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Past speed-related research has focused on the operational effects of roadway geometrics along rural two-lane highways using ordinary least-squares regression models. More recent research has focused on the association of traffic flow characteristics on vehicle operating speeds along multilane, limited access highways using a simultaneous equations approach. Few research studies, however, have been conducted to determine the combined association between various geometric design features and traffic flow on operating speeds along multilane highways. This research considers both geometric design and traffic flow parameters, in a simultaneous equations framework, to model the mean operating speed and speed deviation on four-lane highways (two lanes in each direction). Models for both left- and right-lane mean speeds and speed deviations were estimated. The three-stage least-squares estimator was used to investigate the possible endogeneity of mean speed and speed deviation in the system of equations and to account for the contemporaneous correlation between the disturbances across the equations. The results indicate that different geometric design features are associated with mean speed and speed deviation in the left- and right-lane models. As such, it is recommended that future multilane highway speed models consider using a simultaneous equations framework. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000149 CE Database subject headings: Regression models; Highways and roads; Traffic speed; Predictions; Equations of motion. Author keywords: Simultaneous equations; Regression models; Operating speed; Multilane highways.

Two-lane rural highways attract trips between traffic generators such as residential villages or small commercial areas and are generally uninterrupted flow facilities that provide a high level of mobility with high posted speeds limits. When passing through developed areas, the posted speed limit may be lowered to encourage reduced vehicle operating speeds. No published guidelines currently exist for the design of transition zones that connect high-to low-speed operating environments on two-lane rural highways. The objective of this research was to collect operating speed and roadway characteristic data along two-lane rural highway transition zones in Pennsylvania to explore the roadway, roadside, and traffic control factors that are associated with driver speed differentials. Single- and multilevel models were estimated and compared. The posted speed limit reduction as well as a change in the paved shoulder width, total number of driveways, various advance warning signs, the transition zone length, and the presence of horizontal curves were shown to increase the expected speed reduction in transition zones in the models. Additionally, drivers entering transition zones at higher speeds were found to have greater speed reductions than drivers entering the transition zone at lower speeds. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000137 CE Database subject headings: Traffic speed; Highways and roads; Design; Driver behavior; Statistics; Rural areas. Author keywords: Traffic speed; Highway and road design; Driver behavior; Statistics.

The interactive highway safety design model (IHSDM) is a suite of software analysis tools used to evaluate safety and operational effects of geometric design on two-lane rural highways. IHSDM checks existing or proposed two-lane highway designs against relevant design policy values and provides estimates of a design's expected safety and operational performance. This paper describes efforts to apply IHSDM to two existing rural roadways (one an arterial and the other a collector) in Pennsylvania and to compare the crash prediction and speed profile results to observed speed and crash data for these same two roadway segments. When considering both case study roadways together, the use of site-specific crash history data, adjusted using the empirical Bayes procedure, and a county-level calibration factor, produced crash frequency predictions that most closely matched the observed crash frequencies. The design consistency module output on the arterial roadway closely matched the observed speeds. On the collector roadway, the predicted and observed speeds did not match closely, thus, underscoring the need to expand the design consistency module capabilities to consider low-speed, complex alignments. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2009)135:2(62) CE Database subject headings: Safety; Highway and road design; Traffic speed; Predictions; Traffic accidents; Pennsylvania; Case reports.

Data from a controlled nighttime driving experiment along a complex, two-lane rural highway in Pennsylvania were used to investigate participant speed and lateral vehicle position. Additionally, the association of pavement marking visibility and the roadway geometry on speed and lateral vehicle position was investigated. The modeling methodology employed considered a variety of single equation and systems methods to estimate models for speed and lateral vehicle position. These include ordinary least-squares regression models, random effects panel data models, a three-stage least-squares technique, and seemingly unrelated regression. These methods were used to determine if there was an endogenous relationship between the speed and lateral vehicle position metrics, and to account for the repeat observations on the research participants in the experiment. The results suggest that endogeneity did not exist in the speed and lateral vehicle position measures in the present experiment. A single-equation random effects panel regression model was an improvement over the ordinary least-squares regression model for the change in speed metric. However, the ordinary least-squares regression model was appropriate for the lateral vehicle position metric. A seemingly unrelated regression model was also specified to account for contemporaneous correlation across the change in speed and lateral vehicle position models. It was found that the roadside hazard rating, horizontal curve direction, vertical grade, horizontal curve radius, upstream horizontal curve radius, and approach tangent length all were associated with vehicle speed on the complex, two-lane rural highway. The horizontal curve direction, roadside hazard rating, vertical grade, horizontal curve radius, and approach tangent length all were associated with lateral vehicle position in the present experiment. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2008)134:11(439) CE Database subject headings: Statistics; Traffic speed; Driver behavior; Pavement markings.

Nighttime driving behavior differs from that during the day because of differences in the driver's field of view. At night, drivers must rely on their vehicle headlamps to illuminate the roadway. It is essential then that the roadway delineation system provide the appropriate lane guidance to motorists when navigating a roadway, particularly one that is curvilinear. A nighttime driving experiment was conducted to collect user perception data of various pavement markings and markers applied to horizontal curves. The effectiveness of each pavement marking was rated using a subjective scale. A fuzzy inference system was used to analyze the subjective pavement marking and marker evaluation ratings provided by the research participants. Pavement marking effectiveness, horizontal curve sharpness, and driver age were used to develop a fuzzy index for nighttime driving condition (FIND). Based on the FIND, the results indicate that drivers prefer that a combination of treatments be applied to horizontal curves rather than only a single treatment. A bright centerline, bright edgeline, and bright retroreflective raised pavement maker combination treatment, and a bright centerline and bright edgeline combination treatment, resulted in the highest FIND score. A bright, 8-in. (20.3 cm) edgeline, applied alone to a horizontal curve, scored the lowest FIND. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2007)21:3(200) CE Database subject headings: Pavement markings; Fuzzy sets; Driver behavior; Traffic safety.

In recent years, there has been a movement in local government regulations toward restricting the mounting height of on-premise, commercial signing and other roadside oriented signs. This has caused some concern among sign designers and fabricators that automobile drivers will have difficulty in seeing and reading many of these low profile signs. These potential visibility difficulties are caused by the presence of other vehicles; either those in front of the subject vehicle, those in the adjacent travel lane, or those traveling in the opposite direction; blocking the line of sight between the subject vehicle driver and any low-mounted, roadside sign. The objective of this research was to determine the probability of another automobile blocking the line of sight between the driver of a subject vehicle and an on-premise, low-mounted, roadside sign. The results indicated that this probability is a function of the position of the subject vehicle, the position(s) of one or more object vehicles, the volume of vehicles on the road, and the speed of the vehicles on the road. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006) (862) CE Database subject headings: Traffic speed, Traffic signs; Traffic volumes; Traffic characteristics; Computer aided simulation; Mathematical models.

Median design policies for high-speed, divided highways are investigated to assess existing median barrier warrant criteria. Safety and cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted to determine relationships between median-related crashes and geometric and traffic operational variables. Count regression models were used to estimate the safety performance of divided highway sections with and without longitudinal median barrier. Crash severity models of cross-median and median barrier crashes were estimated using logistic regression. Modeling results were incorporated into a benefit-cost model to assess median design practices using Pennsylvania Interstate highway data. Although varying with traffic volumes, the installation of median barrier along roadway sections with median widths up to 21.3 m (70 ft) wide can produce safety and economic benefits. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006) 132:4(269) CE Database subject headings: Barriers; Highways; Traffic management; Economic factors; Regression models.

A systemic approach to safety management has potential to be more cost effective than a traditional hot-spot approach in reducing crash frequency as it aims to identify sites with promise (SWiPs) by targeting certain crash types and select countermeasures accordingly, and therefore, effectively connects target crashes to their corresponding countermeasures. Although it seems to be promising, there are many challenges to evaluate the effects of countermeasures under the systemic approach, i.e. evaluate the effects of countermeasures by crash types. These challenges mainly include (1) low sample mean, (2) correlation among crash types, and (3) correlation among the effects of countermeasures on different crash types. A random parameter multivariate Poison lognormal (random parameter MVPLN) model is proposed. It was shown that the random parameter MVPLN model not only mitigates the three challenges, but also provides useful information than traditional crash frequency models. Shoulder rumble strips were found to be effective in reducing fix-object crashes, the primary crash type targeted by this countermeasure. The effectiveness of shoulder rumble strips on fixed-object crashes was found to be positively correlated with opposite-direction sideswipe and head-on crashes, meaning that the effects of shoulder rumble strips on fixed-object crashes would spillover to opposite-direction sideswipe and head-on crashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operating speed prediction models have been proposed as a candidate method to assess design consistency on highways and streets. A significant number of operating speed prediction models exist for passenger cars on two-lane rural highways. Few models exist for passenger cars on multilane highways, while the literature is scant for operating speed models for trucks on multilane highways. This research uses a systems modeling approach to predict passenger car and truck operating speeds on multilane highways with combinations of horizontal curves and steep vertical grades. Mean operating speeds were modeled as a function of several geometric design features and the traffic control devices present at each study site. Further, the possible endogenous relationship between passenger car and truck speeds was investigated. The findings indicate that the radius of horizontal curve appears to have a larger influence on passenger car operating speeds than truck speeds. Vertical grades appear to have a more significant influence on truck operating speeds than on passenger car speeds. Increasing the right shoulder width is associated with higher passenger car operating speeds, but the lane width was not statistically significant in the passenger car speed models. Increasing the lane width, however, was associated with higher truck operating speeds; the right shoulder width was not associated with truck operating speeds. Higher posted speed limits were associated with higher truck and passenger car operating speeds. An endogenous relationship between truck and passenger car operating speeds was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past design consistency research has demonstrated the relationship between operating speeds and geometric design features on two-lane rural highways. However, little is known about the relationship between geometric design consistency and traffic safety. In this study, design consistency is referred to as the difference between operating speed and inferred design speed, and design consistency density is measured to account for the effect of elements upstream and downstream of the study element. To perform the design consistency-safety evaluation in the present study, geometric design, roadway inventory, crash, and operating speed data were collected along two case-study highways in central Pennsylvania (U.S. 322 and PA 350). Several count regression model formulations were used to explore the statistical association between design consistency and total crash frequency. A statistically significant positive association between geometric design consistency and safety was found. Design consistency surrounding the study elements was also found to increase the expected crash frequency in the study element. The significant effects of design consistency and design consistency density measures on crash frequency for the two case-study sites indicate that there is value in further considering the relationship between design consistency and safety in future research, particularly in the context of the highway safety manual crash-prediction algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author outlines his study about roadway lighting and its impact on accident prevention. A comprehensive methodology was adopted to assess the implicit ties between roadway lighting, visibility, and crash frequency. The author said he had access to the U.S. Federal Highway Administration's Highway Safety Information System database. He created photometric distributions of lighted and unlighted intersections in Minnesota using lighting calculation software.

Providing adequate nighttime visibility to roadway users is an important consideration for state and local transportation agencies. Driving at night is less dangerous when pavement markings are easily discernable. Retroreflectivity is a measure of nighttime visibility. Transportation agencies could use estimates of the expected service life of pavement markings to plan restriping operations at a time when markings are near a minimum threshold level of retroreflectivity. The present study proposes the use of an artificial neural network to predict pavement marking retroreflectivity as a function of initial retroreflectivity, the age of the markings, traffic flow, pavement marking type, and route location information using data from North Carolina. The results show that many of the input variables have a nonlinear association with pavement marking retroreflectivity. Surface plots of the degradation pattern are provided to illustrate the relationship between input and output variables. Estimates of service life are provided to show how the output can be used to manage pavement marking systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation collected periodic pavement marking retroreflectivity data on 88 roadway segments over a 1-year period from May 2007 through May 2008. The purpose of this effort was to use the data collected to develop a series of pavement marking degradation models that could be used to implement a management system. In this study, panel data models were used to estimate the service life of both waterborne and epoxy pavement markings because of the repeated retroreflectivity measurements recorded over time. It was found that pavement marking retroreflectivity decreases as the age of both epoxy and waterbornepaint pavement markings increase. White pavement markings were shown to have higher estimated service lives than yellow pavement markings. Traffic exposure was found to be negatively correlated with pavement marking retroreflectivity in the waterborne-paint analysis, but traffic exposure was not statistically significant in the epoxy pavement marking retroreflectivity model. A life cycle cost analysis showed that waterborne paints are more cost-effective than epoxy pavement markings if applied on a statewide basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nighttime driving behavior differs from that during the day because of differences in the driver’s field of view. At night, drivers must rely on their vehicle headlamps to illuminate the roadway. It is essential then that the roadway delineation system provide the appropriate lane guidance to motorists when navigating a roadway, particularly one that is curvilinear. A nighttime driving experiment was conducted to collect user perception data of various pavement markings and markers applied to horizontal curves. The effectiveness of each pavement marking was rated using a subjective scale. A fuzzy inference system was used to analyze the subjective pavement marking and marker evaluation ratings provided by the research participants. Pavement marking effectiveness, horizontal curve sharpness, and driver age were used to develop a fuzzy index for nighttime driving condition (FIND). Based on the FIND, the results indicate that drivers prefer that a combination of treatments be applied to horizontal curves rather than only a single treatment. A bright centerline, bright edgeline, and bright retroreflective raised pavement maker combination treatment, and a bright centerline and bright edgeline combination treatment, resulted in the highest FIND score. A bright, 8-in. (20.3 cm) edgeline, applied alone to a horizontal curve, scored the lowest FIND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the book "Fundamentals of Road Design" by Wolfgang Kühn.

An abstract of the article "Statistical model of in-vehicle sound generated from highway rumble strips," by Eric T. Donnell and colleagues is presented.