 mm for teeth without periapical lesions and 3.95 mm for teeth with periapical lesions. The histopathological study identified 50% cases with periapical granulomas, 10% cases with periapical granulomas with cystic potential, and 40% cases as periapical cysts. Immunohistochemical stainings showed that CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, along with CD20+ B lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages, were diffusely distributed in all periapical cysts and in some periapical granulomas, but CD79α+ plasma cells characterized especially periapical granulomas. Conclusions: The current study observed a significant correlation between CBCT maxillary mucosa thickness and type of periapical lesion. Chronic inflammatory lympho-histiocytic infiltrate predominates in periapical lesions, supporting the idea that lesion progression is determined by a humoral-type (CD20+ and CD79α+ B lymphocytes) but also by a cellular-type (CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte population) immune mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gliomas are primary brain tumors that grow from glial cells. These include about 50-55% of all brain tumors. The notion of glial formation incorporates a heterogeneous group of tumors, biological features, treatment and prognosis of which can vary significantly. Currently, glial tumors are tumors that originate from oligodendroglial and astrocytic cells. Glioblastomas and gliomas are the most common brain tumors, with an annual incidence of 5.5 per 100,000 population or 18,000 new diagnoses per year. These tumors are usually associated with a poor prognosis and poor quality of life. The brain is the major organ of the central nervous system that controls and processes most of the body activities. Therefore, the most aggressive brain tumor, namely glioblastoma but also the metastases of other tumors with brain location have a reserved prognosis and a short survival time. Brain tissue has peculiarities compared to other tissues in the body, and the specific microenvironment comprising stem cells and blood-brain barrier, significantly influencing the low rate of glioblastoma metastasis outside the brain. The clinical manifestations of astrocytic tumors depend on the location and pace of tumor development. Well-differentiated diffuse astrocytomas may remain without manifestations for a relatively long period of time. At the same time, people who have developed a glioblastoma may show a rapid deterioration of the general condition. It is very important to understand the morphological classification of glial tumors because complete knowledge of tumor structures and the degree of malignancy can help optimize treatment for each tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circle of Willis is a particular arterial structure that represents an anastomosis between the vertebrobasilar system and the internal carotid system. Many anatomical variants of the constituent arteries of the circle of Willis have been reported so far, both in origin and in length and thickness. In this article we will present the case of an adult male patient with anatomical variants in three of its constituent arteries of the circle of Willis, as well as an anatomical variant of the left vertebral artery, which was associated with the presence of smoking, alcoholism, hypertension and atherosclerosis, who presented a right thalamic hematoma that was followed after 15 months by an ischemic stroke of the brainstem, with a poor prognosis because it cause the patient's death. We will discuss the particular aspects of the case and compare them with the literature. Our case presentation emphasized the fact that the anatomic variants of circle of Willis has significant consequences on its compensatory capacity during stroke, especially in patients with atherosclerotic stenosis and associated hypertension where they can impact patterns of hemorrhagic and ischemic cerebral pathology and in the same time can be crucial in providing effective patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the morphological aspects identified on head CT scans and on autopsy in an adult patient with a ruptured aneurysm located on the Anterior Communicating Artery (ACoA) and associated with an asymmetric circle of Willis (CW) due to the numerous anatomical variants of its constituting arteries. We pointed out that even though there are authors who are in favor of one or the other of the three theories regarding the mechanism of aneurysm development, i.e. the genetic predisposition, the congenital abnormalities, or the hemodynamic vascular stress, we consider that all these theories could be taken into consideration in the same patient with an intracranial aneurysm as in the case presented here we identified four different anatomical variants of the constituting arteries of the CW that were associated with a ACoA aneurysm. Our case presentation could have practical significance for anatomists from a teaching point, as well as for neurosurgeons treating a patients with a sudden subarachnoid hemorrhage as an angio - CT should be employed as early as possible to identify not only the site of a possible aneurysm, but also the possible anatomical vascular variants of CW in order to provide a better prognosis and the best chance of survival for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of social work is an adaptable profession and it changes as our social and cultural needs adjust and change. Challenges include economic factors, demographic changes and technological advances that influence the practice of social work and the formation of future social workers. In this sense, it is necessary to integrate the social media curriculum into the social work curriculum by using a social learning model. The current generation of students in social work was born in the period of the "digital age", therefore, there is a need for a social work curriculum that is relevant to today's world. This research aims to provide a specialized point of view regarding the inclusion of social media platforms in teaching methods in higher education. The results of this study show that specialists have agreed that social work education involves ensuring that learning outcomes are not compromised and that graduates are prepared for practice in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, many studies investigated cerebral circulation due to the clinical significance of circle of Willis (CW) anatomical abnormalities. Various techniques have been used to study the anatomical variants of CW, but non-autopsy investigations have some certain limitations in detecting anatomical variants. Studying morphology of CW constituent arteries on specimens taken during the autopsy allows a direct and wide view of the vessels at the base of the brain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of anatomical abnormalities/variants of CW arteries in the population sample from the North-East region of Romania by assessing the causes of cerebral vascular mortality. This study included patients who died of various medical causes in the Emergency Clinical Hospital "Prof. dr. N. Oblu" Iaşi, in a period of 30 months (01.01.2014-30.06.2016), and who were subjects of a rutine autopsy. Out of the total of 96 available human brains, 28 cases (29.17%) were classified as "abnormal" or "anatomical variants" and these were the cases that were analysed in this research. In this group, 53.57% were males, and the mean age of the cases was 61.78 years. 60.71% of patients with anatomical variations of CW died of cerebrovascular diseases, and 39.29% died of other medical causes, on the first rank being acute myocardial infarction (17.85%). Knowing the frequency of anatomical variations of CW arteries in the population of Moldova can be useful in planning surgery for cerebral aneurysms, to avoid accidental vascular trauma during surgery and can be reported in current anatomy treatises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Facial blemishes resulting from skin disorders have a significant effect on the patient's self-esteem and impact quality of life (QOL). Aim: To assess the impact of a corrective cosmetic (CC) on QOL on top of skin quality parameters. Methods: An international observational study was conducted on subjects with visible facial flaws that would benefit from a corrective cosmetic. Investigators collected data regarding demographics, QOL using the Skindex-16 scale, skin dryness and tautness, subject and investigator satisfaction, cosmetic acceptability and tolerance at baseline and after 4 to 6 weeks of daily use. Results: A total of  1840 subjects participated; the mean age was 31.5± 11.1 and 95% were women. Acne accounted for 48.9% of skin conditions, followed by melasma (16.7%) and rosacea (15.3%). Of the subjects 81.2% had at least 10% of the face affected and the condition was rated as disfiguring by 45.3% of the subjects; 45.0% and 44.4%, respectively, had neither taut nor dry skin at baseline. Baseline Skindex-16 scores for symptoms, emotions, functioning and overall were 1.4± 1.3, 3.5± 1.6, 2.4± 1.8 and 2.4± 1.3, respectively, on a scale from 0 to 6. Compliance was 96.0± 10.6%. At the end of the study, Skindex-16 scores had significantly (p< 0.0001) improved for all parameters, as did skin dryness and tautness. Subject and investigator satisfaction were high or very high; cosmetic acceptability was high or very high and local tolerance good or very good. Conclusion: The tested corrective cosmetic significantly improved the QOL of subjects with significant facial flaws, skin tautness and dryness, and was well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Control or supervision, in management terms, involves setting standards and expectations, performance monitoring and performance evaluation, develop corrective actions. Control can be personal, based on direct, personal and impersonal supervision, meaning control of system results. In the field of social services, control is known as supervision, this being one of the specific characteristics of social assistance. The efficient functioning of the integrated social services system provides the implementation of the culture of professional supervision and performance evaluation for the employees of the social assistance system, organized on areas of responsibility and competence levels. Professional supervision is an important component of the social assistance system and is intended for staff who are directly involved in the provision of social services to beneficiaries. Supervision is one of the methods of periodic evaluation and allows us to observe how an activity is carried out and also shows us how to reorient it, if necessary. It is a method of observing (not a checklist or a study) the quality of the process at a given time. Supervision takes place formally at regular intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses and is situated in the body of the maxilla. Pyramidal in shape, the base (medial wall) forms part of the lateral wall of the nose, while the apex extends into the zygomatic process of the maxilla. The floor is formed by the alveolar process and part of the palatine process of the maxilla, and the roof contributes the major part of the floor of the orbit. Ous study is made on 58 patients investigated at the hospital „Prof. Dr. N. Oblu" in 2006 which realised CT of the head and presented head pain, naussea and vertiginous syndrom but not another obvious modifications at the level of the head. Our results demonstrate that the maxillary sinus presents a lot of anormal or anusual situations, most of them associated with acut or chronic sinusitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond the emotional and social implications of domestic violence on victims, personal and community resources occupy a central place in the analysis of this phenomenon. Women possess many personal strengths and resources that promote leaving an abusive relationship and healing from the effects of IPV. Identified personal characteristics that aid in this process include spirituality, a sense of hope, self-education, positive self-talk and the belief in one's ability to take action. The purpose of this study was to understand how the social worker or counsellor can be most helpful to women who are attempting to access community resources in the process of leaving an abusive relationship by providing a thorough description of types of community and personal resources that female IPV survivors find most helpful. This research focuses on two problems personal and community resources that victims of IPV identify as critical to leaving an abusive relationship and describe the experience of accessing these resources by victims of IPV. The research is based on a theoretical framework and the analysis is based on issues of qualitative methodology research that is using individual sociological investigation. I made several semi-structured interviews with victims of domestic violence that benefit of assistance and protection in a shelter from Argeş county. Ten IPV survivors, aged between 23-40, describe positive and negative experiences with social support, self-care, connection, IPV assessment, and community validation, but many of them reported a lack of protection, community support, and inappropriate responses to IPV needs. However, results of this study show that, although community resources for IPV victims are largely inadequate, the victims possess multiple forms of resiliency and the social worker can play a key role in assisting IPV victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Holy Bible includes descriptions of the spine with both neurosurgical and neurological implications and most spinal disorders presented have been briefly described and display a mystical nature. The Holy Bible is a book full of sacred precepts and not a medical encyclopedia as it was written in the context of that age, and in a language that had to be understood by people of that era. This paper aims to give a short presentation of several diseases of the spine mentioned in the Holy Scripture in order to identify the most common disease among the Jews during biblical times and attempts to provide their diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper reveals Professor Grigore T. Popa's view on medical ethics of anatomical teaching as he was bringing in Romania the experience of the Anglo-Saxon education from both England and the United States. We analysed his lecture: "What Anatomy is or is not?" where he introduced some ideas of medical ethics. Professor Popa considered that medical ethics and deontology are required whenever someone studies the anatomy of the human body. Anatomy teaches us the lesson of respect towards human body, and so it can never be reduced to a useless science, since it expresses the spiritual nature of mankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a disease with a complex pathogenesis being associated with a constellation of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, and not only, resulting from the co-occurrence of obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, according to the American Education Guide "National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment - Panel III". We present the case of a 67-year- old patient, female, pensioner with metabolic syndrome diagnosed by the co-occurrence of stage I hypertension, grade I obesity, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia with hypercholesterolemia. People with MetS have a poorer quality of life, with references towards physical and social functions, regarding both general and mental states of health. With the help of a trained psychologist we interpreted the obtained results of the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI) and a Psychological Coping Questionnaire-Personal Needs Evaluation Questionnaire (V33A-GoldInc) and had a perspective upon patient's views regarding her personal illness and the involvement of spirituality, socioeconomic status and ethics in the management of the metabolic syndrome as a complex pathology, and particularly of the cardiovascular component of the disease. Regarding the presented case, it is indicated that the social worker, within the inter multidisciplinary relationship social worker- psychologist-doctor, interferes more with elderly on informing them about different sort of abuses against them, the risks of exposing their personal lives excessively, the matter of trust both within society and medical systems through community projects and information campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deposition of bioactive coatings composed of zinc oxide, cyclodextrin and cefepime (ZnO/CD/Cfp) was performed by the Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The obtained nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The efficient release of cefepime was correlated with an increased anti-biofilm activity of ZnO/CD/Cfp composites. In vitro and in vivo tests have revealed a good biocompatibility of ZnO/CD/Cfp coatings, which recommend them as competitive candidates for the development of antimicrobial surfaces with biomedical applications. The release of the fourth generation cephalosporin Cfp in a biologically active form from the ZnO matrix could help preventing the bacterial adhesion and the subsequent colonization and biofilm development on various surfaces, and thus decreasing the risk of biofilm-related infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As products of human imagination, anatomical terms tell us unwritten stories and represent the joy of random or unceasing discoveries of anatomical structures for which anatomists coin names and which they bring to life. This paper proposes an incursion into the history of the anatomy of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, from its first likeness to the Roman sieve made by Galen, to the advancements made in anatomy in the 16thcentury by the Italian anatomist Gabriel Fallopius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The craniopharyngeal canal, occupied by the hypophyseal diverticulum, passes through the pair of pituitary cartilages. The pituitary cartilages join on the anterior midline to form the presphenoid. Dorsally, the pituitary cartilages also join on the midline to form the basisphenoid that forms the sella turcica on the midline. In anatomical terms, the sella turcica lies posterior to the jugum sphenoidale. Basically, a chiasmatic groove is first noticed posterior to the jugum sphenoidale, because the optical chiasm is located at this level. Behind the chiasmatic groove there is a round or oval prominence called the tuberculum sellae. Posteriorly, the sella turcica is closed by a squareshaped plate of bone called the dorsum sellae which contains the posterior clinoid apophyses on its upper edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representing a major medical issue, especially in industrialized countries, the metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of a complex association of the most dangerous metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors according to the International Diabetes Federation: diabetes and prediabetes, abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. The oxidative stress has as cause the existence of free radicals or radical-forming agents in higher concentrations than what it would be possible to cope with for the natural radical-blocking or scavenging systems. The effects of the antioxidant therapy in the metabolic syndrome and the psychological component involved are studied through a case presentation correlated, as well, with data from literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]