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Background: The management of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) presents substantial challenges in clinical practice. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach, but the lack of standardized regulatory parameters for DBS in DOC hinders definitive conclusions. Objective: This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed summary of the current issues concerning patient selection, target setting, and modulation parameters in clinical studies investigating the application of DBS for DOC patients. Methods: A meticulous systematic analysis of the literatures was conducted, encompassing articles published from 1968 to April 2023, retrieved from reputable databases (PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science). Results: The systematic analysis of 21 eligible articles, involving 146 patients with DOC resulting from acquired brain injury or other disorders, revealed significant insights. The most frequently targeted regions were the Centromedian‐parafascicular complex (CM‐pf) nuclei and central thalamus (CT), both recognized for their role in regulating consciousness. However, other targets have also been explored in different studies. The stimulation frequency was predominantly set at 25 or 100 Hz, with pulse width of 120 μs, and voltages ranged from 0 to 4 V. These parameters were customized based on individual patient responses and evaluations. The overall clinical efficacy rate in all included studies was 39.7%, indicating a positive effect of DBS in a subset of DOC patients. Nonetheless, the assessment methods, follow‐up durations, and outcome measures varied across studies, potentially contributing to the variability in reported efficacy rates. Conclusion: Despite the challenges arising from the lack of standardized parameters, DBS shows promising potential as a therapeutic option for patients with DOC. However, there still remains the need for standardized protocols and assessment methods, which are crucial to deepen the understanding and optimizing the therapeutic potential of DBS in this specific patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurological and psychiatric diseases can lead to motor, language, emotional disorder, and cognitive, hearing or visual impairment By decoding the intention of the brain in real time, the Brain–computer interface (BCI) can first assist in the diagnosis of diseases, and can also compensate for its damaged function by directly interacting with the environment; In addition, provide output signals in various forms, such as actual motion, tactile or visual feedback, to assist in rehabilitation training; Further intervention in brain disorders is achieved by close‐looped neural modulation. In this article, we envision the future BCI digital prescription system for patients with different functional disorders and discuss the key contents in the prescription the brain signals, coding and decoding protocols and interaction paradigms, and assistive technology. Then, we discuss the details that need to be specially included in the digital prescription for different intervention technologies. The third part summarizes previous examples of intervention, focusing on how to select appropriate interaction paradigms for patients with different functional impairments. For the last part, we discussed the indicators and influencing factors in evaluating the therapeutic effect of BCI as intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a finite-dimensional cocommutative semisimple Hopf C∗-algebra H and a normal coideal ∗-subalgebra H1, we define the nonbalanced quantum double DH1;H as the crossed product of H with H1op^, with respect to the left coadjoint representation of the first algebra acting on the second one, and then construct the infinite crossed product AH1=⋯⋊H⋊H1^⋊H⋊H1^⋊H⋊⋯ as the observable algebra of nonbalanced Hopf spin models. Under a right comodule algebra action of DH1;H on AH1, the field algebra can be obtained as the crossed product C∗-algebra. Moreover, we prove there exists a duality between the nonbalanced quantum double DH1;H and the observable algebra AH1.

Let H be a finite dimensional C∗-Hopf algebra and A the observable algebra of Hopf spin models. For some coaction of the Drinfeld double D(H) on A, the crossed product A⋊D(H)^ can define the field algebra F of Hopf spin models. In the paper, we study C∗-basic construction for the inclusion A⊆F on Hopf spin models. To achieve this, we define the action α:D(H)×F→F, and then construct the resulting crossed product F⋊D(H), which is isomorphic A⊗End(D(H)^). Furthermore, we prove that the C∗-basic construction for A⊆F is consistent to F⋊D(H), which yields that the C∗-basic constructions for the inclusion A⊆F is independent of the choice of the coaction of D(H) on A.

Let D(G) be the Drinfeld double of a finite group G and D(G;H) be the crossed product of C(G) and CH, where H is a subgroup of G. Then the sets D(G) and D(G;H) can be made C⁎-algebras naturally. Considering the C⁎-basic construction C⁎〈D(G),e〉 from the conditional expectation E of D(G) onto D(G;H), one can construct a crossed product C⁎-algebra C(G/H×G)⋊CG, such that the C⁎-basic construction C⁎〈D(G),e〉 is C⁎-algebra isomorphic to C(G/H×G)⋊CG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]